research methods exam 1
Survey research is used to measure 'Variables' such as
- Demographic - Knowledge - Opinion - Attitudes - Behavior
what information is stated in the abstracted?
1)Statement of purpose or research aim 2) Description of individuals who served as participants 3) Brief explanation of what participants did during study 4) summary of important findings (must include statistical findings)
Which of the following addresses key points of validity in determining the level of evidence? Study design Flaws Accuracy of information All of the above none of the above
All of the above
Which of the following hits is useful in conducting your literature search? Specify research problem. Select the databases that would be beneficial for your literature search. Select the descriptors that best describe your research problem. If the search renders too many or too few references, review your descriptors and redo the research. All of the above None of the above
All of the above
Which of the following is an important factor in determining the level of evidence for journals and abstracts? it must be relevant to the research effort. it must be correct. it must require little effort to procure. All of the above None of the above
All of the above
Which of the following is true regarding 'Literature review"? Published information in a particular subject area. Summarized and synthesizes ideas from other research Keeps professionals up to date with current knowledge All of the above None of the above
All of the above
provides bibliographic citations to literature covering ethical, legal and public policy issues of health care and biomedical researches
BIOETHICSLANE
types of general indexing and abstracting services
BIOETHICSLINE biological abstracts CINAHL ERIC HAPI MEDLINE MEDLINEplus National library of medicine psychiNFO Social work abstracts TOXNET
provides comprehensive coverage of English-language nursing journals as well as journal titles from allied health disciplines
CINAHL
Which of the following statements is not true of 'nominal' level of measurement? Is the lowest level of in the measurement hierarchy. Enables researchers to put data into categories. Categorize individuals, objects, issues, or events into different group. Categorizes can be rank-ordered.
Categorizes can be rank-ordered.
an electronic publication available on CD-ROM and the internet published by National health service centre
Cochrane library
considered premier site for evidence-based searches
Cochrane library
Example of _____ variable: consumption of alcohol drinks
Dependent
Health and drug education, clinical psychology, behavioral science, and more
ERIC (Education Resource Information Center)
what database is Especially useful for health knowledge and education
ERIC (Education Resource Information Center)
Research Questions are similar to hypotheses, and they do entail specific predictions. t/f
False (do not entail specific predictions)
If a researcher interested in finding measurement or evaluation instruments in the health and psychosocial literature, which of the databases will be appropriate? BIOETHICSLINE CINAHL ERIC HAPI
HAPI
assists in identification of measurement and evaluation instruments found in health and psychosocial literature
HAPI (health and psychosocial instruments)
Example of _____ variable: year in college or gender
Independent
5 research chapters
Introduction literature review methods results conclusion/discussion/recommendations
Which of the following statement is not true of interval and ratio levels of measurement? Is the lowest level of in the measurement hierarchy. Differences between scores of equal magnitude really mean equal differences in the variable measured. The only difference between interval and ratio is that a ratio scale has an absolute zero (a point where none of the quality being measured exist). In SPSS, the interval and ratio is treated as 'scale' level of measurement.
Is the lowest level of in the measurement hierarchy.
national library of medicine's premier bibliographic database covering fields of medicine nursing dentistry etc
MEDLINE
NLM'S website for up-to-date private consumer health info
MEDLINEplus
Which of the following is defined as 'the assignment of numbers to objects or events according to sets of predetermined (or arbitrary) rules'? Evaluation Measurement Coding Classification
Measurement
What is the level of measurement for the variable below? gender? Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio
Nominal
In the field of health care, is it defined a clinical question in terms of specific patient problem aids the research in finding clinically relevant evidence in the literature. What is this definition? Evidence based literature PICO (Patient, intervention, comparison and outcome) Best practices All of the above None of the above
PICO (Patient, intervention, comparison and outcome)
regular publication of critical reviews of clinical trials pertinent to practice of pediatric critical care
PedsCCM evidence-based journal club
contains summaries of worlds serial literature in psychology and related disciplines
PsyciNFO
provides access to bibliographic information drawn primarily form MEDLINE and publisher-supplied citations that can be searched by level of evidence
PubMed
Which two scales of measurement have equal distances among the scores they yield? Nominal and ordinal Ordinal and interval Ratio and interval Ratio and nominal
Ratio and interval
a metasearch engine that searches several databases
SUMSearch
Which of the following is not a Haynes's 5 S's when it comes to the pyramid of evidence? Systems Summaries Synopses Syntheses Studies Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis
a collection of both bibliographic and factual databases focused on toxicology and health risks from chemicals
TOXNET
searches for systematic reviews as well as primary studies, synopses, and clinical questions
TRIPdatabase (turning research into practice)
The purposes of literature review includes all the statements below except: To review previous research work for your subject area. To discuss potential implications of your research. To review research methods to design your own research plan. To identify research questions.
To discuss potential implications of your research.
Which of the following statements is not true of basic research? aims to expand the knowledge base by formulating evaluating or expanding a theory basic research includes medial sciences such as biochemistry biology and microbiology the primary purpose of basic research is to discover new knowledge for the sake of knowledge aims to solve practical problems
aims to solve practical problems
which of the following includes purposes of the literature review? to gain an understanding of previous work help to identify your research question or hypothesis review the procedures and instruments used use the recommendations from existing research for further investigation
all of the above
_____ hypotheses: there is a difference between variables.
alternative
the component of epidemiology that addresses causation or etiology making it different from descriptive epidemiology
analytic epidemiology
theoretical concepts tested in real situations is ___ research
applied
research question that focuses on relationships
association questions
research questions that use inferential statistics like correlations and regressions
association questions
a print and Internet health care journal that uses evidence-based medicine techniques
bandolier
the content for this service is tertiary meaning it distills the information from secondary reviews of primary trials making it comprehensible
bandolier
types of evidence-based full-text and abstracting services
bandolier cochrane library database of abstracts of reviews of effectiveness (DARE) national guideline clearinghouse (NGC) PedsCCM evidence-based journal club PubMed SumSearch TRIPdatabase
aims to expand knowledge by formulating evaluating or expanding a theory
basic research
provides indexing for over 9000 journals of life science and experimental medicine (biochem, biophysics, etc.)
biological abstracts
primary goal of introductory pragraph is to ?
catch attention of readers
what chapter usually contains dramatic and general statements about the need of the study
chapter 1 (introduction)
chapter 2 is organized by significant time period
chronological
three ways chapter 2 (literature review) should be organized
chronological thematic methodological
often seen as a subset of experimental design research and come into play when testing efficacy of intervention such as new pharmaceutical product or surgical instrument
clinical trial
this research has its base in evidence-based medicine or practices
comparative and effectiveness research
this research is a systematic approach to clinical problem solving
comparative and effectiveness research
which is nOT a step in research process identify a study question select a study approach report study findings conduct needs assessment
conduct needs assessment
advantages of experimental research
convenience replication adjustment of variables establishment of cause-and-effect relationships
____ study strives to find relationship naturally occurring variables have with one another
correlational
disadvantages of experimental research
cost inability to generalize the results securing cooperation
the research process has a ____ nature
cyclic
part of the national health service centre-s Cochrane library and might be searched BEFORE MEDLINE for high quality reviews
database of abstracts of reviews of effectiveness (DARE)
answer to inquiry "what are precise limits of problem: ruling out peripheral considerations
delimitations
example of _____ the researcher has the study on public school only leaving out private junior high schools
delimitations
____ variable is dependent on another factor
dependent
referred to as outcome variable
dependent variable
____ statistics histograms, means, percentages, median, standard deviation
descriptive
____ statistics summarizes quantitative data in terms of what data is or what data shows
descriptive
what are three different types of research questions
descriptive association difference
research questions that describe/summarize data
descriptive questions
research questions that use percentages, frequencies, means, histograms
descriptive questions
____ summarizes quantitative data (variables) in terms of what the data is or what the data shows. For example, reporting mean, median, mode, frequencies, percentage, standard deviation
descriptive statistics
research studies that answer the questions who, what, when, where, and how
descriptive studies
purposes of literature review
develop understanding/grounding in theory define the problem review the procedure and instruments used originate new ideas rather than repeat work already accomplished use the recommendations from existing research for further investigation critique-relevant studies to apply well-founded components to your own study while avoiding pitfalls gain understanding of previous work and generate new ideas and concepts provide background info serve as guide to a topic keep professionals up to date with knowledge depth and breadth indicate credibility
research question that compares groups
difference questions
research questions that use inferential statistics like t-test and ANOVA
difference questions
what is the primary purpose of applied research?
discover knowledge in practical settings
primary purpose of basic research
discovering knowledge for the sake of knowledge alone
which of the following characteristics is not addressing a sound theory should stimulate new discoveries should indicate further areas in need of investigation should provide means of its verification does not need to be consistent with the already established body of knowledge
does not need to be consistent with the already established body of knowledge
___ measures effectiveness of a program's goal and objective
evaluation research
a method of assessing a process or program in a specific situation
evaluation research
evidence from this research is collected from a population and conclusion are drawn about effectiveness, merit, and success of program that was studied
evaluation research
this type of research is designed in controlling and manipulating one or more of the variables
experimental
____ is designed to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables or among variables
experimental research
study in which the investigator controls and manipulates one or more of the variables
experimental research
when researchers are interested in manipulating variables of study, what type of research would be appropriate to use? qualitative research evaluation research ethnographic research experimental research
experimental research
____ studies are manipulative studies that have random assignment
experimental studies
t/f the purpose of qualitative research is to analyze quantifiable variables
false
T/F in ordinal data, the order matters and also the difference between values matters
false (not the difference between values)
TF evaluation study is referred to as a subset of experimental research h designs and the purpose is to test efficacy of an intervention such as a new pharmaceutical product or surgical instrument or technique
false, clinical trial
a reasonable guess or a suggested answer to a problem statement or research question.
hypothesis
which is termed "researcher's tentative explanation that will predict significant results of the research study" research tentative statements research questions hypothesis
hypothesis
The ____ variable is the variable whose change isn't affected by any other variable in the experiment.
independent
a variable that stands alone and is not changed by other variables you are trying to measure
independent variable
sometimes called the causal variable
independent variable
__ is being used to try to infer from the sample data what the population might think. for example, reporting t-test, ANOVA, ANCOVA, correlations, regressions
inferential statistics
____ statistics include t-test, ANOVA, ANCOVA, correlation, and regression
inferential statistics
making subject fully aware of research project and getting permission from subject
informed consent
when selecting and identifying the research topics. what are 11 things that should be taken into consideration
interest operability scope theoretical and practical values health paradigm values of research research methodology reactivity unit of analysis time frame budget
in SPSS, __ and __ are treated the same
interval and ratio
five chapters in research writing
introduction literature review methods results conclusion/discussion/recommendations
major sub-headings of chapter 1
introductory paragraph statement of problem/purpose of research hypotheses/research question limitation definition of terms
which of the following statements is true regarding the descriptions of the results section? it is referred to as "technical interpretations of research questions using statistics" the results discuss potential limitation of this study the results summarize major research findings the results discuss potential implications of this study
it is referred to as "technical interpretations of research questions using statistics" the results summarize major research findings
Purpose statement two key elements
key variables and study population
____ are very similar to delimitations but they are referring to potential weaknesses of study such as sampling methods, research design, and reliability and validity of instruments
limitations
is defined as 'the assignment of numbers to objects (eye, people), or events (1st place, 2nd place, etc.) according to sets of predetermined (or arbitrary) rules'.
measurement
chapter 2 is organized by researchers "methods" / focus (culture significance, economic impact, health impact)
methodological
public resource for evidence-based clinical practice guidelines
national guideline clearinghouse (NGC)
includes journals citations updated weekly
national library of medicine
What is the level of measurement (LOM) for the variable below? eye color Nominal Ordinal Interval All of the above
nominal
When you ask a question like " Do you get a 7-8 hours of sleep at night" and answer choices are: a. Yes b. No What is the level of measurement?
nominal
country is what level of measurement
nominal
ethnicity is what level of measureent
nominal
what level of measurement? male/female
nominal
what level of measurement? Variables (names, issues, events, etc.) are placed into different categories of data
nominal data
a correlational study is a type of ____ study
non-experimental
what kind of study is survey research, having no control group
non-experimental studies
____ hypothesis no relationship between variables.
null
the statement of the problem is how many sentences
one
If we measure in such a way that we find out which subject is most honest, which is the next most honest, and so on, we are measuring at what scale of measurement? nominal ordinal interval ratio
ordinal
level of measurement? rank health conditions from serious to less serious
ordinal
level of measurement? which best represents your age? (65 years and older, younger than 65 years old)
ordinal
what level of measurement> Each person or thing being measured is put into one of the several ordered categories.
ordinal
o Focus and general direction in research proposal
purpose statement
___ is interested into gather and analyze data that is more descriptive (words) than numerical or quantitative
qualitative research
this research focuses on processes that frequently use inductive reasoning for analysis
qualitative research
non-experimental studies are a type of ____ research design
quantitative
difference of non-experimental and experimental
random assignment
The only difference between interval and ratio is that a ___ scale has an absolute zero
ratio
Systematic investigation of a subject (physical, biological, or social world) in order to find new knowledge
research
Equal differences between points on any part of the scale are equal in what level of measurement
scale
The highest level of measurement that can be used in meaningful mathematical operations such as adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing)
scale
height is what level of measurement
scale
what level of measurement? temperature
scale
what level of measurement? yearly income
scale
this type of data is described as reviewing existing data collected by others. ,what is this type of data called?
secondary data
eight steps of research process
select problem formate hypotesis review literature research design right tools collect data/manage data generate conclusion write research paper
contains records from social work and other related journals like homelessness, AIDS, etc.
social work abstracts
_____ research methods are considered descriptive methodologies in which results reveal what is happening in a particular occurrence
survey
this type of research is considered descriptive methodologies in which the results reveal what is happening in particular occurrence. this research involves recording, describing, analyzing and interpreting conditions that presently exist. also, it mainly focuses on revealing relationship between non manipulated variables
survey
___ uses questionnaires to investigate subjects' health related behavior, knowledge, attitudes or opinions
survey research
compares and contrasts to see relationship between non-manipuated variables
survey research
this research involves recording, describing, analyzing, and interpreting conditions that presently exist
survey research
when researchers are interested in describing and interpreting characteristics of variables that presently exist, what type of research would be most appropriate to use? qualitative research evaluation research ethnographic research survey research
survey research
chapter 2 is organized around topics/issues (access to caffeine drinks, advertisement, health education, and legislation)
thematic
which is not true of applied research classrooms, hospitals, clinics are the settings theoretical concepts are tested in lab setting uses same characteristics as basic research but aims to solve practical problems examples: testing health behavior change theories, needs assessment and program evaluation
theoretical concepts are tested in lab setting
Knowing the level of measurement helps researchers decide what statistical analysis is appropriate. t/f
true
T/F in nominal data, You would never average the data values.
true
T/F there are distinct differences between basic and applied research, but each may complement the other
true
The purpose of the doing the review of the literature is to develop an understanding of the background for the study;to very clearly delineate the problem; and to provide an emplirical basis for the hypothesis or research questions. T.F
true
When writing the literature review, subheadings of the literature review section are usually based on the variables and their relationship to the problem of your study. t.f
true
theories provide a way to conceptualize, organize, integrate and classify the facts that scientists assume T/F
true
A trait or characteristic with two or more categories is termed_________.
variable
defined as a characteristic with two or more attributes (categories)
variable
focus of experimental research is on relationship between ____
variables
