Research 4

Automatic participants at risk

Some groups of participants are automatically considered to be at risk. These include children (minors), adults over age 65 years, and mentally retarded individuals.

Deception - When is it justified?

deception:Procedures used in research to hide the true nature of the study (p. 392). Many studies require deception to prevent participant expectancy effects, but use of deception raises ethical issues that must be addressed by the researcher. Whenever deception is used, complete debriefing of the participants at the end of the study is ethically required

Invasion of privacy

invasion of privacy:Obtaining information or observing behaviors without the subject's permission when the subject believes the information or behaviors to be private.

14. Know how to tell, using the numbers from a matrix of cells, whether there are main overall effects and interaction effects In other words, what cells/numbers do we compare to test for these effects?

main effects: individual effects of the independent variables in a factorial study, we want to know how factor a affects dv and how factor b affects dv interaction effects: combined effects of two or more ivs, such that the effect of one iv differs depending on the level of the other iv, we want to know how a combination of factors a and b affect dv.

10. How does experimental research differ from differential research? In what ways are they similar?

see handout

11. Be able to read a description of experimental research and recognize that it is experimental research. Be able to identify the independent and dependent variables.

see handout

12. What are confounding variables? Be able to identify potential confounding variables after reading a description of an experiment.

see handout

2. Be able to read a description of research and identify the independent, dependent, and possible confounding variables.

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1. What are the goals of experimental research?

Explain phenomena Control phenomena

coercion

Feeling forced to take part in research with the fear of negative consequences if you don't participate

Institutional Review Board

Formal body that reviews research proposals to determine if they meet ethical guidelines (p. 396). Found in college, universities, research institutions, and medical institutions. CSS has both departmental and institutional review boards.

Posttest

Measuring the dependent variable after the administration of the independent variable

9. What are factors?

The independent variable (IV) in factorial design research.

• Pretest •

a preliminary test administered to determine a student's baseline knowledge or preparedness for an educational experience or course of study

Confidentiality - What do we do to insure it?

confidentiality: The practice of keeping private the information disclosed by the research participant. The information or data reported in research studies is never associated with the name or identifying characteristics of individuals without their consent.

Debriefing

debriefing:Upon completing participation in the study, the participant is given more information about the study including more information about the true purpose of the study if deception was involved. The participant may also be given feedback about her/his performance in the study.

1.Review the Discussion Questions for the Video:Do Scientists Cheat?

handout

informed consent

informed consent:Principle that participants have the right to know exactly what they are getting into before they agree to participate in a research study(p. 396).

5. What is the major difference between single-variable designs (univariate designs) and multivariable designs?

single- experimental research designs that include just one independent variable multi-more than one independent variable

7. Why is it critical that groups be "equivalent" at the start of an experiment?

so that you can accurately compare them, and see if your data is significant

8. Why is it important to have a control group in an experiment?

so you can see how the independent variable affects the dependent variable

3. What is a repeated-measures design?

Any research design in which participants are tested more than once. Another example is the pretest-posttest design.

• Random assignment

Assignment is the task of deciding into which experimental condition a participant will be placed. Random assignment is the best way to insure that groups are equivalent.

6. What does unbiased assignment of participants to groups accomplish?

random assignment??

5. Be familiar with the ethical checks found in Table 3.5 (p. 62) and discussed in class.

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9. How does experimental research differ from correlational research?

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8. Be able to describe factorial research. .

Research designs employing more than one independent variable and thus allowing researchers to identify interactive effects among independent variables. (p. 394)

4. What is counterbalancing and when is it used? Be able to describe an example research study that uses counterbalancing. ********MORE

-The order of presentation of conditions to participants is systematically varied. In complete counterbalancing, all possible orders of conditions occur an equal number of times. (p. 251) -Hypothesis: Amount of sleep affects the alertness level of college students. Independent variable: amount of sleep, 8 or 4 hrs Dependent variable:alertness level, rate alertness in class Let's make this a within-subjects, repeated measure design using counterbalancing.

1. Be able to read a description of research and recognize whether it is correlational, differential, a simple experiment, or factorial.

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11. Know how to graph the results of factorial research. Know how to interpret the graph and tell whether there is an interaction between variables.

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12. Know the basic format of a 2 X 2 factorial research study.

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13. Know how to represent a 2 X 2 design in a matrix of cells.

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15. Know what the numbers represent in factorial research notation. For example, what do the 2's stand for in the phrase "2 X 2 factorial research study?"

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2. Be familiar with the APA Ethical Standards for Research with Human Participants as discussed in class.

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4. Know the basic format of a simple experiment.

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4. What are some ethical limitations to using random assignment (pp. 218-219).

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2. What are the 5 characteristics that experiments share?

1.A hypothesis about predicted causal effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable 2.At least two levels of the independent variable 3. Random assignment of participants to conditions 4. Specific and systematic procedures for testing the causal hypothesis 5. Specific controls to reduce threats to internal validity.

3. Be able to describe the following: • Experimental group • Control group

Experimental:Group of participants assigned to one or more conditions in an experiment where a specified level of the independent variable exists. The experimental group(s) is (are) usually contrasted with a control group. Control:A group of participants that serves as a basis of comparisons for other groups. The ideal control group is similar to the experimental group on all variables except the independent variable that defines the group. (p. 391)

1. What is the major difference between independent-groups designs (between-subjects designs) and correlated-groups designs?

Independent:These are also called between-subjects designs. Research design with two or more groups in which each participant appears in only one of the groups. -Randomized, Posttest-only, Control Group Design Factorial Designs Correlated:Research designs in which participants in each of the groups are related to the participants in the other groups. This helps control for individual differences that could make groups be nonequivalent. Examples of these are matched-subjects designs and within-subjects designs. -Matched Subjects Design With-in Subjects or Repeated Measures Design Pretest-posttest designs

10. Be able to explain what is meant by main overall effects and interaction effects in factorial design research

Main:The individual effects of the independent variables in a factorial study (p. 397) We want to know how Factor A affects DV and how Factor B affects the DV Interaction:The combined effects of two or more independent variables, such that the effect of one independent variable differs depending on the level of the other independent variable. (p. 396) We also want to know how a combination of Factors A and B affect the DV.

• Matched random assignment

Matched random assignment Is used with small samples Participants are matched on important variables and a random technique is used to assign one participant to a group, the other participant is assigned to the other group.

Participants at risk

Participants involved in a research project that poses potential risk. It is the responsibility of the researcher to inform participants of the risks and to minimize the risks

2. Be able to describe a within-subjects design and describe an example experiment that uses a within-subjects design.

Research design in which individual differences are controlled by having the same participants tested under all conditions. (p. 406) This is also called a repeated measures design. -So, for example, let's imagine that you are doing an experiment on exercise and memory. For your independent variable, you decide to try two different types of exercise: yoga and jogging. Instead of breaking participants up into two groups, you have all participants try yoga before taking a memory test. Then, you have all participants try jogging before taking a memory test. Next, you compare the test scores to determine which type of exercise had the greatest effect on performance on the memory tests.