Respiratory System

Identify the equation which represents the alveolar ventilation rate.

(volume of air inhaled - dead space) x (respiratory rate)

Normally, the systemic blood value for PCO2 is __________.

40 mm Hg

You place an empty, sealed plastic bottle in the freezer. When you remove the bottle 4 hours later it has collapsed. This is an example of which gas law?

Charles's Law

__________ law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases.

Dalton's

__________ law states that the amount of gas dissolved in water is determined by its solubility in the fluid and the partial pressure of the gas in the surrounding air.

Henry's

Identify the two factors that facilitate systemic unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin.

PO2 lower in surrounding tissues than RBCs binding of protons to hemoglobin lowers its affinity for oxygen

Hypoxic drive refers to a condition where the respiratory centers of the brainstem respond to __________.

PO2 of arterial blood

__________ is a general term for a drop in the pH of blood below 7.35.

acidosis

Identify the role of the pontine (pneumotaxic) respiratory group.

adjusts respiratory rate based on stimuli from limbic system or cerebral cortex

An acid-base imbalance in which the blood pH is higher than 7.45 is:

alkalosis

The exchange of gases across the respiratory membranes is called:

alveolar gas exchange

The conducting zones of the respiratory system are referred to as the __________ because they are incapable of respiration.

anatomical dead space

Identify the most common way that carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.

as bicarbonate

Where does systemic gas exchange occur?

at the capillary networks of the tissues

__________ is the collapse of a lobe or lung due to equalizing the intrapleural and atmospheric pressure.

atelectasis

The majority of carbon dioxide is transported through the blood in the form of __________.

bicarbonate

Identify the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.

bicarbonate ion dissolved gas carbaminohemoglobin

The chloride shift occurs during carbon dioxide loading and is accomplished when

bicarbonate ions are transported out of the RBC chloride ions are transported into the RBC

Airway resistance in the lungs is most affected by the constriction of the __________.

bronchioles

Carbon dioxide loading into the blood occurs in the:

capillary networks

The enzyme found in erythrocytes that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions, is __________ __________.

carbonic anhydrase

Identify the factors detected by the peripheral chemoreceptors.

changes in blood pH changes in blood CO2 concentration changes in blood oxygen concentration

Pulmonary __________ describes the EASE with which the lungs expand during breathing.

compliance

The elastic components of the lungs, bronchial tree:

conserve energy by facilitating recoil during exhalation

Hemoglobin the is not transporting any oxygen is called:

deoxyhemoglobin

Identify the two principal muscles or muscle groups responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration.

diaphragm intercostals

The ___________ respiratory group receives input from chemoreceptor and adjusts the respiratory rate accordingly.

dorsal

Relaxed, quiet breathing is called __________.

eupnea

Decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity will result in __________.

expiration

The __________ neurons inhibit the inspiratory neurons of the ventral respiratory group.

expiratory

True or false: The residual volume may be expelled with a forceful expiration.

false, even after maximum voluntary expiration, there remains a residual volume of about 1,300 mL

True or false: depending on the metabolic needs of a tissue, all of the oxygen transported by a red blood cell may be unloaded at a systemic capillary.

false, some oxygen stays in the blood as the venous reserve. This oxygen can sustain life for about 5 minutes in case of respiratory arrest.

True or false: The majority of dissolved carbon dioxide in the blood is transported by carbaminohemoglobin.

false, the majority of carbon dioxide in the blood is part of the carbonate/bicarbonate buffering system

A person expelling air while yelling is performing __________ breathing.

forced

The __________ is the volume or air or percentage of the vital capacity, that can be exhaled in a specific amount of time.

forced expiratory volume

Evidence suggests that ventilation increases more quickly in response to:

high levels of CO2

The term __________ describes a condition where there is an excess of CO2 in arterial blood.

hypercapnia

The condition called __________ occurs when arterial CO2 concentrations fall below normal.

hypocapnia

Describe the effect that oxygen, bound to hemoglobin, has on the affinity of that particular hemoglobin molecule for more oxygen.

increased affinity for oxygen

Identify the factors that would DECREASE the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

increased temperature increased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBCs decreased tissue PO2 decreased blood pH

__________ is the intake of air during the respiration cycle.

inspiration

Identify the two aspects of the respiratory cycle.

inspiration expiration

The sum of the tidal and inspiratory reserve volumes is a measure of the __________ capacity.

inspiratory

In a healthy individual, which of these volumes would have the greatest numerical value?

inspiratory reserve volume

Identify the principle synergistic muscles of resting respiration.

internal intercostals external intercostals

The __________ pressure refers to the slight vacuum (-4 mm Hg) that exists between the visceral and parietal pleural membranes.

intrapleural

According to Boyle's Law, the pressure of a given quantity of gas is __________ proportional to its volume.

inversely

Coughing and bronchoconstriction may result when __________ receptors are stimulated within the epithelium of the airway.

irritant

Carbon monoxide is a serious health threat because:

it competes with oxygen for the same heme binding

Indicated which of these occur during exhalation.

lung volume decreases, intrapulmonary pressure increases

Identify the two locations that contain respiratory control centers.

medulla oblongata pons

Identify the four predominant components of inspired air:

nitrogen oxygen carbon dioxide water vapor

Central chemoreceptors in the brain stem that are involved in respiratory control most directly respond to changes in:

pH

Individuals with pulmonary diseases have increased:

physiological dead space

A(n) __________ is a clinical condition characterized by the presence of air in the pleural cavity.

pneumothorax

Identify the origin of voluntary stimuli for respiration.

primary motor cortex

Identify the factors which add up to the functional residual capacity.

residual volume expiratory reserve volume

Identify the correct formula for calculating total lung capacity.

residual volume + vital capacity

Emphysema is a respiratory disorder that results in the loss of alveoli. Which of the following factors of alveolar gas exchange would be affected by emphysema?

respiratory membrane surface area

A(n) __________ disorder decreases the extent to which a lung can inflate and thereby decreasing vital capacity.

restrictive

__________ receptors respond to the degree of inflation of the lungs/alveoli.

stretch

The lungs of premature infants often develop respiratory distress syndrome. Explain why these infants experience alveolar sac collapse.

surfactant is not produced yet in adequate quantities

Identify the best description of the expiratory reserve volume.

the amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume

Which of the following statements correctly describes what happens during inspiration?

the diaphragm contracts, lungs expand and intra-alveolar pressure decreases

The the hemoglobin molecule, oxygen binds to:

the heme group

__________ volume is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during quiet breathing.

tidal

__________ maneuver entails increasing inter abdominal pressure by trying to exhale with the glottis closed.

valsalva

What factor in alveolar gas exchange is dependent upon the efficiency of blood supply to the respiratory membranes?

ventilation-perfusion coupling

The __________ respiratory group sets the basal respiratory rate which may then be adjusted by commands from the pontine and/or dorsal respiratory groups.

ventral

The sum of the expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume is the __________ capacity.

vital