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A factorial design study measures the effect upon hemoglobin levels of four independent variables, each administered randomly and independently. How many distinct groups are there in this factorial design?
16
What is a construct?
A concept at a high level of abstraction with a very general meaning
The Process of Incorporation of a Rescue Dog into Ones Home Wariness Mutual Protectiveness Compassion Adoption What is this
A conceptual map
What is the essential difference between a control group and a comparison group?
A control group is randomly assigned. A comparison group is not
What is a conceptual map?
A diagram that expresses the interrelationships of concepts and statements in a framework
What primary sources might be available to someone writing a biography of Queen Elizabeth I, who died in the 17th century?
A diary written by her
Sampling in outcomes studies differs from that in traditional quantitative research in several ways. Which of the following is true?
A heterogeneous sample is preferred
A knowledge gap is identified by a nurse researcher. Which of the following may NOT necessarily represent a knowledge gap?
A literature search that shows that no quantitative research, but only qualitative research, exists in the area.
Which is the best statement that differentiates between the sizes of samples and populations?
A population is usually larger than a sample.
1. Which of the following might a researcher include in a review of the literature concerning acupuncture and conscious sedation for major surgical procedures? (Select all that apply.)
A research article from the Journal of Acupuncture comparing the use of acupuncture with general anesthesia b. Brysons Human Physiology textbook c. A research synthesis on alternatives to general anesthesia compiled by the Agency for Health Policy and Research A masters thesis on the use of acupuncture during closed reduction of radial-ulnar fractures A monograph written by a physician in a third world country who used acupuncture to control pain during surgical procedures
A publication is printed every two months. Its volume number coincides with its year of publication (2008 = 1; 2009 = 2; 2010 = 3; etc.). Its issue number coincides with the order of publication, within a given year (JanFeb = 1; MarApr = 2; etc). What kind of a publication is this?
A serial
What is a conceptual model?
A set of highly abstract, related constructs
What is concept analysis?
A strategy through which a set of characteristics essential to the connotative meaning of a concept is identified
What does a quantitative research instrument measure?
A study variable
What is a concept?
A term that abstractly describes and names an object, a phenomenon, or an idea, thus providing it with a separate identity of meaning
In the following hypothesis, what is the dependent variable? There is no measurable difference in incidence of acne in 15-year-olds who are placed on a chocolate-free diet.
Acne
A researcher identifies three variables and formulates a hypothesis that links them. That hypothesis is testable. What does it mean that the hypothesis is testable?
All the variables in the hypothesis are measurable.
It is appropriate to conduct a review of the literature in which of the following circumstances? (Select all that apply.)
An ethnographic study is planned. A nurse is interested in conducting research on patients who sundown. One requirement for a graduate course paper is a written literature review. A hospital is attempting to develop a policy on bathing frequency for elders.
A nurse researcher has an idea that neonates perceive all interactions with humans as either stressors or comfort. She is conducting qualitative research to describe the types of stressors or comfort that neonates typically experience in the first 24 hours of life. Is this a theory, or a model, or what?
An idea but not a theory or model yet
What is a theory?
An integrated set of defined concepts, existence statements, and relational statements that can be used to describe, explain, predict, or control that phenomenon
What does appropriate generalization require? (Select all that apply.)
Application of findings to the population from which the sample was drawn More than one research study using the same research questions and variables Statistically significant findings
A researcher conducts a study to determine the effectiveness of a special program of sensitivity training for nurse managers upon several outcomes, all related to the staffs ability to identify and intervene appropriately when medication errors occur. This is an example of what type of quantitative research?
Applied research
A masters student who works in cardiothoracic ICU reads a 20-year-old nursing research study; the findings document use of much larger per-kilogram amounts of opioids and anxiolytics postoperatively in adults with open-heart surgery, as opposed to children with open-heart surgery. The student strongly suspects that modern hospitals medicate children and adults more or less the same, on a per-kilogram basis. She decides to replicate the original research in her hospital. What type of replication is this?
Approximate replication
This figure provides an illustrated example of a linear relationship. What does it mean? (Select all that apply.)
As A becomes larger, B becomes larger. As B becomes smaller, A becomes smaller.
What is an asymmetrical relational statement?
As A changes in value, so does B; as B changes in value, A does not. A pair of statements that represents a relationship that is not the same when the order of the variables is reversed.
What is a symmetrical relational statement?
As A changes in value, so does B; as B changes in value, so does A. A pair of statements, in which the second is the same as the first, but the order of the variables is reversed.
What is the acceptable way to properly attribute this content in a literature review?
As compared with other high schools, Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe (2009) reported a higher incidence of distress manifestations, such as nightmares and nervousness, in a strictly college-prep school with an extremely disapproving principal, who verbally berated students for less-than-expected academic performance.
A masters student decides to conduct a pilot study in order to help with which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Assess working nurses responses to having a researcher collect data in the middle of their unit.
The researcher believes that adults can remember details about the first time they were taken on a camping trip, as 7-year-olds, and that the experiences of a first camping trip are life-altering. What is a research term for these beliefs?
Assumptions
To take positive action to prevent any harm to the research subjects best defines which of the following principles?
Beneficence
In the Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study, 22 patients were injected unknowingly with a suspension containing live cancer cells that had been generated from human cancer tissue. What ethical principles apply here? (Select all that apply.)
Beneficence Self-determination Fair treatment
Random selection of 300 subjects yields a sample, but demographic analysis of that sample reveals that there are 99 teachers in the sample, despite the fact that there are far fewer than 33% teachers in the total sample. The sample can be said to be
Biased
A school nurse researcher studying bullying discovers that the type of victimization she is observing is different for different racial groups and genders within her school district. She wants to study the effect of peer support on bullying and chooses to make sure that the experimental and control groups, although randomly assigned, contain equal percentages of children of all races. What does this strategy exemplify?
Blocking
Simple descriptive statistics may be used to depict the sample characteristics, reflecting demographic variable values, in which kind of research?
Both quantitative and qualitative research
In terms of the literature review, how are quantitative research and ethnographic research similar?
Both require the researcher to review the literature before beginning the study.
An improvement in research ethics could prevent some or all of which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Breaches of anonymity Researchers failures to report their funding sources in publications Unauthorized data collection
A researcher contacts seven large hospitals and makes arrangements to recruit 55 patients from each of their emergency rooms. If this is cluster sampling, how were the seven large hospitals chosen?
By random selection
What type of hypothesis is the following? (Select all that apply.) Increased intake of dietary fiber in elders and increased fluid intake are associated with fewer episodes of diverticulitis?
Complex hypothesis Associative hypothesis Associative hypothesis
What type of hypothesis is the following? (Select all that apply.) The number of children in the home is associated with noise level in that home, and with parental stress.
Complex hypothesis Associative hypothesis Nondirectional hypothesis
What type of hypothesis is the following? (Select all that apply.) Decreasing the time allotted for weekly in-class pop quizzes increases student anxiety and decreases student grades.
Complex hypothesis Causal hypothesis Directional hypothesis
What type of hypothesis is the following? (Select all that apply.) Taking lessons to learn how to play bridge, and weekly practice in playing bridge, have an effect on beginning bridge players win-loss ratio.
Complex hypothesis Causal hypothesis Nondirectional hypothesis
Chronic disappointment in goal achievement produces an attenuated period of decreased goal-setting is a statement written at which level of abstraction?
Conceptual level (specific theoretical statement)
. A researcher working for Google collects data on fair treatment in the workplace. He attempts to attach one of the raw data forms to a message to himself, so that he can finish the data analysis at home that evening, but accidentally sends it to another employee who had provided data for the study. The two employees, coincidentally, have an identical opinion about fair treatment in the workplace. This best describes an example of a violation of which of the following human rights?
Confidentiality
A variable is more concrete than a concept. A concept is more concrete than a construct. Which one is the most abstract?
Construct
Happiness is a requisite of the human condition is a statement written at which level of abstraction?
Construct level (general construct)
The researcher divides his lab rats into two groups and administers IV methamphetamine to one of the groups, in order to determine its effect on the fear-flight response. This is an example of which of the following?
Control
A pollster wants to obtain a large sample of voters with the least amount of trouble. Each subject is asked to complete a pencil-paper questionnaire containing seven multiple-choice questions. Each person completing the survey receives a $1-off coupon for a population coffee chain. The pollster decides to stand outside twenty different supermarkets for four hours each and ask patrons to participate in the research. Which method of sampling is this?
Convenience sampling
A human resources employee performs research focusing on the professional lifespan within the institution of nurses, and trying to discover whether their choice of work area is connected with the number of years they work in the institution. What type of research is this?
Correlational research
A researcher conducting a study to examine linkages among age, gender, drivers license suspension, and zip code poverty, educational level, and income, sourced from the records of the State Department of Motor Vehicles, is using which of the following types of research?
Correlational research
A researcher is operating from the point of view of logical positivism. Which of the following research methods would the logical positivist use? (Select all that apply.)
Correlational research Quasi-experimental research Quantitative descriptive research
What is the antidote to the carryover effect?
Counterbalancing
A researcher investigates the fact that women with chronic pain are more apt to be treated for depression than are men with chronic pain. Which qualitative strategy will most likely be used to study this topic?
Critical research
Why is the threat of subject attrition more problematic in longitudinal designs than in other types of descriptive research?
Data collection occurs over a much longer period of time.
A stimulus or activity that is measured to examine the effect created by the independent variable best describes a(n) _____ variable.
Dependent
In the following purpose statement, what kind of variable is number of days absent from class? The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a generous weekly allowance and twice-weekly text messages from parents on number of days absent from class, in freshman college students.
Dependent variable
A newly employed nurse administrator wants to know more about the employees on the units the administrator supervises. The manager accesses the managerial database and gathers data about all of the current employees on the unit, including work shift, number of years employed, age, gender, educational preparation, certifications, work history, and professional accomplishments. What type of research is this?
Descriptive research
Florence Nightingale researched mortality and morbidity rates in soldiers during the Crimean War and investigated various factors that influenced both, presenting her results as pie charts and graphs. Consequently, it is known that she conducted which types of research? (Select all that apply.)
Descriptive research Correlational research
The review of literature in quantitative research directs everything from the first ideas about the study variables through recommendations based upon the studys conclusions. Which of the following are outputs of the literature review in quantitative research? (Select all that apply.)
Development of conceptual definitions of concepts Description of what studies have been performed, so as to provide initial direction for the study method Interpretation of the study findings, in comparison with previous research
What is the research question?
Does massage increase the total number of hours of daily sleep?
A researcher tests the effect of a medication previously used for psoriasis on patients with Huntingtons chorea. The medication reduces symptom severity from an average of 7.7 to 4.6, on a scale from 0 to 10. This change is known as the
Effect size
Which of these statements concerning guidelines for consenting children for research participation are true? (Select all that apply.)
Emancipated minors may consent for themselves. An 11-year-old should be asked to assent for research participation. Infants cannot refuse to participate in research if their parents consent.
A researcher conducts many interviews, over a one-year period, with women in the treatment phase of breast cancer, all of whom are attending a breast cancer support group, in order to understand what happens in the support group, how the members are affected by membership, and how the members contribute to the group. The researcher herself is also in treatment for breast cancer and is a member of the group. What type of research is this?
Ethnographic research
Identify the type of research design employed in the following study: In order to determine nursing students stress throughout the four semesters of the major, nursing students in all four semesters were surveyed as class groups at the mid-point of two contiguous semesters of coursework. Stress was assessed by a researcher-composed quantitative questionnaire.
Event-partitioning design
A research study contains the question, Can the application of twice-daily cortisone in the period from 6 to 10 weeks postoperatively produce significantly increased range of motion in 50- to 60-year-old rotator-cuff repair patients at the six-month mark? The study is _____ research
Experimental
A researcher randomly assigns a large group of subjects who are hospital patients either to receive magnesium at bedtime or not to receive magnesium at bedtime, and then measures sleep quality and duration. What type of research is this?
Experimental research
In a rehabilitation unit, patients are randomly assigned to high fiber diets versus ordinary fiber diets, in order to measure the effect on constipation. What type of research is this?
Experimental research
Causality is tested through which of the following?
Experimentation
. If a researcher plans to study graduate-level achievement in all students who were educated under the Vermont public school system, in a small town that used both state-mandated texts and enrichment texts of the school boards choosing, the researcher would be using a fairly small sample, bound by geography and time. Which type of validity is decreased by a study like this one?
External validity
John Stuart Mills insistence that in order for causation to be demonstrated, there must be no alternative explanation for why a change in one variable leads to a change in the other variable. This concept of alternative explanations is the idea that underlies which type of validity?
External validity
A researcher is applying for a grant renewal on the subject of a promising new treatment for liver cancer. His research group has used the treatment for 13 subjects. The results9 responded and 4 did notare not statistically significant. However, if the researcher entered each patient as three different people and reported the results as 27 responded and 12 did not, the results would be statistically significant. If he chose to do this, what would it represent?
Fabrication
A researcher is applying for renewal of a large federal grant, without which his very promising research on panic disorder cannot continue. He is completing renewal forms, which include a synopsis of his results to date. If he excludes two of the subjects with very severe panic disorder, and three with mental health disorders of another kind, the results are statistically significant. He writes the report and does not mention the five subjects he excluded. This is an instance of which of the following?
Falsification
An author makes a hypothetical relational statement, linking seven concepts to a central idea, and denoting which ones are causes and which are results. The hypothetical relational statement is called a
Framework
A researcher publishes a paper describing how faith, pain, adherence to therapy, and meditation interact during the rehabilitation process. The description of the process is based on many interviews the researcher conducted with persons during and following rehabilitation experiences. The methodology is
Grounded theory
In which of the following methods does substantive review of the literature take place after data analysis? (Select all that apply.)
Grounded theory Phenomenology
A researcher uses interviews with eight open-ended questions to study women in a new staging phase of breast cancer treatment, which includes serial biopsies and necessitates weekly closed biopsy, in order to understand more about social factors that impinge upon their experience. What type of research is this?
Grounded theory research
Hospital nurses are observed in order to determine exactly how long nurses swab IV ports with alcohol. Because they are being observed, they scrub the hub longer than they ordinarily would have. This is an example of what concept relevant to quantitative research?
Hawthorne effect
A researcher reviews the twenty years that a breast cancer clinic has been in operation in a small Midwestern city. The researcher interviews many of the women who have been treated in the clinic during this period and reviews the records of the clinic, along with its survival rates and the emergence of several of its innovative support programs for women and their families. The researcher ultimately writes a story of the clinic over those twenty years. What type of research is this?
Historicism
tells the story of past events, reconstructing these from other historical references, interviews, artifacts, art, and other sources that reflect the time of interest.
Historicism
Immediately after the intervention in an experimental study of the negative effects of smoking tobacco, the state tax on cigarettes increases the cost from $4 to $8 per pack. Which threat to internal validity does this pose?
History
What is the research hypothesis?
Homelessness in children is related to length of hospital stay, verbal skills, and fear of separation from parents.
A researcher is studying sleep habits of household cats that belong to families with small children. The families live in urban areas. In this study, what are the elements?
Household cats
Ethnographic research might focus upon which of the following topics? (Select all that apply.)
How children in Alaska play during the winter d. Twenty-year abstinence members of Alcoholics Anonymous e. The mentoring process in a labor-delivery unit
Which of the following are variables? (Select all that apply.)
How many times the experimental monkey rings the bell The number of speeding tickets Richard receives in July of this year
Which statements best describes the differences between Heideggerian and Husserlian phenomenology? (Select all that apply.)
Husserl proposed that the researcher could identify and set aside his or her own private attitudes and opinions before data analysis. b. Heidegger postulated that a person interacted with the world only through his or her physical body Heideggerian phenomenologists posit that the person is situated in a specific context and time that shape his or her experiences, paradoxically freeing and constraining the persons ability to establish meanings through language, culture, history, purposes, and values. e. Husserl developed his ideas as a method for understanding and avoiding conflict between psychology and the basic sciences.
A certain qualitative method takes the position that there is no single reality. Because of this, the reality experienced by each participant is unique. Because experience is subjective, the experienced reality is reality. The method does not perform reality checks in order to determine whether a participants story is true or not. What is this qualitative method? (Select all that apply.)
Husserlian phenomenology Heideggerian phenomenology
If you give a raccoon a cookie, he will become a permanent resident on your property is a statement written at which level of abstraction?
Hypothesis level (composed of the study variables)
A correlational researcher reports that the strength of the relationship between X and Y is near 0 (r = 10.03). What does this mean, relative to prediction?
If X is present, there is no guarantee at all that Y will be present.
How does effect size relate to instrument sensitivity?
If an instrument is not very sensitive, it will take a large effect size for the instrument to detect a difference.
Which of the following statements are true? (Select all that apply.)
If electronic medical records had not been invented, HIPAA would not have been necessary. c. Data held by health insurance companies sparked the emergence of HIPAA. Ethics and HIPAA regulations overlap in the area of anonymity.
Why is selection of an appropriate design for a research study important?
If the design is an incorrect one, the researcher will examine variables and their interactions in a way that does not answer the research question
Considering phenomenologists belief that experience constitutes reality, how does their approach to the literature review dovetail with that belief?
If the literature reports other phenomenologists findings, based on experience, these can be considered alternative data sources.
What are the differences between symmetrical relationships and nonsymmetrical relationships? (Select all that apply.)
In a symmetrical relationship, a change in either variable produces a predictable change in the other; in a nonsymmetrical relationship, a change in only one of the variables produces a predictable change. A symmetrical relationships variables both have a predictable effect on one another; in a non-symmetrical relationship, this is untrue.
A research study about holiday celebrations is based on a philosophy or philosophical perspective. In the analysis, the authors state that they reflected upon the data for several weeks, reading and re-reading interviews, in order to capture their meaning. Aside from descriptive statistics addressing the sample, the results are all presented in narrative form. Which of the following statements are true? (Select all that apply.)
In this method, meaning emerges from the data. d. The data analysis process seems to be inductive. e. The method was shaped by the authors philosophical perspectives.
From an ethical point of view, what is the point of determining that a potential research subject is incompetent?
Inclusion of the subject necessitates a different consenting process.
The intervention that the researcher manipulates is the _____ variable.
Independent
A clinical nurse at a large urban hospital has decided to conduct a descriptive qualitative study related to staff nurses perceptions of the causes of various types of violence against nurses in their facility. As part of his research design, he hosts a series of focus groups with staff nurses during each of three shifts. What is considered the main advantage of using a focus group strategy as opposed to one-on-one interviews for data collection?
Individuals who are alike on some characteristic are more likely to feel safer or less anxious expressing their views, especially with difficult experiences, when participating in a focus group rather than in a one-on-one interview
A researcher tests a new intervention for nausea associated with chemotherapy, in hospitalized patients. At the same time a new over-the-counter medication containing natural herbs is marketed aggressively, and some of the hospital patients are given this herbal remedy by their families. This is a threat to which type of validity?
Internal validity
A researcher uses matching to constitute his control group, while performing a study on psychotherapy as an adjunct treatment for substance addiction. What type of validity might be enhanced by matching, in this instance?
Internal validity
Why is treatment fidelity such a major concern in intervention research?
Intervention research can take place over many months. It is important for internal validity that the intervention be applied in the same way every time.
What is the research question?
Is homelessness in children related to length of hospital stay, verbal skills, and fear of separation from parents?
Which is true of quantitative research? (Select all that apply.)
It addresses human responses by measuring or counting them. b. It presents information by clustering it or counting it. c. It yields a data set that can be analyzed by statistics. d. It operates systematically. e. It states or implies a research question. f. It operates in a concrete realm
Why would the Boolean article OR be used if a researcher is conducting a digital literature search of journals on the topic of prolonged adolescent grieving after parental loss?
It allows the researcher to enter the search terms without excluding those whose authors did not keyword all the words of the topic.
What is the major contribution of historical nursing research? (Select all that apply.)
It allows us to explain the world of today through the lens of yesterday. It tells the story of where we have been as a profession.
How does a comparative descriptive design differ from a typical descriptive design?
It describes data from two different groups, whereas a typical descriptive design focuses on a single group.
Which of the following are the characteristics of grounded theory research? (Select all that apply.)
It focuses on experiences and processes, against the backdrop of society. b. It scrutinizes phenomena, past the capabilities of quantitative research. It provides a cohesive description of a phenomenon, fostering understanding. e. It is able to be used effectively in a considerable variety of settings.
Why is the Sunshine Model of ethnonursing more specific to health than other ethnography models?
It focuses on factors that impact health.
Which of the following are purposes of the literature review in quantitative research concerning patient compliant with alternating leg pressure stockings (ALPs)? (Select all that apply.)
It gives the researcher something with which to compare his or her findings on compliance with ALPs. It allows the researcher to discover previous research in the area of ALPs, so as to identify what is not known (the research gap).
A research study offers elderly men who have, in the past, been prison inmates $1,500 for participation in an all-day workshop at which they agree to be hypnotized and tell stories of incarceration, which are later published. The research participants are allowed to listen to the tapes of what they say under hypnosis and to withdraw permission to use any part of the information. Why is this scenario a violation of self-determination?
It is an example of coercion
Why may intervention research involve the efforts of an entire project team?
It is rare for one person to be imaginative, clinically current, expert at marketing, skilled in statistics, and adept at both quantitative and qualitative research
What best characterizes the contribution of qualitative nursing research to evidence-based practice? (Select all that apply.)
It presents collective common evidence of health care clients experiences, which may provide inspirations for individual practice. It reveals participants experiences and individual viewpoints, feelings, and interpretations. These can provide guidelines for client-centered care.
How does quantitative research contribute to evidence-based practice? (Select all that apply.)
It provides scientific support for policies already in place. More evidence makes an existent policy more defensible. It provides evidence opposing policies already in place. Evidence in opposition to policies may result in new policies
Intervention research shifts the focus from causal connection to causal explanation. What does this mean?
It provides theoretical explanations of why an independent variable produces an effect, rather than merely reporting findings
What is the purpose of the minimal review of relevant studies that the grounded theory researcher undertakes before writing the research proposal?
It reveals the need for the planned research by identifying what others have done.
An institutional review board (IRB) ensures that (1) the rights and welfare of the individuals involved were protected, (2) the appropriate methods were used to secure informed consent, and (3) the potential benefits of the investigation were greater than the risks. Which of the following is an example of how an IRB determines the level of potential risk?
It reviews the researchers description of the studys potential risks and compares them with everyday risk.
Which of the following is true of the Cochrane Center and Cochrane Collaboration, begun in the 1970s by Professor Archie Cochrane? (Select all that apply.)
It serves as a repository for evidence-based practice guidelines It is the online library resource for research literature reviews
What is the research assumption?
It was taken as established fact that massage is pleasant, that research subjects getting fewer than 7 hours of sleep per night were sleep-deprived, and that endorphins mediated the changes observed.
The right an individual has to receive treatment even if he decides not to participate in the research best defines which of the following human rights?
Justice
A nurse plans to interview prisoners as part of her masters thesis on treatment of health problems in correctional institutions. What special measures must she take before she studies these potential subjects? (Select all that apply.)
Justify to an institutional review board why she must use prisoners as subjects. Assure that the consent process involves no coercion.
Which of the following are operational definitions? (Select all that apply.)
Length of smoking cessation is the subjects statement of how long it has been since the subject last smoked tobacco. Startle is the distance the research subject moves when a puppet tarantula is dropped into his field of view, in front of a computer screen. Nausea is the number the subject provides, on a 0- to 10-point numerical scale, in response to being asked how nauseated the subject is.
Ralph is an experimental psychologist. He studies rat behavior. He runs rats through a maze, under different scent conditions. At the end of the maze is cheese. Sometimes the maze is lit, and sometimes it is dark. During each run, the rates are subjected to different scents (cat pheromone, the smell of cheddar cheese, tiger pheromone, the smell of rat feces) at crucial decision-points in the maze. Ralph measures the time it takes the rats to finish the maze. Which of the following could be considered independent variables in this study? (Select all that apply.)
Light versus dark The scents
Why does testing of a hypothesized causal model require a large sample?
Many variables are present, so sample size must be large.
Subjects in a multiple group experimental study are tested for how much time it takes them to navigate a maze and find the chocolate. The maze is reconstructed after each run, and three different floor plans are used. Each group is tested eight times in eight hours. at a different time of day. The runs later in the day have faster times than the earlier ones. Which threat to internal validity might account for this difference?
Maturation
In the following research question, what is the independent variable? Can diabetics on oral antiglycemic medications achieve better control of blood sugar, as measured by Hgb A1C, if they are taught to meditate and do this on a daily basis?
Meditation
What is the best research approach for investigating the actual representation of male labor-delivery nurses within healthcare institutions and the workplace beliefs and prejudices that perpetuate their disproportionate representation?
Mixed methods approach
What is concept derivation?
Modifying conceptual definitions from other disciplines to be consistent with nursing usage
Martha wants to know what happens when she fries bacon in a frying pan, versus microwaving it: does the bacon end up moister and more flavorful when fried, or when microwaved? What are the dependent variables? (Select all that apply.)
Moistness of bacon Flavor of bacon
Dr. Adamson is conducting research on a new and promising chemotherapy treatment for breast cancer that improves survival and decreases adverse symptoms. Sixty subjects will be recruited; of these, thirty will be assigned to the experimental group, receiving the new treatment, and thirty to the control group, receiving the usual chemotherapy. His wife, newly diagnosed with breast cancer, is randomly assigned to the treatment group; he removes her from the treatment group and places her in the experimental group. What ethical violation has occurred?
Mrs. Adamson has no right to be included in the experimental group: it unfairly excludes someone else from this special benefit
A nurse manager designs a research study to examine nurse workload stress, work shift, number of years in the nursing profession, number of medication errors, patient falls, and after-shift overtime, as the relate to one another. What is the most likely method the manager will use to study this?
Multilevel analysis
A student completes her masters thesis on correlates of depression in retired airline pilots, and it is shelved in the library. Has this student communicated her research findings?
No, because the findings have not been made available to persons who will utilize them
A researcher receives permission to use the information in a hospital data set, without patient identifiers. What level of subject consent is required?
None
A graduate student receives a mailed survey asking her to participate in research about unpleasant experiences in graduate school. She is asked to return the survey, and the instructions say, Return of this instrument implies consent. Why does this constitute consent
Not returning the survey constitutes refusal, and subjects may indeed refuse by not completing the survey. The opposite is equally true.
The following statement is an example of which of the following? There is no measurable difference in incidence of incarceration for adolescent children whose mothers work outside the home in comparison with those whose mothers do not work outside the home.
Null hypothesis
Early nursing research by Nightingale focused on improving patient outcomes. What were the principal topics for the next wave of nursing research, in the first half of the 20th century? (Select all that apply.)
Nursing education, as opposed to nurse training Staffing, patient assignments, and type of care
How would a professor who wants to have his students provide data for a research study go about achieving this without involving coercion?
Open the study to all students on campus and provide a nonacademic incentive.
Intelligence is measured as the subjects score on the Stanford Binet Intelligence Quotient Test and Ability to juggle is operationally defined as the number of seconds, as timed with the research assistants stopwatch, that the subject can keep three oranges in the air simultaneously are statements written at which level of abstraction?
Operationalization level (consisting of the operationalizations of the variables)
A panel of researchers conducts several studies, all drawn from an existent hospital and clinic database. The studies focus on quality and effectiveness within that system. The specific studies address mortality rates in elders within a year after hip fracture, functional outcomes six months after admission to a neurosurgical ICU after traumatic brain injury, rate of nurse injuries in an emergency department, and number of patient falls on various floors of the hospital. What type of research is this?
Outcomes research
If a nurse manager wants to study how well last years policies governing implementation of a bundle of interventions to prevent cross-contamination of MRSA have been working in her units, which of the following strategies would she use?
Outcomes research
Which of the following might be the focus of historical nursing research? (Select all that apply.)
Patterns of nursing staffing in years of shortage prior to 1980 d. A person or persons who have contributed to the profession of nursing e. Social patterns that have fostered or squelched nurses developing autonomy
What are the general truths of symbolic interaction theory, as utilized in grounded theory research? (Select all that apply.)
Perceptions of ones interactions with others shape ones self-view. b. Perceptions of ones interactions with others shape subsequent interactions. Persons within a social structure share symbols that have meaning for them.
A researcher studies the effect upon dental caries formation of a year-long regimen of daily rinsing with a particularly noxious-flavored oral solution, only to discover than 285 of the 300 subjects in the study have withdrawn from it by the end of the first month. Which step in the research process was not properly undertaken?
Performing a pilot study
Which of the follow potential studies would fall within the Agency for Healthcare Research and Qualitys future research goals? (Select all that apply.)
Performing a synthesis of research evidence regarding skin-to-skin contact of mothers and newborns Enacting a public education Internet commercial encouraging smokers to read the statistics regarding sequelae of cigarette smoking Trialing clean-and-sober support groups that are based in community shopping centers
A researcher uses interviews with two or three open-ended questions to study women in the staging phase of breast cancer treatment, in order to understand their experiences and the meanings they attribute to those experiences. What type of research is this?
Phenomenologic research
examines the lived experiences of participants and the meanings those experiences hold for them, drawing its results only from the participants views
Phenomenologic research
Why are vulnerable populations considered vulnerable and to what are they vulnerable? (Select all that apply.)
Physical harm because of a preexistent mental or physical condition Coercion Diminished autonomy because of an impaired ability to consent
In the following hypothesis, what is the independent variable? Patients with recurrent bowel obstruction due to Crohns disease who are assigned to be treated in an emergency room complain less frequently of pain and require less pain medication than those patients admitted, in the usual fashion, and treated on a medical floor
Place treated
A masters student knows next to nothing about Maslows theory related to hierarchy of needs but, on her advisors recommendation, decides to use it as a theoretical framework for her thesis. The student goes online and finds a Wikipedia page and copies the description of Maslows theory verbatim, putting a citation at the end of the paragraph but not using quotation marks. This is an example of which of the following?
Plagiarism
A masters student knows next to nothing about Maslows theory related to hierarchy of needs but, on her advisors recommendation, decides to use it as a theoretical framework for her thesis. The student goes to the library and accesses an old masters thesis that also uses the theory and copies three pages, word for word. She uses the other students reference to Maslows work. This is an example of which of the following?
Plagiarism
In a given research study, the findings reveal that as A increases, B also increases, that the relationship is linear, and that the strength of the relationship is 0.78. What type of relationship is this? (Select all that apply.)
Positive Correlational
In a study of outpatients experiencing panic attacks, a researcher was working in a busy clinic waiting room and left his computer to consent a new study participant. A transcription of a patient interview was displayed, and at the end of the transcription was the patients medical record number and a list of medications currently taken. The researcher had not closed down the screen, and when he returned to his computer, he found an adult patient playing a video game on the computer. This best describes an example of a violation of which of the following human rights
Privacy
What specific area of ethics does HIPAA address?
Privacy
Good morning. You have been selected randomly by our marketing department because of your recent purchase of McCarthys Natural Yogurt, several organic raw vegetables, and two types of tofu. As a woman with interest in safe and healthy products, we are asking you to participate in a brief telephone survey. The discerning student will detect an error in the above statement. What kind of a sampling is this?
Purposive sampling
A teacher is supposed to be randomly assigning her students to experimental and control groups, for participation in a learning project mandated by the school district. She has a master list of the alphabetized students, numbered 1 through 30. Which of the following is the most logical way to randomly assign the students to groups?
Put numbers 1 to 30 in a hat, draw them out one by one, and put them into alternating groups.
systematic, but it is a holistic, interactive, and subjective approach to describe life experiences and identify their meaning.
Qualitative research
Which of the following statements about qualitative research is accurate? (Select all that apply.)
Qualitative researchs principal purpose is to inform the reader. Qualitative research yields data that are not numbers-based, such as audiotapes, videotapes, and field notes.
A researcher designs a study. It depends on questionnaires for data, it has a clear purpose statement, it provides its results as a narrative without statistical analysis, and it makes general suggestions for practice. What type of research is this?
Quantitative research
a formal, objective, systematic process in which numerical data are used to obtain information about the world.
Quantitative research
If a one-group pretest-posttest study uses subjects as their own controls, which is the study design?
Quasi-experimental
Nurses who give discharge teaching to patients after colonoscopy call these patients the day after the procedure to check on their status. At that time, patients who have had polyps removed invariably ask how long it will be until they receive their results. The nurses decide to design a study in which they will change their discharge teaching, in order to include information about the timeframe for biopsy results, and measure the results, comparing them with the results for the next month, before the change. Which of the following types of research will they use?
Quasi-experimental
In an attempt to assess whether selection of a same-gender psychiatrist leads to better mental health outcomes, clients newly referred for mental health services are told they may choose their mental health physicians. Later, measures of mental health are performed. What type of research is this?
Quasi-experimental research
Which of the following types of sampling is least common in qualitative research?
Random
A studys hypothesis that a new surgical approach produces safer outcomes in immunosuppressed patients is tested in a fourteen-site research study across the United States. Subjects at all sites are randomly selected and randomly assigned to experimental versus control groups. What study design is used in this research project?
Randomized controlled trial
Which is the highest form of measurement?
Ratio
In addition to sample bias and ethical issues (e.g., securing consent, assuring anonymity, and protecting site security), a third concern about factors that may affect the credibility of Internet-mediated study findings is
Reliability and validity of data, although terms most often applied to quantitative research, might be an issue since the researcher cant verify whether or not participants meet inclusion criteria for the study
Why is replicating a research study essential for knowledge development?
Replication helps confirm that the initial results were not reached in error.
Which of the following are considered evidence-generating? (Select all that apply.)
Replication of previous research b. Identification of research topics, followed by basic research c. Applied research studies that examine clinical response to interventions Qualitative research examining responses to diagnosis
What is applied research? (Select all that apply.)
Research conducted to generate knowledge that will directly and indirectly influence or improve clinical practice Research usually conducted in the setting in which it will be applied Research directly useful in clinical practice
1. Why are research ethics essential? (Select all that apply.)
Research subjects must be protected from accidental disclosure of information. Researcher misconduct may result in dissemination of potentially harmful results. Research subjects must be protected from deliberate violation of their rights.
What is exploratory-descriptive qualitative research? (Select all that apply.)
Research that is clearly qualitative but that does not espouse any distinct methodology A non-method
A researcher has conducted 9 clinical studies, some quantitative and others qualitative, all of which focus on depressions relationship to perceived abandonment. Depressions relationship to perceived abandonment is an example of which of the following?
Research topic
A study examines the careers of hospital nurses who opt for retirement before the age of 55, examining their education, work shift, and final work area, and the religion in which they were raised. This is an example of which type of study?
Retrospective cohort
A researcher believes that therapy is more effective if patients exercise. He tells his patients that he has arranged for them to use the hospital gym, if they so desireand that if they are interested, they will then be in the experimental group. This represents which threat to internal validity?
Selection
The right an individual has to be told that he is a potential participant in a research study and may decide not to be so best defines which of the following human rights?
Self-determination
In the process of interventional research on the efficacy of omega 3 fish oil in decreasing blood sugar in diabetic adults, which event would appear just before widespread dissemination?
Several replication studies of the effects of omega 3 fish oil on blood sugar in hundreds of ambulatory diabetic adults
A framework about bipolar disorder contains information about the direction, sequencing, and strength of the relationship between treatment of the bipolar disorder and client functioning, over time, because it is a relational statement. What other components may be included, so that the relational statement is meaningful to research? (Select all that apply.)
Shape Sufficiency Symmetry
1. In which way did Florence Nightingale contribute to evidence-based practice?
She gathered data that changed the care of hospitalized soldiers
What type of hypothesis is the following? (Select all that apply.) Number of hours spent daily playing video games is negatively related to student achievement in high school history class
Simple hypothesis Associative hypothesis Directional hypothesis
What type of hypothesis is the following? (Select all that apply.) The number of minutes a 16-year-old girl spends applying her makeup in the morning is related to her perceived personal attractiveness.
Simple hypothesis Associative hypothesis Nondirectional hypothesis
What type of hypothesis is the following? (Select all that apply.) Providing early written feedback to undergraduate nursing students in the clinical setting increases the incidence of desired behaviors of safe medication administration, work efficiency, accurate charting, and competent time management.
Simple hypothesis Causal hypothesis Directional hypothesis
What type of hypothesis is the following? (Select all that apply.) Having ones house and yard professionally sprayed yearly by an extermination service has an effect on infestations of common garden ants.
Simple hypothesis Causal hypothesis Nondirectional hypothesis
Blinding to treatment involves not letting the patient know which intervention is being delivered. If the research subject who exercises daily because he is in the treatment group knows which treatment is being delivered, but the researcher and the research staff do not know, what type of condition exists?
Single blinding
A researcher who is also a university professor is performing a multi-site study in which on-site interviews are conducted with nurses in five hospitals in a major city. Each hospital has an institutional review board (IRB). From how many IRBs or committees must the researcher obtain permission to conduct the study?
Six: each of the five hospitals, and the university
A graduate student has a close friend who is recovering from colon cancer and has a permanent colostomy. For her masters thesis, the student decides to conduct qualitative research on adjustment to living with a permanent colostomy after colon cancer resection. She asks her friend if she has any idea of how to recruit participants for the research. Her friend tells her about a colon cancer support group to which she belongs and volunteers to bring a printout of the research studys purpose and general description to the next support group meeting. If the researcher acquires all of her participants in this way, what is the method of sampling used?
Snowball sampling
In determining a studys feasibility, which of the following statements are true, regarding the time needed for study completion? (Select all that apply.)
Some data collection must be performed over an extended period of time, such as measurements of the depth and extent of scar tissue over 18 months. Sufficient subjects meeting the study criteria may be difficult to access, requiring data collection that extends for months or even years Obtaining Institutional Review Board (IRB. approval may be time-consuming, especially if the research uses more than one hospital or agency.
In phenomenology, often the review of the literature is conducted after data analysis is complete. What is the reason for this? (Select all that apply.)
Some phenomenologists do believe that one can bracket what is known, in order to perform an unbiased analysis, but it seems pointless to absorb information just to then put it aside, so literature review is usually postponed. Some phenomenologists dont believe that one can bracket what is known, in order to perform an unbiased analysis of the data, so they try to minimize what they read about the topic of the study until data analysis is complete.
A researcher is comparing a new and less expensive treatment with an established treatment, in hopes of showing that there is no difference in outcome. The researcher does not perform a power analysis and, consequently, selects a sample size that is smaller than what would be recommended for an analysis of variance. The results show that there is no significant difference in outcome between the two treatments. Which type of validity is affected by this?
Statistical conclusion validity
A researcher selects his sample in this way. He paints numbers on 100 ping-pong balls, and he paints half of them blue and half of them green. He puts the blue half onto a large tray, and the green half of them onto another large tray. Then he mixes each group and trains his dog to bring 10 balls from each tray to him, gently and systematically, one at a time. What type of sample is this?
Stratified random
A hospital has recently converted to an 80% BSN staff policy. In service of this goal, all newly hired nurses are expected to hold at least a bachelors degree in nursing. Within the area of outcomes research, the variable educational preparation of nurses is what kind of a variable?
Structure of care
Which one of the following are considered vulnerable populations from an ethical point of view? (Select all that apply.)
Students Prisoners
Several television programs, such as American Idol, allows viewers to text in votes for their favorite performer. From a research point of view, this is what kind of a design?
Survey
An ethnographic researcher plans to study organizations and how they promote or suppress individual effort. What type of ethnography will the researcher select?
Systematic ethnography
A masters student does not know how to choose a research problem. She has been off work for the past two years. What sources can she use in order to identify a researchable nursing problem? Her work area used to be trauma nursing, but she does not wish to perform research in this area. By using which of the following sources can she identify a nursing research problem? (Select all that apply.)
Talking with nurse friends about questions that have arisen in their work areas b. Talking with other masters students about ideas for study c. Reading professional research journals National Institutes for Nursing Research priorities
The American Association of Critical Care Nurses (AACN) funds various research projects that focus on its research priorities. A masters student wants to initiate research to study the relative accuracy of new computer-assisted assessment device that painlessly measures blood glucose values through a probe just distal to the insertion hub of a central line, in patients on insulin drips with hourly Accu-Chek readings. Does this pertain to any of the organizations research priorities, listed here? (Select all that apply.)
Technology use to achieve patient assessment, management, or outcomes Creation of a healing, humane environment
A researcher is applying for institutional review board (IRB) approval, and the form specifies that the researcher indicate the probable level of risk. The research creates situations in which the RN research subjects are placed in unusual code-like situations in which they do not know what action to take, and actors play the parts of other healthcare providers. The RN subjects are then asked to describe their feelings and their levels of confidence as they go through 15 scenarios. What level of risk does this study pose?
Temporary discomfort
. The presence of drop-down oxygen masks on airplanes represents the process of intervention research. During their development, a prototype was designed and refined. What was the final stage of the testing process for drop-down oxygen masks?
Testing of oxygen masks was initiated on several actual consumer airline flights.
What is a framework?
The abstract, logical structure of meaning
A researcher studies spending habits of teenagers in strip malls. From what kind of population has the researcher selected her sample?
The accessible population
Thirty patients with psoriasis are treated with ultraviolet light B phototherapy, delivered by a therapist. Their symptoms become worse at first, and then improve. During the summer their symptoms become better without treatment. Then fall arrives, and symptoms worsen. Patients go back to UVL B, and they improve. Why, according to Hume, can the relationship between UVL B phototherapy and symptom severity not be considered a classically causal one?
The cause (phototherapy) has to be present whenever the effect occurs.
Which of the following is a prospective cohort study?
The citizens of a city experiencing a nuclear accident are tracked for cancer occurrence.
A researcher conducts a mixed-methods study on exercise as a modality of controlling hyperglycemia. The study has both quantitative results, describing the amount that glucose falls with various amounts of exercise, and qualitative results, describing participants mood and sense of well-being with different kinds of exercise. The researcher decides to publish an article based on the quantitative findings immediately but wait to publish the qualitative results later. What are the reasons that this would not be an instance of researcher misconduct? (Select all that apply.)
The data from the quantitative part of the study are reported completely and honestly. Both arms of the study are freestanding. No denial of the full scope of data collection is made.
It is important for the researcher to identify extraneous variables so that
The findings can be explained as clearly and truthfully as possible.
1. Which of the following would be landmark research?
The first paper on the effect of using insulin for type I diabetes in humans
How does the researcher know that a certain framework is the correct one for a planned research study? (Select all that apply.)
The framework contains concepts that the researcher is studying. c. Relationships among concepts are similar to the ones the researcher is studying e The framework helps explain the anticipated or expected research results. f. The type of research selected by the researcher (the method) agrees with the relationships in the framework.
Evaluate the use of the Melzack and Walls Gate Control Theory of Pain as the framework for a quantitative descriptive study of the frequency of headaches in men, versus women.
The framework is gratuitous; it discusses pain at the cellular level.
What is the purpose of a framework, in a study of hypoxia as a possible cause for autism in the genetically susceptible? (Select all that apply.)
The frameworks relationships between autism and other concepts assist the researcher to formulate research questions and hypotheses. It demonstrates for the reader where the findings of this study related to hypoxia fits into all that is known about autism. It gives the reader a collection of connected ideas, from which to think about both the study and the entire research area of autisms causes.
The director of a major hospital complex conducts a study to discover the types of critical incidents that have occurred in this hospital and its sister hospital over the past five years. She makes a list of every critical incident that has occurred over this period. Choose the true statements about this list. (Select all that apply.)
The list is the dependent variable.
In historical research, what is the reason that the literature review begins so early and extends so far into the process?
The literature essentially comprises the bulk of the data set. From this, plus other artifacts and interviews, if available, the historian writes the story.
A researcher gains support of the medical staff, the nursing staff, and the nurse manager of a cardiothoracic ICU within a prestigious private hospital, aligned with a teaching institution. A research proposal, concerning ambulation patterns after bypass surgery, is approved by the Human Subjects Committee. Federal funding is obtained. Just before data collection is to begin, the hospital is sold to a large university with a medical school, the nurse manager is replaced with a manger from another hospital in the corporation, and there is a 30% staff turnover. Choose the factors that are real concerns and could impact feasibility. (Select all that apply.)
The new manager grudgingly allows the research to proceed but makes it clear that she will not support subsequent research until the unit is more stable. c. Fewer patients come to this hospital now for bypass surgery, going instead to its sister hospital across town. d. Two of the research assistants, who were already trained, take jobs elsewhere
Which of the following could be a dependent variable in an experimental study? (Select all that apply.)
The number of times the gerbil rings the bell c. Quality of life Vomiting
Which of the following is the practicing nurses most important source of researchable problems?
The nurses own clinical practice
What is the relationship between a conceptual definition and an operational definition?
The operational definition allows the researcher to create a measurable variable from a concept; the conceptual definition does no
Which of the following could be an independent variable in an experimental study? (Select all that apply.)
The percentage of moisture in the inspired air the subject breathes Wearing a hat with a large brim
Research articles may be considered fraudulent in which of the following instances? (Select all that apply.)
The person who designed the study and performed all of the research is not mentioned as an author. b. The authors hired someone other than themselves to collect, analyze, and interpret the data. The authors used another researchers raw data without permission.
The difference between a randomized block design and the more modern variant of including the extraneous variable in a multivariate analysis is which of the following?
The potentially extraneous variable is treated as an ordinal variable in the randomized block design but can be considered as a ratio or interval variable in a multivariate analysis.
Why would a reputable researcher use a secondary source instead of a primary one? (Select all that apply.)
The primary publication is written in a language not currently spoken. b. The primary source person will not consent to be interviewed, but a person who knows the story secondhand will consent. c. The primary publication is so steeped in jargon that it is very difficult to decipher. The primary publication describes only the beginnings of a theory, and a later publication presents it in entirety. The primary publication is no longer in print, and there are no extant copies.
What is concept synthesis?
The process of describing and naming a previously unrecognized concept
John Stuart Mill and the essentialists insisted that a cause be necessary and sufficient for an effect to occur. In a modern study alcohol dependency is found to lead eventually to permanent liver damage, except when the alcoholic consumes a diet plentiful in the B-vitamins. In addition, liver damage can emerge in the absence of alcohol dependency. What would John Stuart Mill and essentialists say about the causative relationship between alcohol dependency and liver damage?
The proposed cause is neither necessary nor sufficient.
What is the relationship among the research problem, the research purpose, and the research question? (Select all that apply.)
The purpose is but one of many purposes that can be generated from one particular problem statement. The research purpose and the research question should address the same facet of the research problem. The problem, purpose, and question are all focused upon a specific gap in the knowledge base.
What is the relationship between a research topic and a research problem?
The purpose is the most general statement; the research topic is the most specific to the research itself.
Which of the following represents a concise, clear statement of the specific goal or aim of a research study?
The purpose of the project, then, was to define changes in the variable of hypertension across time, with the four most prevalent treatment modalities prescribed by primary care physicians in the greater Chicago area.
Children in publicly funded school breakfast programs often have learning delays. These are not readily attributable to single causes. Research on learning delays has revealed that family literacy, measured by parental reading level and comprehension scores, is the most powerful predictor of delay in the primary grades. On the other hand, repeated exposure to eyes-on reading, in the company of a trusted non-parent adult, has been shown to over-ride family literacy as a predictor. No research, however, has studied institution of a reading-and-breakfast program, delivered five days a week before school, intended to over-ride the variable of family literacy. Given this problem statement, which of these purposes would be appropriate for the study? (Select all that apply.)
The purpose of the study was to determine whether providing volunteer readers during school breakfasts for all kindergarten and first-grade children would result in fewer than anticipated learning delays. The purpose of the study was to determine whether a buddy system of one sixth-grader, and one kindergartner or first-grader, who ate breakfast together and then read together for 20 minutes, was effective in decreasing the anticipated number learning delays. The purpose of the study was to measure the effectiveness of using school computers, allowing children to visually scan a story concurrently read by a school teacher over the cafeteria microphone during school breakfast time, in decreasing the incidence and severity of learning delays
(1) descriptive, which defines the magnitude of a concept and its characteristics, (2) correlational, which determines association between or among variables, (3) quasi-experimental, which tests an intervention and lacks control in at least one of three areas, and (4) experimental, which tests an intervention and includes both a control group and random assignment.
The quantitative research methods are classified into four categories
A students first draft of her thesis contains the following: Evidence to the contrary was provided in several studies of efficacy but never examined in a context of the adolescent at sea with the ghost of his losses (Reynolds, 2011). The students reference list contains the following citation for this work: Reynold, A. R. (2010). Never underestimate depression. Journal of Applied Psychology. What is wrong with it? (Select all that apply.)
The reference is incomplete, lacking volume number and page numbers. The years of the citation differ. The authors name is spelled differently in the citation and in the reference list. No page number is provided for the direct quotation.
This figure provides an illustrated example of a curvilinear relationship. What does a curvilinear relationship signify? (Select all that apply.)
The relationship is more complex than can be illustrated by a straight line. b. The most positive value of one variable is seldom associated with the most positive value or the most negative value of the other variable. f An increase in the value of one variable may be associated with either an increase or a decrease in the value of the other.
Which of the following items is different when comparing probability sampling and nonprobability sampling?
The relative chance of being selected as a study participant
Both a subject in an experimental group who receives an experimental treatment and a subject in a control group who receives a control treatment are considered to be subjects in therapeutic research. Why is this?
The research is designed to measure the effect of the therapeutic treatment as compared with the usual therapeutic treatment; hence, this is therapeutic research.
A nurse researcher working in a subacute orthopedic hospital floor. She notes that her elders with knee replacements sleep as many as 16 hours a day, waking only for physical therapy and meals, but she also notices that those with many visitors sleep fewer hours and seem to experience more pain. She wonders whether sleep in elders after knee replacement prevents pain, or whether elders select the coping strategy of sleeping more, in response to pain, and begins to attempt to identify the relationship between the two. A literature search reveals only three descriptive studies on this topic, one quantitative and two qualitative. What is the relationship between elders hours of sleep following knee replacement and its relationship with report of pain?
The research problem
The Tuskegee study was ethically objectionable because informed consent was flawed, an available treatment was not provided, and deception was practiced. If informed consent had been properly administered and research subjects informed of the availability of penicillin when it became available, why would this still represent an ethically objectionable study? (Select all that apply.
The researcher has an obligation to actively do good for the research subjects; merely informing them of the availability of penicillin would not have been sufficient to meet this obligation. Since African American men in Alabama were in an inferior social position, they constituted an underrepresented and potentially vulnerable population; every effort should have been made to include participants from other ethnic groups.
A researcher conducts a pilot study before the main study is conducted. Why might the researcher choose to do this? (Select all that apply.)
The researcher has no idea whether subjects will complete the various phases of the study. b. The researcher needs to know how much of a change will occur in the dependent variable, so that sample size can be determined. c. The researcher isnt sure whether the fourth phase of the study is really necessary. d. The study site is a new one, and the researcher wants to find out whether its suitable for this kind of research. The researcher isnt sure whether the tool he or she is using to measure the dependent variable will be practical.
In what way could the researchers in the Willowbrook study have designed their research on the hepatitis virus so that it was ethically acceptable?
The researchers could have performed descriptive research on persons already infected with hepatitis.
Which of the following statements about quantitative research is accurate? (Select all that apply.)
The results of quantitative research should be generalized back to the population from which the sample was drawn. Quantitative research addresses quantities, connections, and causes. Quantitative research predominates in the nursing research literature. Quantitative research provides answers to What? and Who? questions.
Reasons to conduct an exact replication include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
The same site is again used, in order to decrease variation. c. Sample size was adequate, the design was strong, and measurements were robust. d. Validation of the truthfulness of the original subjects responses is desired
This diagram refers to correlational relationships. What does it mean? (Select all that apply.)
The strength of the relationship depends upon its numerical value, not the positive or negative sign preceding that number. The further away from 0, the stronger the relationship.
What is the research framework?
The studys causational explanation was based on the physiologic matrix of McCarthy, which includes effects of endorphins on sleep, learning ability, pain, digestive function, and cardiac output.
In order for consent to be voluntary, which must occur? (Select all that apply.)
The subject cannot be shamed, forced, or cajoled into participation. The researcher must confirm that the person signing the consent form truly understands what the research will involve.
Which of the following represent a breach in confidentiality? (Select all that apply.)
The teenaged son of a researcher reads some of the raw interview data on the researchers computer. The researcher accidentally includes the real names of one participants husband and two daughters in the finished article, instead of changing these to pseudonyms. A tape of a research interview is misplaced in the researchers home and is never found.
The purpose of the research will be, most likely, to document how admirable charitable efforts by The Children of the Land were terminated by the well-meaning Los Angeles Police Force. What is incorrect about this wording? (Select all that apply.)
The terms admirable and well-meaning are both subjective. The purpose must identify the goal of the study, not the most likely goal. The purpose should be stated as was or is but not will be.
What does the grounded in grounded theory mean?
The theory that emerges is grounded in real-world data.
What is the principal disadvantage of triangulated research?
The time required to complete a triangulated project is approximately double that of completing one that utilizes only one method.
A researcher performs a study of how many nurses are assigned to a nursing floor on the basis of total square feet of the unit, correlating this with injury, fatigue, patient assignment, patient acuity, and length of employment. Which of the following are true regarding the type of quantitative data analysis used by the researcher? (Select all that apply.)
The type of quantitative data analysis is determined by the level of measurement of data. The type of quantitative data analysis should include some sort of numerical analysis.
The type of literature that describes concept analyses, models, and frameworks is which of the following?
Theoretical
A researcher studies the effect of three one-hour counseling sessions on eliminating bullying behaviors in teenagers. For the dependent variable, the researcher selects the outcome of being reported to the principals office in the two weeks following the sessions. The results of the research are dismissed by reviewers as meaningless, severely limiting generalization. What is the problem here?
Theoretical limitations
Ellen is a participant in a research study. She will receive either the customary medication to treat her metastatic colon cancer or a new medication that has shown better results in animal studies and one small human study. This is _____ research.
Therapeutic
. A marketing researcher reviews the months sales slips for a convenience store and compares them with restocking orders, in order to determine which products are being stolen from the shelves. This study has little control. Why is this the case? (Select all that apply.)
There is no control for extraneous variables. No variables are manipulated. The design is descriptive or correlational; as compared with other types of research, control is low. The data collected were actually generated by other people and may be erroneous.
A researcher is comparing a new and less expensive treatment with an established treatment, in hopes of showing that there is no difference in outcome. The researcher does not perform a power analysis and, consequently, selects a sample size that is smaller than what would be recommended for an analysis of variance. The results show that there is a significant difference in outcome between the two treatments, and that the new treatment has poorer outcomes. What is the negative result of the researchers decision to use a smaller sample?
There is no negative result.
What do cross-sectional designs, trend designs, and event-partitioning designs have in common?
They all focus on change over time.
How is a researcher who exemplifies rigor similar to the best technical nurse on her shift in a cardiovascular intensive care unit? (Select all that apply.)
They both strive for excellence They both are disciplined in the way they conduct their jobs. They both are passionate about accuracy and attending to details.
How do seasoned nurse researchers, years away from clinical practice, select meaningful research questions? (Select all that apply.)
They continue to conduct research in the same general areas in which they have previously conducted research, with one project leading into the next
What is the research purpose?
This study was undertaken to explore the effect of massage on total hours of sleep per 24-hour day, in persons averaging fewer than 7 hours of sleep per night, attributable to insomnia
A researcher selects a quantitative experimental research design. For what reasons does the researcher select this particular design? (Select all that apply.)
To answer a research question To determine the strength of the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable
Which of the following are the general purposes of ethnographic research? (Select all that apply.)
To describe a culture To explore meanings of social actions against a cultural backdrop
Which of the following are the general purposes of phenomenological research? (Select all that apply.)
To describe the lived experience To determine the meaning that an experience has for the individual
1. Which of the following is the research objective?
To determine whether homeless children seem to have longer length of hospital stay, poorer verbal skills, and more fear of separation from their parents than do other children
What are the focal points of the four schools of thought within ethnography? (Select all that apply.)
To relieve oppression and empower a group to take action on its own behalf b. To investigate cultural structures, focusing on groups and their social patterns To understand values and thinking that collectively result in behaviors and symbols of the individuals within a culture e. To provide a comprehensive holistic description of a culture
What is the best research approach for investigating the actual representation of Hispanic managers within health care institutions, and the workplace beliefs and prejudices that perpetuate their disproportionate representation?
Triangulated approach
A researcher tests the effect of a new laparoscopic treatment for chronic shoulder dislocation. The results are statistically significant, and the researcher states in his findings that there is evidence that the treatment has promise for widespread application. A subsequent replication study fails to show statistical significance. A third study produces the same effects as the second. What is the most likely explanation here?
Type I error occurred in the first study.
A researcher studying depression in relation to five predictor variables decides to include five more variables in the study because the literature reveals that they may also be involved in depression. Consequently, the researcher will do which of the following?
Use a larger sample size.
A researcher wants to increase the generalizability of a planned experimental studys results. What can the researcher do, relative to sampling, that will achieve that goal?
Use random sampling.
What is the difference between a concurrent relationship and a sequential one, in terms of A and B?
Variable values do not change at the exact same time in a sequential relationship, whereas they change at the exact same time in a concurrent one.
Which of the following are the research variables in this study? (Select all that apply.)
Verbal skills Fear of separation from parents Length of hospital stay
Which of the following could be a research question? (Select all that apply.)
What does postoperative vomiting feel like, to research subjects? How is hypnosis related to smoking cessation? In an English course, how do grading, praise, practice, submitting papers for publication, and writing skills interact? What are the differences between clients with pre-op orientation and those without, in terms of procedural anxiety?
Directional statements are relational statements with the specific relationship between variables defined. These are diagrammatically represented by letters and arrows. The diagram BD means which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
When D is high, B is low in value. When B is high, D is low in value.
All of the following statements related to sample size are true characteristics of qualitative methodology except for which of the following?
When asked to indicate in an institutional review board (IRB) proposal how large the sample will be, the qualitative researcher should indicate between 25 and 50 subjects to capture an adequate sample.
A researcher undertakes a research study on the danger of bears in Yosemite Valley. What determines the researchers selection of a research design? (Select all that apply.)
Whether or not the researcher intends to generalize the findings c. The researchers expertise and comfort with the research process chosen The study purpose and its anticipated outcomes f. The body of research already present on bear danger
A researcher obtains consent from a person with a recent traumatic brain injury (TBI) to observe the person and test her at intervals, using cognitive survey instruments. The person has not yet regained the ability to speak, and can understand and obey only simple commands. She nods yes, and shakes her head for no. The subjects husband, who has the authority to consent for his wife because he has legal power of attorney for health care, is consented for the study, and the patient is asked to assent.. Does this fulfill the requirements for consenting someone with diminished capabilities? Why or why not? (Select all that apply.)
Yes, it does. The prospective subject can understand only simple commands but, because of her TBI, she is not competent to consent. The subject is asked to assent in case she has an opinion about this and might understand the purpose of the study. Eliciting her cooperation is wise in either case.
Monica is a nurse researcher. She completes her paperwork for an institutional review board (IRB). Her application for approval is returned to her, with comments as to how it should be revised and resubmitted. Which of the following comments are within the scope of the IRB? (Select all that apply.)
You have failed to provide a copy of your survey. Please do so. b. Your study protocol does not provide information on potential risks to anonymity. Please indicate this in Section 1g. You have not included information about the risk-to-benefit ratio of this research. Please do so.