Research Final Quiz Form

T/F A lower score on a national certification exam is associated with a lower GPA. This is an example of a negative correlation

False

T/F A randomized controlled trial is the strongest research design because it provides protection against all threats to validity

False

T/F A study examining a single-session errorless learning intervention for teaching face-name recognition for individuals with Alzheimer's disease is conducted using a single group, pretest/posttest design. Participants were tested immediately following a 30 minute intervention. With this study, you would have concerns about threats due to maturation

False

T/F All randomized controlled trials should receive the same rating on the PEDro scale

False

T/F Because a single-subject design may only use one or a small number of participants, this approach may also be described as a qualitative design.

False

T/F For random assignment to occur, first there must be random sampling

False

T/F In grounded theory research, first a theory is developed and then data are collected to determine if the data support the theory

False

T/F In qualitative research, it is common and acceptable to gather data from one brief interview.

False

T/F In qualitative research, random assignment to groups is a common practice

False

T/F Qualitative research is not concerned with rigor

False

T/F Random sampling enhances the validity of qualitative research

False

T/F Shared decision making is only applicable when there are no systematic reviews to justify a therapeutic intervention.

False

T/F The best wat to improve the trustworthiness of qualitative research is by increasing the number of participants

False

T/F The introduction of a qualitative study typically states the research hypothesis

False

T/F When the median is the appropriate measure of central tendency, differences in the median between two groups are still examined using an independent sample t-test

False

T/F With qualitative research, all data analysis is hands on; it does not involve computer analysis of data

False

T/F it is more desirable to have a small confidence interval than a large confidence interval

False

T/F the Pedro scale is useful for evaluating the internal validity of a single subject study

False

What question best fits the PICO format for evidence based questions?

For individuals with Alzheimer's Disease, is exercise more beneficial than usual care in slowing the decline of physical functioning?

What level of evidence is the following: Systematic review of RCT

Level I

Effects of the Finnish Alzheimer Disease Exercise Trial (FINALEX): A randomized controlled trial. Pitkala, K. H., Poysti, M. M., Laakkonen, M. L., Tilvis, R. S., Savikko, N., Kautiainen, H., & Strandberg, T. E. (2013). JAMA Internal Medicine, 173(10), 894-901. In evaluating the strength of this research, you consider the levels-of-evidence hierarchy. You would rate this study at what level?

Level II

Many of your clients express concerns related to sleep problems. Although sleep is not the primary reason for referral, you decide to investigate intervention strategies addressing this important occupation. You search the literature using PubMed and the key terms "physical activity" and "sleep," and the limit of "older adults."Your search turns up the following studies: -Improving sleep quality in older adults with moderate sleep complaints: A randomized controlled trial of Tai Chi Chih. Irwin, M.R., Olmstead, R., & Motivala, S. J. (2008). Sleep, 31(7), 1001-1008.-Moderators and mediators of exercise-induced objective sleep improvements in midlife and older adults with sleep complaints. Buman, M. P., Hekler, E. B., Bliwise, D. L., & King, A. C. (2011). Health Psychology, 30(5), 579-587. doi:10.1037/a0024293. -Aerobic exercise improves self-reported sleep and quality of life in older adults with insomnia. Reid, K. J., Baron, K. G., Lu, B., Naylor, E., Wolfe, L., & Zee, P. C. (2010). Sleep Medicine, 11(9), 934-940. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2010.04.014. All three of these studies are rated at the same level of evidence. What is the level of evidence for these studies?

Level II

What level of evidence is the following: RCT

Level II

What level of evidence is the following: Non randomized controlled trial

Level III

What is the level of evidence for pre-experimental studies with a pretest and posttest and no control?

Level IV

What level of evidence is the following: One group trial with pretest and posttest

Level IV

At the annual AOTA meeting you get the incredible opportunity to eat dinner with the winner of the AOTA Outstanding Researcher of the Year. She describes to you how her research program, a longitudinal study of exercise for workers with low back pain, suggests regular back extension exercise during work breaks "helps a lot". Your dinner conversation with the winner reflects which level of evidence?

Level V

What level of evidence is the following: Case report

Level V

T/F A randomized controlled trial with a pretest and a posttest protects against maturation threats to validity

True

T/F Existing documents such as minutes of meetings, photographs, and published narratives, can be used as data in qualitative research

True

T/F If scores are normally distributed, most people will have scores in between 1 and +1 standard deviations from the mean.

True

T/F In the PICO format of a question, you could argue that "I" represents "Independent Variable"

True

T/F Qualitative research is often used to explore topics about which little is known.

True

T/F Qualitative research recognizes that there can be multiple points of view regarding the same phenomenon

True

T/F The PEDro scale focuses most on INTERNAL validity?

True

T/F randomized controlled trial with a pretest and posttest protects against maturation threats to validity.

True

A randomized controlled trial with a factorial design was conducted examining the effects of time of exercise and type of exercise on sleep. Each condition is a separate group and 15 individuals were randomly assigned to each group. This study would be best described as a. 2 x 2 b. 2 x 3 c. 2 x 2 x 3 d. 2 x 2 x 8

a

A statistic is to a sample as a ______________ is to a population a. parameter b. constant

a

A study is conducted with five participants in the intervention group and five participants in the control group. The researcher finds that there is no difference between the two groups. As a researcher you would conclude that it is possible that: a. low power is a threat to validity in this study b. the ecological validity of the study should be questioned

a

In a study examining the impact of different conditions on time seated, one group of children participated. In one condition they wore a weighted vest, in another they wore an unweighted vest, and in the third condition they were sitting on balls. The dependent measure (time seated) was measured once while the children were exposed to the condition. This is best described as a a. within-groups comparison b. between-groups comparison c. interaction effect

a

In a study examining the impact of three different conditions on time seated, one group of children wore a weighted vest, another group of children wore an unweighted vest, and the third group of children sat on balls. The dependent measure (time seated) was measured once while the children were exposed to the condition. What analysis would be most appropriate in this study? a. One-way ANOVA b. Repeated measures ANOVA c. ANCOVA d. Multiple linear regression

a

McMahon (2014) studies elite senior athletes and the incidence of shoulder pain. The study found that the odds ratio for rotator cuff injury and shoulder pain was 8.0 (95% confidence interval, 1.0-62.5). This means that: a. individuals with a rotator cuff injury were 8 times more likely to experience shoulder pain b. shoulder pain was present in 80% of individuals with rotator cuff injury c. rotator cuff injuries are uncommon in elite senior athletes d. 8 out of 10 individuals with rotator cuff injury experienced shoulder pain

a

Procedures used to protect internal validity often conflict with external validity, and vice versa. Recognizing this conflict, the process of examining the efficiency of an intervention from both an external and internal validity perspective usually includes: a. An emphasis on internal validity first and then a move toward external validity b. An emphasis on external validity first and then a move toward internal validity c. simultaneous efforts to maximize internal and external validity

a

The consistency of a measure when assessing what it is intended to measure is known as a. reliability b. significance c. validity d. assessment

a

The dependent sample t-test is best described as a: a. Within-group comparison b. between-group comparison c. interaction effect d. relationship between variables

a

What type of research design is this? N O X O N O O a. non randomized controlled trial b. pretest/posttest without a control group c. factorial design d. crossover design

a

What type of research design is this? R O X(a) O X(b) O R O X(b) O X(a) O a. crossover design b. non randomized controlled trial c. pretest/posttest without a control group d. factorial design

a

When conducting a t-test, if all other factors are equal, there is more likely to be a difference between groups if: a. variability is small b. the sample size is small c. the effect size is small d. the mean different between groups is small

a

When study participants are different from the intended population, this error is called a. sampling error b. measurement error c. type 1 error d. type 2 error

a

Which data collection method would typically be avoided in a qualitative study? a. administration of standardized tests b. in depth interviews c. observation d. focus groups

a

Which measure of central tendency is used in the calculation of t-tests and ANOVAs? a. mean b. median c. mode d. all of the above, as any can be used

a

Which of the following is a measure of central tendency? a. mean b. median c. semi-interquartile range d. standard deviation

a, b

Which of the following are useful practices to enhance the external validity of a study? (3) a. random sampling b. replication c. large sample sizes d. exclusion of participants with comorbidities

a, b, c

Evidence based decisions in clinical practice must always take into consideration a. client values b. systematic reviews c. clinical experience d. client situation e. research evidence

a, b, c, d, e

Which of the following criteria must be met by a study to be deemed a clinically controlled trial? a. Each participant must be randomly assigned to one group b. Participants cannot be aware they are in a study c. The "treatment" group must receive an intervention d. The study must be basic research e. The study must have one "treatment" and one "control" group f. It must be longitudinal research

a, c, e

To increase statistical power (3) a. increase n b. use the tukey adjustment c. increase the treatment differences between groups d. decrease n e. use a lower (more conservative) alpha level f. use the Bonferroni adjustment g. use a higher (more liberal) alpha level h. decrease the treatment difference between groups

a, c, g

A nonrandomized controlled trail may also be classified as which of the following? a. true experimental design b. quasi-experimental design c. single-subject design d. correlational study

b

Dr. McCaw hopes all students perform well on this exam. If we take all exam scores and form a frequency distribution, he hopes that a. the distribution is positively skewed b. the distribution is negatively skewed c. the distribution has a bell shaped curve and is not skewed

b

In a sample of students at a particular university, the median age is larger than the mean age. This suggests that there are: a. the same number of people whose age is higher than the median age and mean age b. more people who are older than the mean age than there are younger than the mean age c. more people who are younger than the mean age than there are older than the mean age

b

In a study designed to increase regular toothbrushing, the experimental group receives a one hour session that combines education and motivational interviewing, and the control group receives a one hour session on how to increase ones fiber intake. The design controls for what threat to validity? a. compensatory equalization of treatment b. hawthorne effect c. compensatory demoralization d. instrumentation effects

b

In which study design are participants examined individually rather than calculating the mean scores for the group? a. randomized controlled trial b. single-subject design c. retrospective cohort d. pretest/posttest without a control

b

Initial studies often find positive effects that cannot necessarily be replicated in real world clinical settings. This suggests that the initial studies had a. poor statistical conclusion validity b. poor external validity c. poor internal validity d. no problems with validity

b

Taking the means into account, which outcome measure had the greatest variability? Means, then SD in parenthesis. a. Time to complete (in seconds) -94 (55.3) b. Number of errors- 3 (8.3) c. Number correct- 20 (10.5) d. Times out of seat- 2 (1.4)

b

The ability of a measure to assess what it is intended to measure is known as a. reliability b. validity c. assessment d. significance

b

Two nursing homes participate in a study. Using the flip of a coin, it is determined which setting will implement a fall intervention program and which will serve as the control. This is an example of which of the following research designs? a. randomized controlled trial b. non randomized controlled trial c. crossovers study d. factorial design

b

What is the median for the following data set? 8 8 9 10 11 11 11 12 a. 10 b. 10.5 c. 11 d. 11.5

b

Which aspect of trustworthiness is most concerned with the relevance of a study to other situations? a. Credibility b. Transferability c. Dependability d. Confirmability

b

Which of the following questions BEST meets the PICO format? a. Is CIMT training effective for individuals 36 months post stroke? b. Does CIMT training improve wrist ROM more than routine wrist exercise for individuals 70-80 years old following a hemiplegic CVA? c. What are the effects of a balance training program implemented in a chronic care facility d. When is the best time to implement mirror therapy following diabetes related amputation?

b

Which qualitative design is most likely to develop a model to explain the relationships between important constructs? a. phenomenology b. grounded theory c. ethnography d. narrative

b

While a study examining the efficiency of a program to encourage parents to read to their preschoolers is underway, the local library begins a book club for parents and toddlers. This would present what potential threat to validity? a. maturation b. history c. hawthorne effect d. regression to the mean

b

A distribution of scores is collected. The lowest score is 33 and the highest score is 94. The range is a. 30.5 b. 50 c. 61.0 d. 127.0

c

A mixed methods study is best described as one in which: a. two or more qualitative designs are used simultaneously b. multiple models are derived from the results c. quantitative and qualitative methodology are combined d. several methods (e.g. interviews and observation) are used to collect the qualitative data

c

A mixed-methods study is best described as one in which: a. two or more qualitative designs are used simultaneously b. multiple models are derived from the results c. quantitative and qualitative methodology are combined. d. several methods (e.g., interviews and observation) are used to collect the qualitative data

c

A qualitative researcher has identified three themes from the data. He them goes back to the participants to ask for their feedback about these themes. This is an example of a. saturation b. triangulation c. member checking d. external auditing

c

A researcher is interested in helping individuals with severe depression by providing a brief cognitive behavioral intervention. individuals who fall within the top 5 percent of scores on the Beck Depression Inventory are recruited to participate. Without a control group, which threat to validity would concern you? a. compensatory equalization of treatment b. testing c. regression to the mean d. history

c

A study is conducted in which one group receives exercise and another group receives joint protection education to determine which approach is more effective in reducing chronic pain for individuals with arthritis. Pain is measured before the intervention begins and at 4 weeks when the intervention is over. Which of the following would be an analysis of a main effect of the study? a. a comparison of the patterns of change for each group before and after the intervention b. an analysis of the relationship between pretest and posttest c. a comparison of pain at baseline and 4 weeks d. a calculation of the effect size for each intervention

c

Although the use of a pretest is generally desirable, what threat to validity may actually increase when a pretest is included? a. Maturation b. Selection c. Testing d. Instrumentation

c

In a highly skewed distribution, the most appropriate measure of central tendency is a. the standard deviation b. the mode c. the median

c

In a study of an intervention that is designed to improve handwriting skills, the intervention group receives time and attention from an occupational therapist, and the control group does not see an occupational therapist. This threat to validity is often referred to as: a. maturation b. assignment/selection c. hawthorne effect d. regression to the mean

c

In a study that compares the use of therapy balls with traditional seating for improving time on task, children with autism are randomly assigned to sit on a therapy ball or a regular desk chair. Then the children switch seating so that those who were sitting on a therapy ball now sit in a regular chair, and vice versa. What is the study design? a. randomized controlled trail b. nonrandomized controlled trial c. randomized crossover design d. factorial design

c

What type of a Research Design is this? N O X O N O O a. pretest/posttest without a control group b. factorial design c. nonrandomized controlled trial d. crossover design

c

Which letter(s) is used to represent the results of a Pearson correlation? a. p b. s c. r d. z

c

Which of the following is NOT a useful procedure for increasing the external validity of a study? a. collecting a large random sample from a population b. randomly assigning participants to a control group and an intervention group c. studying the implementation of an intervention in an actual rehabilitation clinic using existing staff d. replicating an existing study with a new sample

c

A study that analyzes existing clinical data will most likely use which type of design? a. non-randomized controlled trial b. crossover study c. single subject design d. retrospective-cohort design

d

Another name for a "one group trial with pretest and posttest" is a. non-experimental b. correlational c. quasi-experimental d. pre-experimental

d

Based on chart review, a researcher identifies and compares functional outcomes for clients who received outpatient rehabilitation with clients receiving home health care after a stroke. This design would best be described as a: a. randomized controlled trial. b. nonrandomized controlled trial. c. crossover design. d. retrospective cohort design.

d

For a nominal (categorical) distribution, the best measure of central tendency is usually a. the mean b. the median c. the standard deviation d. the mode e. the range

d

If a researcher were studying the experience of being a sibling of a child with a disability and decided to interview the child with the disability, the sibling, and the parents, as well as observe the family at home during daily occupations, this would be an example of a. constant comparative method b. member checking c. external auditing d. triangulation

d

If the relationship of grip strength and arm strength is expressed as r = 0.79, this would be what type of relationship? a. No relationship b. Curvilinear relationship c. Negative relationship d. Positive relationship

d

In which sampling method does a researcher identify a participant and then ask that person to identify other potential participants? a. convenience b. stratified c. purposive d. snowball

d

Participants in a study on weight loss are asked to record what they each day, in this record is used as a measure in the study. It is possible that the participants lose weight because they are keeping a record, and not because of the intervention. This is an example of what a threat to validity? a. selection b. maturation c. regression to the mean d. testing

d

The results of a study comparing a treatment and control group indicate that p < .05. Which of the following statements is correct? a. the statistical conclusion that there is a 95% chance that the difference between the two groups occurred by chance b. the statistical conclusion that there is a 95% chance that the difference between the two groups is true c. the statistical conclusion that there is no difference between the two groups d. the statistical conclusion that a real difference exists between the two groups

d

The variable manipulated by the researcher is called the a. dependent variable b. internal variable c. demographic variable d. independent variable

d

The word or words that best describes the term "Descriptive Statistics" would be a. complex statistics b. quantitative statistics c. transform statistics d. summary statistics e. inferential statistics

d

There is evidence that men are less likely than women to take advantage of preventive interventions. Knowing this, which of the following protections would be most helpful? a. blinding of the testers b. ensuring that the control group receives equal attention c. use of a pretest d. participant matching to ensure that the gender distribution is the same across groups

d

This qualitative research approach is equated with storytelling a. phenomenology b. grounded theory c. ethnography d. narrative

d

When a qualitative researcher works to achieve saturation, the researcher does which of the following? a. asks the same question over and over again b. asks multiple people to review the data c. reads field notes to identify relevant themes d. continues to collect data until the same themes emerge

d

Which of the following is an example of an inferential statistic? a. mean b. percentage c. standard deviation d. ANOVA

d

The most frequently used measure of variability in inferential statistics is the a. mode b. median c. mean d. range e. standard deviation

e