research exam 1

Which of the following is true about case-control studies?

a case control study is an observational study in which subjects are sampled based upon presence or absence of disease and then their prior exposure status is determined

_____________briefly summarize an article or report and how it relates to the proposed new project

abstract

To be original a study must be:

addressing a gap in the existing research literature

At what point should the researcher identify three or more specific objectives that stem from the main study goal?

after finalizing the overarching study goal

Which of the following is true about blinding in experimental studies?

all of the above

In a cohort study, the risk ratio of developing diabetes was 0.86 when comparing consumers of tea (the exposed) to those who did not drink tea (the unexposed). If the 95 % confidence interval is (0.70, 1.06), which one statement is correct? A. The tea drinkers have lower risk of developing diabetes. B. The tea drinkers have higher risk of developing diabetes. C. Based on the information given we cannot tell if the observed difference in disease risk is the result of chance. D. The risk ratio is close to the value one, so there is no difference in disease risk between the two groups.

based on info given we cant tell if the observed difference in disease risk is the result of chance

_____________occurs when participants in an experimental study and perhaps some research team members do not know whether a participant is in the active intervention group or the control group.

blinding

A_______________________ describes a group of individuals with the same disease or who have undergone the same procedure

case series study

Some case series follow patients for days, months, or even years. In this type of study approach, the case series functionally becomes what type of study

cohort study

. An insurance company wants to study whether offering incentives for preventative care reduces overall health care costs. They select a random sample of 200 of their customers. Half of the smokers are randomly assigned to be offered the incentive, and the other half are assigned to the control group. The same method is used to randomly assign half of the nonsmokers to the treatment group and half to the control group. The type of experiment design in this example is____________

completely randomized design

Which of the following is sketched out using boxes and arrows that illustrate the various relationships that will be evaluated during the study?

conceptual framwork

Based on our class discussion, which of the following is defined as the step in which we logically arrange and interpret the evidences found in the previous literature to form the argument that justifies the thesis statement?

critique the literature

A researcher assesses a random sample of residents by telephone questionnaire. Obesity is strongly associated with diagnosed diabetes. This study design is best described as which one of the following:

cross sectional

What type of studies seek to recruit a study population that is representative of a welldefined larger population?

cross sectional studies

Which of the following is the first step when designing an experimental study?

decide on the intervention and eligibility criteria

Which of the following would be the first step in conducting a cross-sectional survey?

define a source population

Which of the following statements about exposures is true? A. An exposed individual has a greater risk of disease. B. Dietary intake is not an 'exposure' because individuals make a choice about what they eat. C. High body mass index is a risk factor for a range of health conditions, therefore, it cannot be treated as a single exposure. D. Exposure refers to contact with some factor that may be harmful or beneficial to health.

exposure referes to contact with some factor that may be harmful or beneficial to health

Longitudinal studies use what type of population in which all participants start the study at the same time and no one is permitted to join later?

fixed population

Writing the literature review section should follow the ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍapproach.

funnel

The process which begins with a question or observation and the data comes first and the explanation later refers to

inductive study approach

Critical reading involves asking a series of questions about what aspect of a study in order to ascertain how well a particular study was designed, conducted, interpreted, and reported and to assess how likely it is that the resulting paper presents the truth about a particular research question in a particular population at a particular place and time. Which of the following does describe the previous statement?

internal validity

Consider the following information from a cohort study about coronary heart disease (CHD). What is the attributable risk %?

37.9%

In a matched case-control study the following information was obtained. "200 pairs where the case is exposed and the control is not. 50 pairs where the control is exposed and the case is not. 130 pairs where cases and controls are exposed. 85 pairs where cases and controls are unexposed." What is odds ratio for this study?

4

how does restrospective cohort differ from case control study

A retrospective cohort study recruits based on exposure status in the present and follows them forward in time whereas a case-control study are good for studying uncommon diseases as they look at two existing groups differing in outcome are identified and compared on the basis of some supposed casual attribute. Case-control would clearly define two groups at the start - one with the disease and one without the disease and see if there is a statistically significant differences in the rates of exposure. Retrospective cohort study would look at people with the disease and collect data that already exists and the exposures are defined before looking at the existing outcome data to see whether exposure to a risk factor is associated with a statistically significant difference in the outcome development rate.

What commonly used type of cross-sectional study asks participants about their knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, practices, and behaviors?

KAP survey

what is a limitation of systematic review? (tertiary studies)

Lack of access to resources to acquire all needed articles and the research cannot be defined into the impact of a single variable

Which database is sponsored by the U.S. National Library of Medicine and features only journals that have applied for inclusion and passed through a review process?

MEDLINE

Which of the following can be classified as an exposure?

Marital status, dietary practices, and exercise habits (all of the above)

According to the APA reference citation format, pick out the correct version of showing this article in a bibliography:

One with doi: 10.1177

research designs

Qualitative: observation, interview, focus group quantitative: Observational -case series -cross sectional surveys -case control studies -cohort studies :experimental

Which of the following is true about randomization in experimental studies in sport and health sciences?

it can minimize allocation bias

case series limitations

it contains only information deemed at the time of examination to be clinically relevant

Which of the following is a key characteristic to watch out for when performing a case series study?

lack of generalizability

Which of the following, related to the candidate question, will assist the researcher in determining what is already known about the topic and what new information a new study could contribute?

literature review

Participants of what kind of study are recruited based on membership in a well-defined source population?

longitudinal cohort study

What type of experimental study would aim to demonstrate the intervention is not worse than the control?

noninferiority trial

If the goal of the study is to understand populations, to describe patterns, or to ask research questions that are not focused on causality, what is likely the only suitable study design?

observational study

Which of the following is a case-control study? A. Analysis of previous research in different places and under different circumstances to permit establishment of a hypothesis based on cumulative knowledge of all known factors identified in the disease under study. B. Study collecting information from individuals to measure prevalence at one point in time C. Obtaining histories and other information from a group of people with a particular disease or condition and from a group without the disease to determine the relative frequency of a past exposure under study. D. Study of average exposure for a group and a population measure of outcome.

obtaining histories and other info from a group of ppl with a particular disease or condition and from a group without the disease to determine the relative frequency of a past exposure under study

Secondary data collection might become labor intensive if which of the following have to be retrieved, read, coded, and entered into a database?

old hospital charts

__________ is the percentage of the population with a given trait at the time of the survey.

prevalence rate

What type of study design should be used to investigate an exposure that is relatively uncommon but a source of exposed individuals is available?

prospective cohort study

When the entire 95% confidence interval is less than 1, the odds ratio is statistically significant, and the exposure is deemed to beˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍin the study population.

protective

(1)--------------- tend to be generally expressed; a (2) -----------is a specific prediction about what we will find.

research questions and hypothesis

The timeline for what type of study might be very short if an entire data file and the relevant supporting documentation can be downloaded from a website?

secondary study

What type of study revolves around a thorough review of existing literature?

tertiary

________is the number of new cases of disease in a population during a specified period of time divided by the total number of persons in the population who were at risk

the incidence rate

Which of the following is true about a case-series study?

the objective is to describe a group of individuals with a disease and one of the steps is to assign a case definition

Prevalence rate isˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ

the proportion of incident cases among the exposed participants that are due to exposure

A_______________________ is based on extensive reviews of the published literature and can inform the components and flow of a conceptual framework of a new study.

theoretical framework

Usually, what is the goal of any single research project?

to answer one well-defined question

a needs assessment answers which of the following questions

what is the health status of this population

Randomized, controlled trials provide strong evidence that an observed effect is due to the intervention (the assigned exposure). One reason is because

when the participants are randomized many characteristics and possible confounding factors are likely to be evenly distributed in the groups