Anthro Chap 10, 11, and 12

Atiatis

Aztec word (spear thrower) spears were shot from a spear-thrower than thrown w/ the arm

Burons

Chisel-like stone tools used for carving and making such artifacts as bone and antler needles

Paleo-indians

Early New World hunters have been found in the US, Mexico & Canada

Homesites

Many home sites of Middle Paleolithic were located in caves and rock shelters

homo sapiens sapiens

Modern-looking humans, undisputed examples of which appeared about 50,000 years ago; may have appeared earlier.

Cave paintings

Mostly animals

Big Game Hunting

New evidence suggests that people were hunting big game as long as 400,000 years ago

Middle Paleolithic

The time period of the Mousterian stone tool tradition (300,000 to 40,000 years ago)

What happened to the Neanderthals?

They interbred with modern humans and the unique Neadertal characteristics slowly disappear. Killed off by modern humans, they were driven to extinction, due to competition w modern humans

Clovis complex

Tools found South of the Rockies on the High Plains, includes the Clovis projectile point as well as Scraper and Knives and Bone Tools

Neolithic Revolution

according to archaeologists v. Gordon Childe, this shifts occured, probably independently, in other areas within the next few villages

homo sapiens

all living people belong to one biological species, may have emerged 200,000 years ago

Animal adaptations

animals of the upper paleolithic adapted to the extreme condition ex: Giant Ground Sloths- 8 ft tool weighing several thousand pounds

cities

appeared in 3500 bc

Upper Paleolithic Tools

appears to have had its roots in Mousterian & Post- Acheulian traditions

Food Production

clear evidence of a changeover to food production took place in the Near East about 8,000 B.C

Homo heidelbergensis

considered by some to be the "transition" between H Erectus & H Sapiens. Smaller teeth and jaw/much larger brains. Still retain a large prognathous face with large teeth and jaws

Cro-Magnon

cro-magnon were modern-looking humans who first appeared in Western Europe about 35,000 yrs ago

Domestication of Dogs

embers believed that dogs domesticated themselves, wolves hung around human camps and scavenged garbage keeping it clean

long distance trade

evidence of increased long distance trade comes from villages established after rise of food production

Neanderthals

first specimen found in 1856 in a cave in Neander Valley

Fertile Crescent

most archaelogists believe the fertile crescent was one of the earliest

Art

most stunning developments in the upper paleolithic was development of art

Land Bridge

native americans originally came from Asia walking across the Bering land bridge

Domestication of Animals

near east, dogs around 10,000 b.c goats and sheep around 7,000 b.c cattle and pigs around 6,000 b.c

transition from H. Erectus to H. Sapiens

paleoanthropologists agree that H. Erectus evolved into to H. Sapiens. mixed between 500,000-200,000 yrs ago

Upper Paleolithic

period of culture history that dates from 40,000 years ago

Nancy Minugh-Purvis

researcher who studied growth and development in Neanderthal and compared it with modern human growth

Rachis

seed-bearing part of the stem, domesticated grains have tough rachis

Sedentarism

settled life, people living in permanent villages

Origin of Modern Human

single-origin theory-modern humans emerged from Africa and spread to other parts of the Old World. multi-regional theory: modern humans, emerged in various parts of Old World

Mousterian Tool Assemblage

smaller proportion of large core tools. large proportion of small flake tools. found in a rock shelter of Le Moustier in Southern France

Agriculture

the practice of raising domesticated crops

The last Ice Age

upper paleolithic coincided with the last Ice Age. Glaciers covered Europe as far south as Berlin & North America to Chicago

Obsidian

volcanic glass that can be used to make mirrors or sharp-edged tools

Consequences of the rise of food production

1. accelerated population growth 2. declining health 3. elaboration of material possessions

Why did food production develop?

1. climate change. 2. population pressure 3. shortage or desired products.

End of Upper Paleolithic

10,000 years ago glaciers began to disappear. climate became more temperate, many large animals became extinct