Research Methods Exam 1 Quiz Review

Experiments allow researchers to: -eliminate experimenter bias -answer questions about the existence of a relationship between two variables -observe naturally occurring behavior -answer cause-and-effect questions about the relationship between two variables

ANSWER CAUSE-AND-EFFECT QUESTIONS ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO VARIBLES

A study examining the relationship between humor and memory compares memory performance scores for one group presented with humorous sentences and a second group presented with non humorous sentences. The participants presented with the humorous sentences are all males. The participants presented with the non humorous sentences are all females. What threat to internal validity is present in this study? -environmental bias -selection bias -demand characteristics -assignment bias

ASSIGNMENT BIAS

A researcher who obtains a sample of preschool children by going to the local daycare until she finds enough children whose parents give consent is using: -simple random sampling -cluster sampling -systematic sampling -convenience sampling

CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

Which of the following sampling techniques is most likely to result in a biased sample? -simple random sampling -convenience sampling -proportionate stratified random sampling -systematic sampling

CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

A study addressing how many cigarettes a week are smoked by adolescents at a high school is an example of what research approach? -descriptive -correlational -experimental -quasi-experimental

DECRIPTIVE

Which situation illustrates the use of a nominal scale of measurement? -management of a company counts the number of employees in each division of the company -consumers rate the pleasant taste of foods on a scale of 1 to 9 -employees of a company are classified as management or line workers -companies are ranked according to their amount of sales

EMPLOYEES OF A COMPANY ARE CLASSIFIED AS MANAGEMENT OR LINE WORKERS

A researcher is concerned that experimental results obtained with college students may not apply to adults in the general population. This study has a problem with: -internal validity -external validity -experimental validity -correlational validity

EXTERNAL VALIDITY

A(n) ___ variable is a variable in a study that is not being directly studied. -independent -dependent -extraneous -lax

EXTRANEOUS

The mode of inquiry that is called the method of faith is a variant of which method of inquiry? -method of authority -method of empiricism -rational method -scientific method

METHOD OF AUTHORITY

Rebecca is interested in what types of experiences college students consider to be sexually coercive/unwanted behaviors. She interviews 50 college students at her school and asks them to recall a time in which they felt coerced into a sexual activity, and how they felt about it. Looking at her data, Rebecca starts to identify themes in student responses, and writes up a narrative report of her findings. Rebecca's approach is an example of: -the quasi-scientific method -qualitative research -pseudoscience -quantitative research

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Which of the following is not an example of probability sampling? -simple random sampling -stratified random sampling -proportionate stratified random sampling -quota sampling

QUOTA SAMPLING

Determining a person's reaction time (in milliseconds) would involve measurement on a(n) _____ scale of measurement. -nominal -ordinal -interval -ratio

RATIO

Participants may modify their natural behavior as a result of being in a study. This describes ______ as a threat to ______. -reactivity; external validity -reactivity; internal and external validity -demand characteristics; external validity -demand characteristics; external and internal validity

REACTIVITY; INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL VALIDITY

When a sample has the same characteristics as the target population, the sample is said to be a(n): -representative sample -biased sample -target sample -accessible sample

REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE

The Institutional Review Board (IRB) is responsible for reviewing research involving human participants research involving nonhuman subjects all research, whether it involves humans or nonhumans the presentation and reporting of results

RESEARCH INVOLVING HUMAN PARTICIPANTS

The group of individuals from which researchers actually select participants for research studies is called: -the accessible population -the target population -the representative population -the real population

THE ACCESSIBLE POPULATION

Under which of the following circumstances is informed consent not necessary? -a drug study where participants receive experimental medication -a perceptual research study where participants are asked to judge different colors -a public opinion study where participants complete anonymous questionnaires on innocuous topics -none of these. Informed consent is ALWAYS required.

A PUBLIC OPINION STUDY WHERE PARTICIPANTS COMPLETE ANONYMOUS QUESTIONNAIRES ON INNOCUOUS TOPICS

Which of the following is a potential problem with the method of authority as a method of inquiry? -A person may claim to be an expert when they really are not -An "expert" answer may only be a personal, subjective opinion -An expert may be giving answers outside of their area of expertise -All of these are potential problems with this method

ALL OF THESE ARE POTENTIAL PROBLEMS WITH THIS METHOD

A problem with the rational method of knowing for acquiring knowledge is that: -you may not have a complete set of premise statements -you may not be very good at combining premise statements to produce a valid conclusion -one or more of your premise statements may be incorrect -all of these choices are potential problems with this method

ALL OF THESE CHOICES ARE POTENTIAL PROBLEMS WITH THIS METHOD

Counting the number of people who smile at a baby in a stroller as they pass by is an example of a ____ measure. -self-report -survey -behavioral -physiological

BEHAVORIAL

The workers in a factory are organized into 5-person teams. When conducting a work-environment survey, a researcher randomly selected 10 teams to obtain a total sample of 50 workers. The researcher used: -simple random sampling -stratified random sampling -proportionate stratified random sampling -cluster sampling

CLUSTER SAMPLING

A researcher designs a study to determine whether female preschoolers prefer sweetened or unsweetened cereal. The researcher uses a box of sweetened colorful cereal and a box of unsweetened tan colored cereal. The researcher finds that the group of preschoolers ate more of the sweetened colorful cereal and therefore prefers the sweetened cereal. Which two variables are *confounded* in this experiment? -color of the cereal and children's gender -color of the cereal and sweetness of the cereal -sweetness of the cereal and amount of eating -children's gender and amount of eating

COLOR OF THE CEREAL AND SWEETNESS OF THE CEREAL

Which type of validity requires multiple research studies, usually conducted over a long period of time? -face -concurrent -predictive -construct

CONSTRUCT

A researcher is measuring social skills for pre-school children by observing their behavior during a play period. However, the researcher is concerned about the validity of the observational measure, so a questionnaire is sent home to each child's parents to obtain a second measure of social skill. The two measures are then compared to make sure that they agree. This is an example of establishing: -predictive validity -concurrent validity -convergent validity -divergent validity

CONVERGENT VALIDITY

Which of the following would not be an example of plagiarism? -presenting someone else's words as your own -presenting someone else's ideas as your own -paraphrasing someone else's words without giving them credit -copying someone else's words but using quotes and giving them credit with a citation

COPYING SOMEONE ELSE'S WORDS BUT USING QUOTES AND GIVING THEM CREDIT WITH A CITATION

A research study measures Facebook use and happiness for each participant. The study intends to determine whether there is a relationship between the two variables. The study is best characterized as _____ research. -correlational -experimental -descriptive -quasi-experimental

CORRELATIONAL

The Tuskegee study involved -infecting unsuspecting patients with live cancer cells -failing to provide treatment to men with syphilis -appearing to administer severe shocks to participants -exposing participants to extremes of freezing temperature

FAILING TO PROVIDE TREATMENT TO MEN WITH SYPHILLIS

The Nuremberg Code was developed -following war crimes trials after WWII in the 1940s -by APA following Milgram's obedience study in the 1960's -by the U.S. surgeon general following medical experiments in the 1970's -by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare to regulate prescription medications in the 1980's

FOLLOWING WAR CRIMES TRIALS AFTER WWII IN THE 1940S

What is Hypothesis B better than Hypothesis A? Hypothesis A: There will be no association between number of friends one has on Facebook and GPA. Hypothesis B: The more friends people have on Facebook, the lower their GPA/ -Hypothesis B is more likely to be true -The variables in Hypothesis B are easier to measure -If a study finds a relationship between Facebook friends and GPA, it refutes Hypothesis B -Hypothesis B is worded positively

HYPOTHESIS B IS WORDED POSITIVELY

Based on observations of his own children, Jean Piaget formed a general hypothesis about the cognitive development of all children. His hypothesis is an example of: - practical reasoning -deductive reasoning -inductive reasoning -predictive reasoning

INDUCTIVE REASONING

A research study has ____ if it produces a single, unambiguous explanation for the results. -internal validity -external validity -reliability -longitudinal capacity

INTERNAL VALIDITY

In a study with a group of individuals being tested over time, factors such as outside events (history) or practice threaten: -internal validity -external validity -inter-rater reliability -longitudinal reliability

INTERNAL VALIDITY

The advantage of using an operational definition is: -it guarantees a valid measurement -it guarantees a reliable measurement -it guarantees that other researchers will know exactly how you defined and measured your variables -all of the above are correct

IT GUARANTEES THAT OTHER RESEARCHERS WILL KNOW EXACTLY HOW YOU DEFINED AND MEASURED YOUR VARIABLES

A restaurant chef tried replacing rice with pasta in one of her recipes to see what would happen. Which method of acquiring knowledge is she using? -method of empiricism -scientific method -method of authority -rational method

METHOD OF EMPIRICISM

Which of the following forms of deception is not permitted? -lying to the participants about the purpose of the study -not telling participants about a possible risk in the study -observing participants who don't know they are being observed -causing participants to misunderstand the study

NOT TELLING PARTICIPANTS ABOUT A POSSIBLE RISK IN THE STUDY

What additional information is provided by measurements on an ordinal scale that is not provided by measurements from a nominal scale? -whether two individuals are the same or different -of two different measurements, which is the larger score -how much difference there is between two individuals -whether one score is more than two times larger than another

OF TWO DIFFERENT MEASUREMENTS, WHICH IS THE LARGER SCORE

Confederates in a study are -participants -experimenters -people who pretend to be experimenters -people who pretend to be participants

PEOPLE WHO PRETEND TO BE PARTICIPANTS

An EEG, heart rate, and brain activity are all examples of ______ measures. -self-report -survey -behavioral -physiological

PHYSIOLOGICAL

The textbook describes a study by Menzies & Lane (2012), in which the researchers asked whether student scores on a Student Risk Screening Scale were related to teacher ratings of student self-control. The purpose of this study was to establish _____ validity for the test. -face -concurrent -predictive -convergent

PREDICTIVE

A measurement procedure is reliable if it -produces measurements that are stable and consistent -measures what you intend it to measure -produces measurements that make sense -produces measurements that are obvious

PRODUCES MEASUREMENTS THAT ARE STABLE AND CONSISTENT

A researcher is conducting a state-wide political poll one week before the election. She decides to find equal numbers of Republicans, Democrats, and Independents. She does not have a complete list of registered voters, but seeks out participants until she gets the right proportion. What kind of sampling is being used? -stratified random -probability -quota -cluster

QUOTA

In the steps outlined for how scientific investigation works, reporting results is followed by: -evaluating the data -selecting the research design -refining or reformulating the research idea -determining how variables will be measured

REFINING OR REFORMULATING THE RESEARCH IDEA

A researcher is interested in the eating behavior of rats and selects a group of 25 rats to be tested in a research study. The group of 25 rats is a ____. -sample -statistic -population -paramete

SAMPLE

The names of all the students in a class are listed on separate pieces of paper. The teacher places all the boys' names in one hat, all the girls' names in another hat and mixes them thoroughly before reaching in to draw out five names from each hat The teaching is using: -simple random sampling -stratified random sampling -proportionate stratified random sampling -cluster sampling

STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

One way to detect fraud in research is to: -review the proposal by the IRB -review the proposal by the IACUC -verify all of the citations and references in the study -submit the article for peer review

SUBMIT THE ARTICLE FOR PEER REVIEW

A student who believes that his performance on tests is influenced by wearing a lucky hat is using which method of inquiry? -authority -tenacity -empiricism -faith

TENACITY

One criticism of a stratified random sample is: -it is not based on a random selection process -the overall composition of the sample may overrepresent small segments of the population -some segments of the population will not be included in the sample -too many subgroups are needed

THE OVERALL COMPOSITION OF THE SAMPLE MAY OVERREPRESENT SMALL SEGMENT OF THE POPULATION

Prior to the end of WWII, guidelines for research ethics were established by the Nuremberg Code by the APA Ethics Code by the National Research Act and Belmont Report There were no guidelines. Individual researchers were presumed to establish their own ethical guidelines

THERE WERE NO GUIDELINES

Which of the following is not a good example of a scientific hypothesis? -Academic performance will improve if students begin classes earlier in the day -There would be less racial tension today if Abraham Lincoln had not been assassinated -Children can learn a new language faster than adults can -People can respond faster to a sound stimulus than to a light stimulus

THERE WOULD BE LESS RACIAL TENSION TODAY IF LINCOLN HAD NOT BEEN ASSASSINATED

Passive deception refers to -deception that is not justified by the study's potential value -deception that is justified by the study's potential value -withholding information from participants -presenting misinformation to participants

WITHHOLDING INFO FROM PARTICIPANTS