Anthro Chap 10, 11, and 12
Atiatis
Aztec word (spear thrower) spears were shot from a spear-thrower than thrown w/ the arm
Burons
Chisel-like stone tools used for carving and making such artifacts as bone and antler needles
Paleo-indians
Early New World hunters have been found in the US, Mexico & Canada
Homesites
Many home sites of Middle Paleolithic were located in caves and rock shelters
homo sapiens sapiens
Modern-looking humans, undisputed examples of which appeared about 50,000 years ago; may have appeared earlier.
Cave paintings
Mostly animals
Big Game Hunting
New evidence suggests that people were hunting big game as long as 400,000 years ago
Middle Paleolithic
The time period of the Mousterian stone tool tradition (300,000 to 40,000 years ago)
What happened to the Neanderthals?
They interbred with modern humans and the unique Neadertal characteristics slowly disappear. Killed off by modern humans, they were driven to extinction, due to competition w modern humans
Clovis complex
Tools found South of the Rockies on the High Plains, includes the Clovis projectile point as well as Scraper and Knives and Bone Tools
Neolithic Revolution
according to archaeologists v. Gordon Childe, this shifts occured, probably independently, in other areas within the next few villages
homo sapiens
all living people belong to one biological species, may have emerged 200,000 years ago
Animal adaptations
animals of the upper paleolithic adapted to the extreme condition ex: Giant Ground Sloths- 8 ft tool weighing several thousand pounds
cities
appeared in 3500 bc
Upper Paleolithic Tools
appears to have had its roots in Mousterian & Post- Acheulian traditions
Food Production
clear evidence of a changeover to food production took place in the Near East about 8,000 B.C
Homo heidelbergensis
considered by some to be the "transition" between H Erectus & H Sapiens. Smaller teeth and jaw/much larger brains. Still retain a large prognathous face with large teeth and jaws
Cro-Magnon
cro-magnon were modern-looking humans who first appeared in Western Europe about 35,000 yrs ago
Domestication of Dogs
embers believed that dogs domesticated themselves, wolves hung around human camps and scavenged garbage keeping it clean
long distance trade
evidence of increased long distance trade comes from villages established after rise of food production
Neanderthals
first specimen found in 1856 in a cave in Neander Valley
Fertile Crescent
most archaelogists believe the fertile crescent was one of the earliest
Art
most stunning developments in the upper paleolithic was development of art
Land Bridge
native americans originally came from Asia walking across the Bering land bridge
Domestication of Animals
near east, dogs around 10,000 b.c goats and sheep around 7,000 b.c cattle and pigs around 6,000 b.c
transition from H. Erectus to H. Sapiens
paleoanthropologists agree that H. Erectus evolved into to H. Sapiens. mixed between 500,000-200,000 yrs ago
Upper Paleolithic
period of culture history that dates from 40,000 years ago
Nancy Minugh-Purvis
researcher who studied growth and development in Neanderthal and compared it with modern human growth
Rachis
seed-bearing part of the stem, domesticated grains have tough rachis
Sedentarism
settled life, people living in permanent villages
Origin of Modern Human
single-origin theory-modern humans emerged from Africa and spread to other parts of the Old World. multi-regional theory: modern humans, emerged in various parts of Old World
Mousterian Tool Assemblage
smaller proportion of large core tools. large proportion of small flake tools. found in a rock shelter of Le Moustier in Southern France
Agriculture
the practice of raising domesticated crops
The last Ice Age
upper paleolithic coincided with the last Ice Age. Glaciers covered Europe as far south as Berlin & North America to Chicago
Obsidian
volcanic glass that can be used to make mirrors or sharp-edged tools
Consequences of the rise of food production
1. accelerated population growth 2. declining health 3. elaboration of material possessions
Why did food production develop?
1. climate change. 2. population pressure 3. shortage or desired products.
End of Upper Paleolithic
10,000 years ago glaciers began to disappear. climate became more temperate, many large animals became extinct