research methods final (starred 8&9)

Chrissy flipped a coin 9 times, and each time it came up tails. If she flips the coin one more time, what is the theoretical probability that it will come up heads?

0.5

In a normal distribution curve, ____ of scores are within 2 standard deviations of the mean.

95%

_______________ looks at strength of the relationship between two or more variables and is generally used for prediction.

Correlational research

Alicia's score on the GRE Math section is in the 80th percentile. What does this mean?

Alicia scored the same or better than 80% of people who took it at the same time.

You have collected some data and have a significant result. You make an interpretation of the findings after the fact, interpreting the relationship as if it were causal. This is known as _______________.

Ex Post Facto Fallacy.

Expectations of the researcher that may affect the accuracy of observation is called_________. Examples of this are judgments while assessing a participant.

Experimenter Expectancy

___________________ refers to the experimenter unknowingly influencing the participants.

Experimenter reactivity

________________ or r2 refers to the percent of variability in responses explained by the independent variable.

Coefficient of Determination

are unavoidable without experimental control

Confounding variables

A study was conducted at an electrical company to determine if there was a relationship between productivity and work environment (increased light). Employee productivity seemed to increase due to the changes, but then decreased at after the experiment was over. The study first explained the tendency of some people to work harder and perform better when observed by others. This effect is known as the _____________.

Hawthrone Effect.

What is the appropriate measure of association for two ratio level variables? _________________________

Pearson's product-moment correlation

John is a student in Dr. Smith's anatomy class. Dr. Smith knows that John's parents are both surgeons and therefore believes that John will ace the course. Dr. Smith gives John more attention in class and calls on him to answer questions. John ends up getting an A in the class. This phenomenon is known as the _________ Effect.

Pygmalion

Which of the following would NOT be found in low-constraint research?

Random assignment of participants to conditions.

What is(are) the principle advantage(s) of low-constraint research?

You have the flexibility to adjust your focus depending on what you find.

The case-study level of constraint is used to study:

any behavior of any kind of subject in a relatively unconstrained setting

A correlation cannot prove a theory

but can negate a theory

Correlation does not prove _______________.

causation

In low-constraint research, the analysis of the data often involves _________ the observations to permit the researcher to count the frequency of certain categories of behavior.

coding

A researcher designs a study to determine whether female preschoolers prefer sweetened or unsweetened cereal. The researcher uses a box of sweetened colorful cereal that looks like Fruity Pebbles and a box of unsweetened tan colored cereal like Cheerios. The research finds that the group of preschoolers ate more of the sweetened colorful cereal and therefore prefers the sweetened cereal. Which two variables are confounded in this experiment?

color of the cereal and sweetness of the cereal

Any procedure used by the researcher to counteract potential threats to validity is a

control

A statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together is known as the_____________________.

correlation coefficient

In which level of research is there usually a single group of participants that is a representative sample of a larger population?

correlational

A study with a design that compares performance of people of different ages or at different times in history is known as

cross sectional design

A _______________ is one of the ways through which relationships between 2 nominal or ordinal variables can be shown.

cross-tabulation

Questions in a survey or research study about the characteristics of a participant, such as age, sex, or education level are

demographic variables

Differences between groups defined by preexisting variables is used in

differential research.

the potential biasing effect of the researcher.

experimenter expectancy

True or False: Correlational research is higher constraint compared to differential research.

false

True or False: Naturalistic observations are susceptible to experimenter reactivity.

false

True or False: The ideal control group is similar to experimental group on all variables except the independent variable that defines the group.

false

Type 1 error is also known as a _______________.

false positive error

External validity refers to

generalizability of findings.

A way to increase the power of a statistical test is to:

increase the sample size

In a laboratory setting, external validity is

increased if the researcher makes an attempt to create a natural environment.

It is essential to have _________________ for independent and dependent variables so that other researchers can replicate the study and produce the same results.

operational definitions

Subject effects can occur as a confounding factor when

participants are aware they are being observed.

During low-constraint research:

procedures are not specified

At the correlational level, the hypothesis is concerned with

relationships among variables that might be used to make predictions.

Researchers conducted a pre test and post test in order to measure patient's life satisfaction rating before and after treatment for depression. Assuming the data meet all the assumptions for using parametric tests, what type of test would be used to analyze this data?

repeated measures t-test

Which of the following is a example of a moderator variable?

socioeconomic status, race, sex

The correlation of honey produced in bee colonies in the U.S. and the number of juvenile arrests for drug possession is -0.93. Based on the correlation coefficient, what kind of relationship is this?

strong negative relationship

Replicating earlier findings by testing some theoretical or procedural modification of the original is

systematic replication.

What is the major purpose of controls in research?

to counteract threats to validity

True or False: A limitation of cross sectional research designs is that the details of individuals get lost in between all the different groups.

true

True or False: In Differential data, the independent variable is measured, not manipulated.

true

True or False: In low constraint research, results can be generalizable to similar participants.

true

True or False: One of the limitations of low constraint research is that observations are dependent on the observational skills of the researcher.

true

True or false: Low constraint research is valuable as it can suggest hypotheses for higher constraint research in the future.

true

______________is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true.

type 1 error

A way to control for experimenter expectancy effects include:

use of objective measures

The concept that a procedure really does test what it is supposed to test is called

validity.

Which of the following is a example of archival research?

Analyzing patient's medical records

If you wanted to quantify the degree of relationship between academic achievement and creativity, which correlation coefficient would you want to use?

It would depend on how the variables were measured.

________________ refers to a research design where a group of participants are followed over time.

Longitudinal design

_______________ can occur when participants know that they are being observed.

Measurement reactivity

This type of hypothesis assumes that there is no relationship between 2 variables. _____________________

Null hypothesis

What is the appropriate measure of association for one ordinal and one ratio level variables? ______________________________

Spearman rank order correlation

__________________is a measure of variance describes how much participants or results vary from the mean.

Standard deviation

Which of the following issues complicate the use of unobtrusive measures?

There is an ethical issue of measuring people's behavior without their knowledge or permission.

The experimental hypothesis of a study is that a newly developed drug will cure a hangover. The investigator sets a high alpha level (.001) and as a result, he/she does not reject the null hypothesis, even though the drug does actually seem to work. This is an example of a ________error.

Type 2

If the null hypothesis is that a person is not guilty of a crime. The person is judged as guilty when he did not actually commit a crime. This is an example of a __________ error.

Type I error

The probability of not rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false is know as ____________.

Type II error

An asset of longitudinal designs is that

it offers a fine grained perspective of development of a particular skill

A level of significance _____________ would lead you to reject the null hypothesis

less than .05

The ______________ or linear regression is drawn through a scatterplot indicating a negative or positive correlation between two variables.

line of best fit

What price is paid for using high-constraint research?

loss of flexibility

Differential research is used when

manipulation of the independent variable is impractical

Researchers must be particularly alert to ________ when conducting research with growing children.

maturational changes

In interval data, the ___________ is often the best measure of central tendency.

mean

In ordinal data, the ___________ is often the best measure of central tendency.

median

In nominal data, the __________ is often the best measure of central tendency.

mode

This graph describes a _________________ distribution.

negatively skewed