Research Method- Final Review

What information should you consider to examine the external validity of the claim, " two-thirds of American college students sleep less than six hours a day" A: if the sample size is larger enough B: if the sample includes non-American participants C: if the study used probability sampling D: if random assignment was used in the study

C

Which of the following allow us to make strong prediction using association claims? A: strong negative associations B: neither strong positive associations nor strong negative associations C: both strong positive association and strong negative associations D: strong positive associations

C

Which of the following can direct replication studies change? A: the dependent variables B: the study procedures C: the participants D: the independent variable

C

RESEARCH STUDY 1.2: Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by increased levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluids in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid. Dr. White publishes her findings in a scientific journal. Who is most likely to read her article?

clinical researchers

Another word for hypothesis is a(n)

Prediction

A local committee that reviews research that is conducted on animals is known as A: an IACUC B: an AWA C: an AIRB D: an IRB

A

In considering whether research is ethical, which of the following are balanced against each other? A: risk to participants versus value of the knowledge gained B: importance of the research versus financial cost to conduct the study C: inconvenience to participants versus benefit to the researcher D: time investment of the study versus complexity of the study

A

___ psychology is a subdiscipline of psychology that works primarily in the generalization mode A: Clinical B:experimental C: social D: cultural

A

Which of the following is an example of translational research?

A sports psychologist who uses information on how we emotionally process victory to design an intervention for improving mental stamina during athletic performance.

A study conducted in the "real world" is often said to be conducted in A: mundane surroundings B: a field setting C: an ecological situation D: authentic localities

B

How are quota sampling and stratified random sampling similar? A: both results in representative samples B: both identify subgroups that need to be studied C: both result in non representative sample D: both randomly sample subgroups to be studies

B

Your friend Alanna says that when examining validity, you always want to see positive correlations. Why is she wrong? A: Negative correlations are desirable when examining validity B: both the strength and the direction of a correlation matter when examining validity C: The strength of a correlation matters, but the direction of a correlation does not matter D: Correlations are not used to examine validity

B

Unobtrusive observation is done to counteract which of the following? A: Nay-saying B: observer effects C: reactivity D: Observer bias

C

Different factors that could account for significant results are called

Confounds

Which type of measure operationalizes a variable by recording the answers of a participants using a questionnaire? A: conceptual measure B:physiological measure C: observational measure D: self-report measure

D

Why are double-barreled questions problematic? A: They are leading questions B: They may be too easy to answer C: They are too conceptual D: They may have porr construct validity

D

Which of the following is a reason why it is important to be knowledgeable consumer of research?

It is important to understand whether the information you read is accurate.

Which aspect of the peer-review cycle allows for the greater amount of honesty in reviews

The anonymity of the peer reviewers.

Vanessa claims that she sleeps better when she falls asleep to music. She has a comparison group, because she has noticed that she does not listen to music every night, only when she remembers to plug in her iPod. She typically remembers to plug in her iPod on nights when she is able to finish studying earlier. What problem do you see in Vanessa's reasoning about sleeping better to music?

Vanessa may be sleeping better because she is less distracted by studying/going to bed sooner.

Advice that is based on ____ is most likely to be correct

research

Which of the following types of study support extenderla validity? A: a study using non-randomly selected participants B: a study that adds a new indie dent variable C: a study that is a direct replication D: a failed replication study

B

Why might question order affect how people respond to a survey or poll? A: People cannot understand multiple questions B: people may try to appear consistent C: People are lazy D: People are easily confused

B

___ validity tends to be higher in experiment than in other type of studies A: Statistical B: Internal C: Content D: External

B

For a third variable to be plausible as the explanation in an established association, which of the following must also be true? A: The third variable must be measured on the same scale as the original measured variables B: The third variable must be related to both of the measured variable in the original association C: the third variable must be categorical variable D: The third variable must have a positive relationship with the two measured variable in the original association.

B.

A simple difference is also called A: an interaction effect B: a factorial design C: a main effect D: a marginal means difference

C

A study finds that exercise improves concentration, especially for students who took a yoga class as opposed to step aerobics. Which of the following statements can we infer about the study based on this finding? A: there was no main effect of exercise on concentration B: this was a within group study C: there was an interaction in the results D: the researchers were biased against step acrobics

C

Which of the following is a true of experimental realism? A: It exists only in field setting B: It is a synonymous term for mundane realism C: It supports external validity D: It is important only in generalization mode.

C

Which of the following is an association claim? A: "Being visited by dogs in the hospital causes decrease in recovery time B: "Dog traveled 500 miles to find its owners" C: "owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction" D: " A majority of Americans like dogs"

C

Which of the following is true of experimental realism? A: It exists only in field settings B: it is a synonymous term for mundane realism C: it supports external validity D: it is important only in generalization mode

C

Dr. Navarro conducted a study investigating whether exercising immediately before an exam boosted cognitive abilities. She randomly assigned participants to either do jumping jacks or count to 60 before giving them a geometry test. She did not find any differences between groups but believes there may have been a ceiling effect. What might be a clue that this was the case? A: participants in the exercise group took longer to complete the test B: participants in the counting group showed more variability in scores C: some participants verbally noted that the test was too easy D: all participants scores are centered around 100% correct

D

Dr. Paul is concerned about a fence-setting response set when he conducts his survey. Which of the following might you recommend to decrease fence sitting? A: using scale with an even number of response options B: providing a "no opinion" option C; using a Likert scale D: using reverse-worded questions

D

Which of the following threats to internal validity would result in group difference prior to the start of the study? A: order effect B: maturation effect C: design confound D: selection effect

D

Why is it unethical to provide an incentive that is too large to refuse (for example, offering undergraduate students free tuition for a semester for participating in a study)? A: It is unfair to people who choose not to participate in the study B: It is unfair to other researchers who cannot afford to pay participants C: It is not unethical to do this D: It unduly influences people into participating

D

You and your friends go to see a speakers on campus. The speakers, Dr. Darian, is an "expert" on getting into graduate school. Which of the following should make less skeptical about this advice.

His recommendations are based on research he conducted for his dissertation

What does the impact factor of a journal tell you?

how often, on average, paper in that journal have been cited

Statistical significance depends on which of the following? A: sample size and effect size B: sample size and number of variables analyzed C: direction of the association and strength of the association D:number of outlier and direction of the association

A

what was the primary goal of the open science collaboration (OSC) conducted in 2015? A: conceptual replication of popular research studies B: multiple replication of single research study C: direct replication of popular research studies D: increased access to open data and materials for future research studies

A

WHat does it mean that "reliability is necessary but not sufficient for validity"? A: If a measure is reliable, it is also valid B: If a measure is valid, it is also reliable C: Reliability and validity are unrelated concepts D: Reliability and validity are the same concept

B

RESEARCH STUDY 14.2 : Cindy decides to conduct a meta-analysis examining the relationship between daily stress and cardiovascular health for her senior psychology research project. Cindy's advisor recommends that she contact several researcher in the field for articles that were not published and/or that found null effects. Doing this will address which of the following? A: the file drawer problem B: the need for overestimation C: the lack of reporting significant finds D: ecological validity

A

Open data protects against which questionable research practice? A: HARKing B: file drawer problem C: p-hacking D: under reporting null effects

C

what can researchers do to reduce the risk of measurement error? A: make conditions comparable in each experimental group B: use large sample sizes C: select measures that have high reliability and validity D: use a strong manipulation

C

If a question has response options that are anchored with adjectives, this is known as a(n) A: semantic differential format B: open-ended format C: agreement scale D: Likert scale

D

RESEARCH STUDY 1.1: Deci and Ryan (1985,2001) have proposed that three fundamental needs are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is necessary only when people are in situations in which they are not being evacuated. Susan's hypothesis was not completely supported by her data.WHat does this mean?

The theory may need to be amended.

A researcher in theory/ testing mode focuses on ____ validity, while a researcher in generalization mode focuses on ____ validity A: internal: external B: external;internal C: external: statistical D: statistical: external

A

A sample is to __ as a population is to __> A: part: entire B: people: groups C: participants: researchers D: external: internal

A

If researchers measure every member of a population, they have A: conducted a census B: increased internal validity C: collected a sample D: biased the study

A

A psychiatrist is testing a drug that treats depression. He has given the drug to all his patients, and all of them have experienced a decrease in depressive symptoms. Although this is interesting, his experience is limited because he does not have

A comparison group that did not receive the drug

Asking questions to get the answers we want is known as

A confirmation bias

Dr. Reyes is examining whether exercise is linked to mood. She recruits a sample of college students and asks them to answer whether they exercised at least three times last week (yes or no) and to rate their mood in the last week (1: Not happy at all to 5: Very happy). If Dr. Reyes wants to present her data on a figure which of the following figures should she use? A: a scatterplot with mood on the X-axis and exercise on the Y-axis B: a bar graph with exercise on the x-axis and mood on the y axis C: a scatterplot with exercise on the x-axis and mood of the y -axis D: a bar graph with mood on the x-axis and exercise on the y-axis

B

When using correlation coefficients to evaluate reliability, which of the following is undesirable? A: a correlation coefficient close to 1 B: a negative correlation coefficient C:it depends on the type of reliability being evaluated D: a strong correlation coefficient

B

Which if the following is a quasi-experimental design in which participants are not randomly assigned to groups and are tested only after exposure to the quasi-Independent A: interrupted time -series design B: no equivalent control groups design C: nonequivalent groups interrupted time-series deign D: stable-baseline design

B

Which of the following is a good reason a researcher may give for using observational methods as opposed to self- report methods? A: " I want to make a causal claim" B: "I want to measure something that people may not know how often they do it " C: " I do not want to have to worry about the construct validity of conceptual variable " D: " I do not want to have to worry about ethics"

B

A threat to internal validity occurs only if a potential design confound varies with the independent variable A: haphazardly B: especially C: systematically D: spontaneously

C

Asking an expert or experts to evaluate a measure is used to establish ____ validity. A: content B: divergent C: face D: criterion

C

Dr. Hoda measures job satisfaction and number of years of education. In examining her scatterplot, she sees that the cloud of points has no slope. This indicates which type of relationship? A: positive association B: causal association C: zero association D: negative association

C

If Jamal wanted to test the consistency of participants' responses on a survey at two different times, what would he use? A:Interrater reliability B: criterion validity C: test-retest reliability D: internal reliability

C

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4 Dr. Kangaroo, a cognitive psychologist conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content. Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content. He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that group A remember 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following is the dependent variable in Dr. Kang's study? A: the content of the words B: the number of words on the list C: the number of words remembered D: the length of the distractor task

C

RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 question, and it take 20 minutes to complete. To test his measure Dr.Sheffield give his measure to a group of his clients and at the same time measures how many times they been gambling in the past month. He predicts that clients who score higher on his measure will also report gambling more times in the past month. This procedure is meant to provide evidence for which of the following? A: content validity B"discriminant validity C:criterion validity D: face validity

C

A cultural psychologist would be most interested in which of the following sets of participants? A: a sample of community college students B: a sample of 12-year old children C: a sample of homeless veterans D a sample of Taiwanese grandparents

D

Danesh jas just read an article that describes a study that used a survey completed by participants to assess anxiety levels in adults. He is interested in the reliability of the survey and finds that the authors have provided information about both internal and test-retest reliability. However, there is no information about interrater reliability. Which of the following reasons explains why the authors do no report interrater reliability? A: Since the study has good internal reliability, it is not necessary to report interrater reliability B: The combination of internal reliability and test-retest reliability provide information about the study's reliability. C: Interrater reliability is typically calculated only for the experimenter to evaluate the rating and is rarely reported in journal articles. D: The anxiety scale is a self-report measure, and interrater reliability is needed only when two or more observers are providing ratings.

D

The belief that the participants in a research study should be representative of the type of people who would also benefit from the findings of the research stems from which principle of the Belmont Report. A: the principle of beneficence B: the principle of respect for persons C: the principle of integrity D: the principle of justice

D

The need to balance the potential costs and benefits to participants taking part in a research study is done to address which principle of the Belmont Report? A: the principle of respect for persons B: the principle of justice C: the principle of integrity D: the principle of beneficence

D

The number of main effects that need to be examined is ___ the number of independent variables? A: independent of B: more important than C: unrelated to equal to D: equal to

D

To be a history threat, the external event must occur: A: intentionally induced by the experimenters B: at the beginning of the experiment C: constantly during the experiment D: systematically, affecting most members of the group

D

When participants are sorted from lowest to highest on a variable, grouped into sets of two and then one person from each set is assigned at random to each of the experimental groups, this is called A: sorting B: biased choice C: random assignment D: matching

D

Which of the following is true of quasi-experiments? A: quasi- experiments use random assignment B: quasi-experiment involve manipulated variables C: quasi-experiments cannot have compassion groups D: participants are not randomly assigned to groups

D

Which of the following statements is true of observational data? A: Observational measures cannot be used to make causal claims B: Observational measures automatically have good construct validity C: Observational measures provide better information than self-report data D: Observational measures can be used to make frequency claims

D

which of the following is true of the distinction between scientific journals and popular magazines? A: scientific journals are published on specific topics: popular magazines are not published on specific topics like psychology. B: scientific journal article findings explain all cases all of the time; popular magazine articles explain only certain cases C: scientific journals are published quarterly; popular magazines are published monthly D: scientific journal articles are peer-reviewed; popular magazine articles are not

D

Before she administers the independent variable to her two test groups, Dr. Mackintosh gives all participants an IQ test. She then pairs up each participant with another who had a similar IQ score. Based on the flip of a coin, one member of the pair is assigned to test Group A and one is assigned to test Group B. What technique is Dr. Mackintosh using? A: matched groups B: selection bias C: external validity D: group assignment

A

Considering a measure's face validity is: A: a good way to interrogate the construct validity of the dependent variable B: the first step in establishing causation C: only done if an experiment uses observational measures D: not necessary in experiments

A

Dr. Biswas designs a study comparing the effects of mindfulness training on flexible thinking. In designing this study, what would be an appropriate manipulation check? a) adding a third group that receives flexibility training b) testing that the flexible thinking task is hard enough to show group differences c) ensuring that no participants had prior experience with mindfulness training d) measuring heart rate to ensure that mindfulness has a calming effect

A

Dr. Deveraux has conducted a study that has resulted in a null effect. Nonetheless, she suspects that there truly is a causal relationship between her independent and dependent variables. Which of the following is UNLIKELY to be to blame? A: too many participants B: a weak manipulation C: an insensitive measure D: a reverse confound

A

Dr. Georgiou wants to help undergraduates overcome homesickness's gives a survey to 500 undergraduates and picks the 50 who scored the highest on her measure of homesickness to complete her treatment. After three weeks she tests them again and finds their homesickness scores are significantly lower which of the following is a treat to her study? A: regression to the mean B: observer bias C: selection effect D: testing

A

Imagine that you are reading a journal article and you see the following sentence: "The study used a 2x2x4 design. "Where are you likely to have encountered this sentence? A: The method section B: The discussion section C: the results section D: the introduction

A

The phrase" especially for" would be used to describe which of the following results? A: spreading interactions B: one significant main effect C: two significant main effect D: crossover interaction

A

which of the following things can be done to reduce the effect of individual difference? A: using a between-group design B: decrease power C: collecting measurements from diverse groups of people D: using a matched-groups design

A

In case of a factorial design another term for independent variable is A: significance variable B: factor C: main effect D: cell

B

Lakshmi wants to know whether a new TV show helps children learn their ABCs she discovers there is an interaction with whether or not parents watched the show alongside the child. Which of the following statement best describes this finding? A: the show improved ABC skills only for kids whose parents watched along with them B: the show did not improve ABC skills because parents had to be there C: only parents can teach children their ABCs D: Learning ABCs depends on watching a TV show

B

RESEARCH STUDY 12.4 Dr. Price conducted a study on how toddlers learn their colors. She thinks that the place where the toddlers are asked about color and the objects they play with while learning the colors will affect the outcome. She wrote this in the results section: "Analyses indicated significant main effect of place and object. However the place x object interaction was not significant. This latter finding suggests that the benefit of using puzzle pieces to learn about color is not dependent on whether ethe puzzle is completed. :Given this excerpt which of the following statement could also be found in the paper? A: toddlers talked more about colors in the living room but only when they played with the puzzle pieces B: toddlers talked more about colors in the living room C: Toddlers did not change their answers based on location D: toddlers talked about colors with every toy equally

B

Some studies may not replicate because the original study used questionable scientific practices. Which of the following is a way open science practices attempt to deal with this problem? A: using larger sample sizes B: requiring scientists to make their data and materials available for review C: conducting direct replication D: encouraging preregistration

B

What is the difference between concurrent-measures designs and repeated-measures designs? A: Concurrent-measures designs can have any number of levels of an independent variable; repeated variable at roughly the same time repeated-measures designs expose participants to the levels of the independent variable sequentially B: Concurrent-measures designs expose participants to the levels of the independent variable at roughly the same time; repeated-measures design expose participants to the levels of the independent variable sequentially C: there is no difference; they are two terms for the same design D: concurrent-measure designs are independent-groups designs: repeated-measures designs are within group designs

B

Dr. Reyes is examining whether exercise is linked to mood. She recruits a sample of college students and asks them to answer whether they exercised at least three times last week (yes or no) and to rate their mood in the last week (1: Not happy at all to 5: Very happy). Her results show that students who exercised in the last week also reported happier moods. Can Dr. Reyes make a causal inference from her study? Select the best explanation for the response

C

When a double-blind study is not possible, an acceptable alternative may be A: a within-group design B: the use of a control group C: a masked design D: a matched groups design

C

When examining an association claim using a bar graph an association is indicated by which of the following ? A: the direction of the bars B: the number bars in the graph C: a difference in the height between the bars D: the number of observation that make each bar

C

Which of the following can be said of the interaction in a study? A: it is usually less important than a study's main effects B: there can be only one type of intersection C: it can be determined by investigating marginal means D: it can exist if the main effects are not significant

C

Which of the following is true of the relationship between effect size and statistical significance? A: Effect size and statistical significance are synonymous terms B: An association's effect size has no effect on statistical significance C: Larger effect sizes are advantageous for statistical significance D: Statistical significance alone is sufficient to indicate effect size

C

when interrogating experiments on which of the big validities should a person focus? A: statistical validity B: external validity C: internal validity D: construct validity

C

Dr. Adebayo is curious as to whether exposing people to violent video games causes them to be more aggressive. She assigns half her participants to play a violent video game for 5 minutes and the other half to play the same game for 25 minutes. Afterward, she has them play a board game and has a well-trained coder determine whether they are very aggressive in their playing style, barely aggressive, or not at all aggressive. She finds that a vast majority of her participants, regardless of group assignment, are rated as very aggressive. This outcome would be known as a(n) A: outlier B: floor effect C: weak manipulation D: ceiling effect

D

Dr. Reyes is examining whether exercise is linked to mood. She recruits a sample of college students and asks them to answer whether they exercised at least three times last week (yes or no) and to rate their mood in the last week (1: Not happy at all to 5: Very happy). Which of the following questions should Dr.Reyes ask if she is interrogating the construct validity of her study? A: Was there good test-retest reliability for modd in the study? B: was there good internal reliability for mood in the study? C: Was the manipulation of exercise conducted in a valid way? D: Does the measurement of mood correlate with other measures of mood?

D

In what way does high within-groups variance obscure between-groups variance? A: it decreases the power of the study B: it limits the type of statistical analyses that can be conducted C: it leads to larger effect size D: it causes more overlap ins cores between experimental/ comparison groups

D

Neely is examining the graph of an interaction and sees that one line is flat and one line rises sharply to the right. Which of the following should Neely conclude? A: there is a main-effect Interaction B: there is no interaction C: there is a crossover interaction D: there is a spreading interaction

D

The addition of a comparison group can address which of the following threats to internal validity? A: attrition B: selection-history C: instrumentation D: maturation

D

The arithmetic means for each level of an independent variable averaging over levels of the other independent variable are called A: factorial means B: interaction means C: estimate means D: marginal means

D

which of the following research designs is used to address possible selection effects? A: pretest/posttest designs B: posttest-only designs C: correlational designs D: matched-groups designs

D

which of the following studies would have a possible threat of observer bias? A: a study looking at whether increasing the number of the hours listening to music increases singing ability B: a study looking at the effect of daily exercise on resting heart rate C: a study looking at the effect of eating fruits and vegetables on body weight D: a study looking at the effect of tutoring on SAT scores

D

In developing a measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I frequently solve and enjoy solving crossword puzzles and Sudoku puzzles." What is the problem with this question? A: It has a double negative B: It is a double barreled question C: It is a forced-choice question D: it is leading question

B

A scatterplot is a group A: that shows changes over time on a variable B: used to show causal association C: with points plotted to show a possible relationship between two sets of data D: that shows the size of a difference on a variable between two groups

A

According to the Belmont Report, which of the following groups of people is entitled to special protection? A: people with developmental disabilities B: refugees C: members of minority religious groups D: women

A

If a study uses an unrepresentative sample, which of the following questions should you ask when assessing its external validity? A: "Is the study making a frequency,association or causal claim" B: "Are the characteristics that make the sample biased actually relevant to what is being measured" C: "Is the sample size sufficiently larger" D: "Could the study have used a representative sample instead?"

B

What was the primary ethical concern in the milgram study? A: the potential risks to participants outweighed the value of knowledge we can gain B: the financial costs of conducting the study outweighed the benefits gained by the researcher C: the number people negatively affected was larger than the number of people positively affected D: the researcher did not debrief the participants

B

Research article that use terms such as unbiased sample, random samples or representative sample allow for readers to A: make a frequency claim B: reject the conclusion made by the researcher(s) C: skip interrogating statistical validity D: be confident in a study's external validity

D

Dr. Rodriquez is a health psychologist who is interested in studying the effects of cannabis oil (CBD) oil on perceptions of pain in college students athletes with sports injuries. She became interested in studying this topic after hearing multiple claims by the media that CBD oil was effective in treating pain. However, she could not find any empirical studies that reported findings of the effectiveness for CBD oil for sports injuries.Her decision to conduct a study to test the media claims is an example of which of Merton's scientific norms?

organized skepticism

At which point in the scientific process does preregistration occurs? A: before data collection B: before developing hypotheses C: after publication D: after replication

A

Dr. Sanchez conducts a simple random sample of 500 men who became fathers for the first time in the past year. He finds that 23% of them report being unsure of their ability to be good fathers, plus or minus 4%. What does this mean? A: If the study was done many times the estimate of father uncertainly would between 19% and 27% B: we can be 4% sure that the estimate of father uncertainly would be 23% of fathers C: If this study was done many times the estimate of father uncertainty would be 23% about 4% of the time D: the true percentage of fathers who feel this way is 23%

A

Dr.Gahan decides to create a questionnaire asking about people's attitudes towards immigration ( a socially sensitive topic) He should be most concerned about which of the following? A: fence sitting B: faking bad C: people self-reporting more than they can know D: negatively worded answers

A

If you wanted to know exactly which statistical analyses were used in a particular study, you should consult the A: results section of a journal articles B: discussion section of a journal article C: method section of a journal article D: introduction of a journal article

A

RESEARCH STUDY 13.1: Dr.Ba is interested in whether joining fraternity/sorority caused people to become more concerned about their attractiveness. She recruits a group of 55 freshmen. (25men, 30 women ) who are planning to go through fraternity sorority recruitment on her campus. After they join, she gives them a measure of attractiveness concern (the body concern scale). In addition to measuring the group of piping's who joined a fraternity/ sorority, Dr.Ba decide to give the same measure to another group of 55 participants who decide to not join fraternity/sorority. This type of design is known as a(n) A: interrupted time-series design B: no equivalent control group design C: nonequivalent group interrupted time- series design D: reversal design

B

Dr. Pierre is interested in studying levels of anxiety in children who have lived through a major natural disaster. As she plans her study study, she is considering various operational definition of anxiety. Which of the following is an example of an operational definition for anxiety that she could consider? A: state of being uneasy B: level of apprehension C: changes in heart rate while viewing images of the aftereffect a natural disaster D: feeling worried

C

In a scatterplot the direction of the relationship can be seen by the A: the presence of a line drawn through the dots B: spread of the dots C:slope of the line D: number of dots.

C

In addition to the three principles derived from the Belmont Report, which of the following two principles were added in the principles put forth by the American Psychological Association? A: the principle of consent and honesty B: the principle of honor and accountability/ commitment C: the principle of integrity and fidelity/responsibility D: the principle of reliability and validity

C

In which of the following ways are content and face validity similar? A: both are very difficult to establish B: both involve asking participants for their opinions about the measurement. C: both involve subjective judgments D: both are preferred by psychologists as ideal measures of validity

C

RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following deadline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games" (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton & Williamon, 2016). In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants performance did not differ based on music? How many measured variables are included in this study? A: four B:five C:two D:one

C

Science journalists have argued that cigarette smoking leads to a variety of health problems. What type of claim are they making? A: frequency B: operational C: association D: causal

D

Which of the following studies would be at least likely to be influenced by cultural difference? A: a study of the association between depression and beliefs about mental health B: a study examining rate of divorce across different cultures C: a study examining the effect of parents education on child socialization D: a study examining motor response of newborns

D

Which of the following statements is an operational definition of "fear of snakes" that could be assessed as a structured question? A: measuring heart rate following exposure to snakes B: asking the question " when was the last time you saw a snake" C: assigning the participants to keep a " daily fear diary" in which they track their fear level D: asking " on a scale of 1 to 10 how afraid of snakes are you?"

A

Sasha believes that she is a nice person. To confirm this, she asks all her friends whether she is a nice person: they all agree that she is. SAsha concludes that she is a nice person and says she has evidence of it. However, she does not ask any of her enemies whether they think she is a nice person. This is an example of which of the following?

A confirmation bias

RESEARCHER STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotions on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that very emotional incontinence (e.g. passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g houseplant,desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. If Dr. Kang decide against using random assignment, which of the following would be threatened? A: the temporal precedence of the study B: the internal validity of the study C: the covariance of the study D: the external validity of the study

B

What is the difference between a ratio scale of measurement and an interval scale of measurement? A: an interval scale of measurement is a type of measurement used for categorical measurements, but a ration scale is used for quantitative measurements B: a ratio scale of mess has a zero value that actually means "nothing" or " the absence of something " but an interval scale does not C: an interval scale has equal intervals but a ration scale does not. D: a ratio scale of measurement cannot be used to compare people,s scores but interval scales can (e.g Phillip is twice as fast).

B

Which of the following is true about research using surveys and polls? A: Surveys and polls can efficiently measure people's subjective feelings B: Surveys and polls are an accurate way to measure people's actual behavior C: SUrveys and polls can support only frequency claims D: Surveys and polls utilizes only one type of question format.

B

Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem solving ability. Which of the following is a categorical way to operationalizes caffeine consumption? A: whether the participant drank coffee in the 24 hours prior to the study B: the number of milligrams of caffeine consumed during the study C: the number of cups of coffee consumed in a day D: the frequency of buying energy drinks

A

Which of the following is most likely to be part of a debriefing? A: asking participants to summarize the data they provided as on strategy for checking their understanding of the study hypotheses B: having participants review and sign an informed consent form C: fully informing participants about all aspects of the study D: an explicit warning about any potential risk

C

You read a news article about a recent scientific study titled, "New Drug Reduces OCD Symptoms in Mice." To evaluate whether the title's claim is supported, you should do which of the following? A: research the frequency of OCD in mice B: Ensure that the authors operationally defined OCD C:Check whether the authors established the three criteria for a causal claim D:Ask yourself whether the implication make intuitive sense

C

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM ( rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plan to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hours sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr.Kushner's decision about the type of participants recruit should be informed by which of the following principles of the Belmont Report? A: the principle of justice B: the principle of respect for persons C: the principle of beneficence D: the principle of integrity

A

Shoppers often leave reviews for products that they purchased online. Which of the following best describes the external validity of product reviews on an online shopping site? A: the external validity is low because this is a self-selected sample of online shoppers B: the external validity is high because this is a randomly selected sample of online shoppers C: the external validity is high because online shoppers are more likely to be honest about their opinions D: the external validity is low because online shoppers are more likely to change their mind

A

The following situations can influence ethical decision making EXCEPT A: the possibility of additional grant funding B: scientific discoveries C: changing social norms D: bad experiences of other researchers

A

When researchers conduct an experiment comparing two different treatment conditions, they are likely to be more concerned with ___ validity than ___ validity. A: internal: external B: external: statistical C: statistical: construct D: construct: internal

A

Which of the following ethical violation did NOT occur in the Tuskegee Study? A: Researchers told participants they were receiving treatment even though they were not B: PArticipants were not told they had been infected with the disease C: Participants in the study were given/infected with the disease D: Researchers prevented participants from seeking treatment.

C

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following is the independent variable in Dr. Kang's study? A: the content of the words B: the number of words on the list C: the number of words remembered D: the length of the distractor task

B

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM ( rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plan to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hours sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Upon receiving institutional review board (IRB) approval, Dr. Kushner trusts that his graduate student will conduct the study. However his graduate student do not conduct the study and instead provides Dr. Kushner with invented results that support his hypothesis. This is known as which of the following? A: data fabrication B: plagiarism C:intellectual property destruction D: data falsification

D

You read research that found that first-born children tend to have higher IQs than their siblings. However, you typically earn higher grades than your older brother. SCientist might explain this discrepancy by saying that

Research is probabilistic

Vinai learns that people with schizophrenia have problem labeling their emotions. Using this information, he designs a research study to examine whether teaching patients with schizophrenia to label the emotions of people they see in movie clips helps them better label their own emotions. Vinai hopes that the findings of this research could then be used to create an intervention to treat schizophrenia. Vinai's study is an example of

Translational research