Respiratory System

Six Functions Respiratory System

1. Provides an area for gas exchange between the blood and air. 2. Carbon dioxide out, oxygen in. 3. Protects the surfaces of the lungs and trachea from dehydration, temperature changes, and pathogens. 4. Produces sounds needed for speech. 5. Aids the sense of smell. 6. Helps regulate pH of internal environment.

excessive blood acidity caused by an overabundance of acid in the blood or a loss of bicarbonate from the blood (metabolic acidosis), or by a buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood that results from poor lung function or slow breathing (respiratory acidosis).

Acidosis

Connection of respiratory bronchioles to individual and multiple alveoli.

Alveolar Ducts

Common chambers connected to multiple alveoli. 150 million in each lung . Give lungs spongy appearance * Simple squamous eprthelium.

Alveolar sacs

Air - filled pockets within the lungs where all gas exchange but and takes place.

Alveoli

The pressure of a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a constant temperature.

Boyle's law

Formed by primary bronchi and their branches. Primary Bronchi Left nut of lung Right Sec. bronchi Secondary bronchi tertiary Tertiary Smaller Bronchi Smaller bronchi Bronchioles Terminal Resp

Bronchial Tree

Branching of the tertiary broadness branches several time within a brunchopuimonary segment - Dominated by smooth muscle tissue - Changes in diameter control resistance to airflow and the distribution of air in the lungs - controlled by CNS

Bronchioles

70% as bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) 23% bound to hemoglobin 7% dissolved in plasma

Carbon dioxide transport

How easily the lung expand

Compliance

Total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture

Dalton's Law

False

Epiglottis

Forms a lid over the glottis Composed of elastic cartilage

Epiglottis

Includes all the processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide b/t the body's interstitial fluids and external environment . 1. Pulmonary Ventilation. 2. Gas diffusion. 3. Transport of oxygen & CO2

External Respiration

The diffusion of O2 & CO2 between the alveoli & blood across the respiratory membrane

External respiration

- made up of vocal folds. - Vestibular folds help prevent foreign objects from entering the open glottis.

Glottis

1.A cartilaginous tube that protects the glottis 2. Has incomplete cartilaginous walls 3. That are stabilized by ligament and skeletal muscle. 4. Closed during swallowing Open during breathing

Larynx, Voice box have 4 components

1. Common pathway for food & air. 2.Funnel-shaped region that connects the nasal cavity & mouth to the larynx & esophagus inferiorly. 3. Walls are made of skeletal muscle.

Pharynx throat

One of the cells lining the alveoli (the air sacs) in the lung.

Pneumocyte

lines the concocting portion of the Respiratory system

Respiratory Mucosa

? Membrane thickness Where gas exchange occurs. 3 layers 1. Squamous Epithelial calls line alveolus. 2. Endothelial cells - line adjacent capillary. 3. Tused basement mem lie b/t the alveolar & endothelial cells.

Respiratory membrane

Passageways that carny all to and from the exchange surfaces of the lungs

Respiratory tract

Conducting branches.

Terminal Bronchioles

- Diaphragm. - External intercostal muscles.

The Respiratory muscles * Primary Respiratory muscle

Branch into left & right bronchi. Have C- Shaped ring Right bronchus is larger.

The primary Bronchi

Tough but flexible "windpipe", anterior to esophagus - contains -Submucosa - Tracheal cartilages * under control of Sympathetic division of the CNS.

The trachea

Produce surfactant keeps alveoli open reduces surface tension.

Type 2 Pneumocytes

Involves erythrocytes Efficiency depends on how long an RBC stays in alveolar capillaries

Unload CO2 and load O2

the enzyme thats speeds the reaction to carbon dioxide

carbonic anadrase Answer

Factors including temperature, blood pH, and partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide can all influence the rate at which hemoglobin binds or releases oxygen molecules.

hemoglobin

surface tension which prevents alveoli from sticking together & allows for easier gas exchange

surfactant