research quiz 2

Paraphrasing another author's paragraph by substituting one or two words in each sentence & then adding one citation to the author at the end of the paragraph:

may constitute plagiarism because the original material has not be sufficiently modified to constitute a proper paraphrase

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the mentoring relationship?

mentors teach trainees about aspects of academic life that are not covered in textbooks

lit reviews differ from original research papers because they don't include..

methods or results

continuing review of an approved and ongoing study posing more than minimal risk that was initially approved by a convened IRB

most occur within 12 months of the approval date

according to federal regulations, the expedited review process may be used when the study procedures pose:

no more than minimal risk and the research activities fall within regulatory categories identified as eligible

If a researcher creates the idea for a project and is not listed in the preferred author order position on resulting publications, is this considered to be research misconduct under federal policy?

no; instead it is a type of authorship dispute

According to the federal regulations, human subjects are living individuals about whom an investigator conducting research obtains info through interaction or intervention with the individual, and uses, studies or analyzes the information, or:

obtains, uses, studies, analyzes, or generates identifiable private info

The Belmont Report's principle of respect for persons incorporates at least two ethical convictions: first, that individuals should be treated as autonomous agents and second, that:

persons with diminished autonomy are entities to protection

According to U.S. Federal Research Misconduct Policy, which of the following is considered to be research misconduct?

plagarism

Reviewers have a responsibility to promote ethical peer review by:

preserving the confidentiality of the submission

In addition to pregnant women, fetuses, and neonates, another subpart of the HHS regulations provides additional protections for which of the following vulnerable populations?

prisoners

a medical record is an example of:

private information

When authors summarize the work of others, they typically should:

provide a condensed version of the original material

As part of the consent process, the federal regulations require researchers to:

provide potential subjections with information at the appropriate reading comprehension level

a census is a regularly-occurring and official count of a particular population. Census Fata available at the US Census bureau website are an example of:

public info

A study was submitted to the IRB designed to evaluate the effect of background noise on an individual's ability to concentrate and answer questions. The IRB approved the study and consent form. The consent form includes all the required information. The use of a consent form is an example of the Belmont principle of:

respect for persons

What statement about risks in social & behavioral sciences research is most accurate?

risks are specific to time, situation & culture

meta-analysis is also called..

systematic review

A professor at Big State University is writing a biography about Bill Gates and conducting oral histories with all of Bill Gates' friends, family members, and business acquaintances. The researcher submits the research proposal to the institution's IRB. What action can he expect by the IRB?

the IRB will not review this study bc it is not research as defined by the federal regulations

Which of the following is the most important step to take if authors believe that their manuscript was reviewed unfairly?

the author can contact the editor with their concerns

The reuse of one's previously published material in a new journal article is most appropriate if:

the author informs all the relevant parties & obtains permission to do so

Which author is normally responsible for sharing reprints of a publication with readers?

the corresponding author

Which of the following most accurately describes the responsibilities of a trainee in the mentoring relationship?

the trainee must take an active role in the relationship and clearly communicate needs & expectations

According to federal research misconduct policies, what is the maximum number of consecutive words that one can use before it is classified as an instance of plagiarism?

there is no official, federal standard for the number of consecutive words that can be used

A researcher leaves a research file in her car while she attends a concert and her car is stolen. The file contains charts of aggregated numerical data from a research study with human subjects, but no other documents. The consent form said that no identifying information would be retained, and the researcher adhered to that component. Which of the following statements best characterizes what occurred?

there was neither a violation of privacy nor a breach of confidentiality

What is the primary responsibility of oversight bodies (such as IRB or IACUC)?

to determine compliance with regulatory requirements, including those relating to protecting research subjects

Which statement best describes was an IRB is responsible for reviewing?

Research involving a human subject

The three ethical principles discussed in the Belmont Report:

Respect for persons, beneficence, justice

In a longitudinal study that will follow children from kindergarten through high school and will collect information about illegal activities, which of the following confidentiality procedures would protect against compelled disclosure of individually identifiable information?

Securing a certificate of confidentiality

A general requirement for informed consent is that no informed consent may include any exculpatory language. Exculpatory language is that which waives or appears to waive any of the subject's legal rights or releases or appears to release those conducting the research from liability for negligence. Which of the following statements in a consent form is an example of exculpatory language?

Taking part in the research is voluntary, but if you choose to take part, you waive the right to legal redress for any research-related injuries

Which of the following is empowered by the U.S. federal government to review and approve research activities involving vertebrate animals?

The Institutional Animal Care & Use Committee

Which of the following most directly contributed to the establishment of the National Research Act & the creation of the Belmont Report?

The Tuskegee Study

Which of the following is true regarding the use of animals in research?

The attending veterinarian must be allowed to have access to all research animals at all times

A criterion for waiving informed consent is that, when appropriate, subjects are provided additional pertinent information after the study. In which of the following studies would it NOT be appropriate to provide subjects with information about missing elements of consent:

A study in which subjects were assigned to study activities based on an undesirable or unflattering physical characteristic as assessed by members of the research team.

Which statement most accurately describes the process leading to the development of the Nuremberg Code

It was created in response to the harms caused by Nazi researchers around the time of the Second World War

An example cited in the Belmont Report (The National Commission 1979) stated that "During the 19th and early 20th centuries the burdens of serving as research subjects fell largely upon poor ward patients, while the benefits of improved medical care flowed primarily to private patients." This is an example of a violation of which Belmont principle?

Justice

according to the federal regulations, which of the following studies meets the definition of research w human subjects?

a cognitive psychologist enrolls undergrad students for a computer-based study about the effect of mood on problem-solving behaviors

The entity that normally is supposed to determine whether an academic researcher's conflict of interest can be managed is:

a conflict of interest committee

Which of the following statements best exemplifies the importance of mentoring?

a mechanism to transmit values & standards of professional conduct

Which of the following is most likely to create a poor relationship between a mentor & a trainee?

a mentor who recruits trainees merely for the mentor's own career advancement

If a friendship with an applicant could interfere with a hiring decision, this is typically referred to as:

a personal conflict of interest

Which of the following statements is true regarding the responsibilities of a reviewer?

a review's conflict of interest should be disclosed to the journal editor or grant agency

What is the most appropriate course of action for a trainee who has a problem with a mentor?

after trying to communicate directly with the mentor, the trainee should seek advice from a senior person that the trainee trusts

If there is sufficient evidence to proceed, what is the next main phase that takes place after the inquiry in response to a research misconduct allegation?

an investigation

Which of the following is the general guideline that IACUCs use to evaluate the potential pain of a procedure conducted with animals?

any procedure that causes pain or distress in human beings may cause pain or distress in other animals

Identify one way faculty researchers can possibly avoid undue influence of student subjects?

avoid recruiting their own students in the research

A therapist at a free university clinic treats elementary school children with behavior problems who are referred by a social service agency. She is also a doctoral candidate who proposes using data she has and will collect about the children for a case-based research project. Which of the following statements about parental permission is correct?

The parents of the children might feel pressure to give permission to the therapist to use their children's data so that she will continue to provide services to their children.

If disclosure of a subject's involvement in a specific research study can be potentially harmful to the subject, and the consent form is the only record linking the subject to the research, which of the following would be most helpful:

obtain a waiver of documentation of informed consent

Which of the following statements about the relationship between an institution and the institution's IRB(s) is correct?

officials of the institution may overrule and IRB approval

Crystal clear theory refers to the notion that:

the financial details of a project should be explained plainly enough so that a non-expert would be able to understand them

A waiver of the requirement for documentation of informed consent may be granted when:

the only record linking the subject & the research is the consent document and the principal risk is a breach of condientiality

According to the federal regulations, research is eligible for exemption, if:

the research falls into one of eight categories of research activity described in the regulations

Which of the following most accurately describes the process that must occur when working with research animals covered by U.S. federal regulations?

the research team must obtain IACUC approval for the proposed research procedures prior to starting the work

When a focus group deals with a potentially sensitive topic, which statement about providing confidentiality to focus group participants is correct?

the researcher cannot control what participants repeat about others outside the group

Proper paraphrasing of a sentence written by someone else may be accomplished by:

using your own words & writing voice to express the idea converses in the sentence

The researcher's failure to protect research subjects from deductive disclosure of identity is the primary ethical violation in which of the following studies?

"Tastes, Ties & Time (T3" study

Under the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (HHS) and US Food & Drug Admin regulations, what is the institutional review board charged with?

- Protecting the rights and welfare of human subjects.- Assuring that researchers follow all applicable institutional policies and federal regulations related to research with human subjects.- Reviewing subject recruitment materials and strategies.

Where could student researchers and/or student subjects find additional resources regarding the IRB approval process?

-faculty advisor/research mentor -IRB office

editor sends submitted manuscript to how many reviewers?

3

Award documentation is typically required to be prepared & submitted within how long after the end of a project period:

90 days

What statement best describes information that must be included in a consent form?

A description of the research's potential benefits and risks

Which of the following constitutes both a breach of confidentiality (the research data have been disclosed, counter to the agreement between researcher and subjects) and a violation of subjects' privacy (the right of the individuals to be protected against intrusion into their personal lives or affairs)?

A faculty member makes identifiable data about sexual behavior available to graduate students, although the subjects were assured that the data would be de-identified.

A researcher wants to do a web-based survey of college students to collect information about their sexual behavior and drug use. Direct identifiers will not be collected; however, IP addresses may be present in the data set. Risk of harm should be evaluated by:

both the magnitude (or severity) and the probability (or likelihood) of harm

Which of the following statements is true regarding authorship practices?

both within & between disciplines, practices differ w regard to who should be included as an author, and in what order they should be listed

Which of the following most accurately describes what effort reporting is supposed to capture?

compensated activities

Which of the following is a responsibility of each author?

confirming that data have been accurately presented in the paper

Which of the following is true about conflicts of interest?

conflicts of interest increase the likelihood of bias

The main reason that the Royal Society of London developed the modern form of peer review was to:

control the quality of published papers

A student plans on interviewing 15 principals in neighboring high schools. The student plans to collect data about the personal experiences the principals have had with disruptive students, including the types of disciplinary actions that were taken (including decisions they may have personally made) and their feelings or thoughts regarding whether those actions were appropriate. The research data collected could have an impact on the principals' careers. The student will collect identifiers. This study would be subject to which type of review?

convened review

Which of the following is true regarding data acquisition?

data acquisition should follow a detailed collection plan that is set in advance

Which of the following is true regarding data analysis?

data analysis methods should usually be specified in advance before a study begins

Data are made anonymous by

destroying all identifiers connected to the data

A student is conducting a research project that involves the use of a survey. The survey asks subjects about their highest level of education, political affiliation, and views on various social issues. The student will not collect identifiable information. This study would be subject to which type of review?

determination of exemption

Which of the following is an example of how the principle of beneficence can be applied to a study employing human subjects?

determining that the study has a maximization of benefits and a minimization of risks

Which justification would an IACUC most likely accept if a research team plans to withhold pain relief from animals during a project?

documented evidence that the analgesic agent will interfere with the aims of the project

Which of the following statements is true concerning data selection?

establishing a data selection strategy prior to collecting data decreases the chance of a biased outcome

A researcher wishes to study generational differences in coping mechanisms among adults who experienced abuse as children. Adequate measures will be instituted to obtain informed consent and ensure that there is no breach of confidentiality. The most likely additional risk is that some subjects may:

experience emotional or psychological distress

Which of the following is true regarding research misconduct?

federal funding agencies typically rely on an institution to make the initial response to an allegation of research misconduct

Which type of research misconduct most likely occurred if someone intentionally removes data points from the data set in order to generate a deceptive conclusion?

flasification

Which of the following is the primary criterion for the authorship?

having made a significant intellectual contribution to the work

The two main criteria that the National Science Foundation (NSF) uses to evaluate grant proposals are:

intellectual merit & broader impact

Which of the following studies is linked most directly to the establishment of the National Research Act in 1974 and ultimately to the Belmont Report and federal regulations for human subject protection

PHS Tuskegee Study

Which of the following is true regarding authors who seek to publish the same content in multiple papers?

if the same content is used in multiple papers, it is essential that this info be properly disclosed to journal editors & other relevant entities

Risk of harm in social & behavioral sciences generally fall in three categories, which are:

invasion of privacy, breach of condientiality & study procedures

Which of the following most accurately describes a 2 CFR Part 200.425(2) audit?

it is an annual audit of an organization that receives over a certain threshold of federal funds each year

Which of the following most accurately describes voluntary committed cost sharing?

it means that the cost share is quantified in the proposal but not required by the sponsor

Which of the following most accurately describes an institutional conflict of interest?

it occurs when an institution's financial or non-financial interests could interfere with its research activities

Which of the following most accurately describes a conflict of commitment?

it occurs when outside activities interfere with obligations to one's primary employer

Which of the following most accurately describes data lifecycle management (DLM)?

it refers to the tools & processes for handling data during a research study & after it concludes

A researcher submits a study to the IRB that proposes to evaluate a new after-school on-line tutoring program for middle-school students in a local school district examining the effect on student grades. She proposes to perform this assessment at the school that her children attend, because she is familiar with the school district. Students may use either their personal smartphone or computer to participate in the program. This study might be determined to be violating which principle of the Belmont Report?

justice