respiratory

C. What is a chemoreceptor?

(groups of neurons specialized to "read" chemical levels of the body).

E. What is a baroreceptor?

(groups of neurons specialized to detect blood pressure)

M. What is gas transport?

(movement of gases between the lungs and body tissues and body tissues and the lungs)

F. What is the function of the Hering-Breuer reflexes?

(prevents over-expansion or over-deflation of the lungs)

A. What is the definition of respiration?

- the exchange of gases between living cells and the environment

R. What is internal respiration? Describe this process.

- the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between tissue blood capillaries and tissue cells. The O2 that is transported to the tissues will be dropped off and CO2 will be picked up. This results in oxygenated blood being converted into deoxygenated blood. While O2 diffuses from the tissue blood capillaries into the tissue cells, CO2 diffuses in the opposite direction.

The three divisions of the pharynx are the...

Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

G. Eupnea is defined as...

Normal quiet breathing

What are the structures associated with the lower respiratory system?

Nose Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx

What are the structures associated with the upper respiratory system?

Nose Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx

B. What are the 4 activities that are required for respiration to occur properly?

Pulmonary ventilation External respiration Gas transport Internal respiration

other functions of the respiratory system

Regulation of blood pH - by regulating carbon dioxide levels it affects blood pH Voice production - moving air past the vocal chords Olfaction - sense of smell occurs when airborne molecules are drawn into the nasal cavity Protection - prevents entry of some microorganisms into the body and by removing them from the respiratory surfaces (trap them in mucus and cough them up or swallow the mucus)

Know the anatomy of the lungs, which is larger, which has three lobes... why does one lung only have 2 lobes?

Right lung has 3 lobes, left lung has 2 lobes

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

Supply cells of the body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide that is produced by cellular activities

C. Define pulmonary ventilation.

The act of moving air in and out of the lungs, a.k.a. breathing.

L. Describe how external respiration occurs.

The oxygen is carried by Hemoglobin (Hb) Oxygen + Hemoglobin = HbO2 (or oxyhemoglobin) It travels via pulmonary circulation to the tissue cells where it is dropped off Alveoli have a higher oxygen concentration than in the blood, so simple diffusion of oxygen occurs from the lungs to the blood. The opposite occurs at the body tissues (O2 diffuses from the blood to the body tissue cells) At the same time, the blood entering the lungs has a high concentration of carbon dioxide - deoxygenated blood returning from the body tissues The alveoli have a low concentration CO2 So diffusion of CO2 occurs from the blood to the alveoli. CO2 is carried back to the alveoli in the plasma by an ion called Bicarbonate (HCO3-) and to a lesser degree by RBC (20-30%) To release the CO2 from the bicarbonate it binds with H+ to make carbonic acid (H2CO3) H2CO3 CO2 + H2O CO2 blood alveoli The reverse happens from the body tissue cells to the blood CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

What is surfactant?

These are lubricating substances that allow the alveoli to remain inflated while you exhale.

What are the 2 types of cells of the alveoli and what is the function of each?

Type I pneumocytes- Most of the gas exchange between air and blood occurs through these cells. Type II pneumocytes- produce surfactants

B. What is sputum?

a mixture of saliva and mucus coughed up from the respiratory tract, typically as a result of infection or other disease and often examined microscopically to aid medical diagnosis.

H. What is compliance?

compliance of the lungs is a measure of how much force is required to fill and empty the lungs.

F. What is the importance of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to the pulmonary ventilation process?

diaprag, and intercostal muslces contract and relax to inspirate and expirate air

C. What is the dead space volume?

he volume of air which is inhaled that does not take part in the gas exchange, either because it (1) remains in the conducting airways, or (2) reaches alveoli that are not perfused or poorly perfused

J. What are 3 factors that can affect compliance? (atelectasis)

health, pysiology, aging

I. Do you want a high or low compliance? Explain.

higher comliance bc The lower the compliance, the greater the force required to fill and empty the lungs.

A. What are the 2 centers of the brain that control the respiratory rhythm and depth?

medulla and pons

B. What are the specific functions of the medulla and the pons?

medulla- Sets the basic rhythm of breathing in response to blood oxygen levels and tissue needs pons- smoothes out the basic rhythm of inspiration and expiration set by the medulla.

D. What is the difference between the chemoreceptors of the blood and those of the medulla?

of the medulla - these receptors respond only to carbon dioxide and pH levels of the cerebrospinal fluid.

What are the functions of the nose?

passage of air, cleans the air, humidifies + warms air, smell, speech

D. What is the fancy term for breathing?

pulmonary ventilation

Where in the lungs does gas exchange occur?

the alveoli

K. What is external respiration?

the exchange of gases between the ALVEOLI and the BLOOD in the lungs

What is the common name for the pharynx?

throat

The voice box is protected by the

thyroid cartilage (adams apple)

What respiratory structure is known as the windpipe?

trachea

What are the 2 divisions of the respiratory system?

upper & lower

C. What are some causes of pneumonia?

viruses, bacteria, or fungi

What is the common name of the larynx?

voice box

i. Tidal volume

yhe lung volume representing the normal volume of air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation when extra effort is not applied

E. Describe how inspiration/expiration occurs.

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, then the passive process of the thoracic cage and muscles relaxing