respiratory system

The peripheral chemoreceptors detect changes in which of the following?

- Blood pH - Blood oxygen saturation - Blood carbon dioxide saturation

Identify the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.

- Carbaminohemoglobin - Dissolved gas - Bicarbonate ion

Which two factors contribute most to airflow resistance?

- Diameter of the bronchioles - Lung compliance

Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration?

- Diaphragm - Intercostals

Which locations contain the brainstem respiratory centers?

- Medulla oblongata - Pons

What are the four predominant components of inspired air?

- Oxygen - Nitrogen - Water vapor - Carbon dioxide

The nasal septum is composed of which of the following types of tissue?

-Bone -Hyaline cartilage

How is air modified as it passes through the meatus in between two nasal conchae?

-It is cleansed. -It is humidified. -It is warmed.

Which structures enter the lung at the hilum?

-Lymphatic vessels -Blood vessels -Nerves

Which two terms describe the anterior openings of the nasal cavity?

-Nostrils -Nares

The respiratory system does which of the following?

-Supplies the body with oxygen -Plays a role in regulating blood pressure -Assists in the removal of carbon dioxide -Functions in vocalization and speech

Which are functions of the larynx?

-To keep food and drink out of the airway -To produce sound

Which structures are responsible for generating sounds within the larynx?

-Vocal folds -Vocal cords

Identify the components of a respiratory membrane.

-endothelial cell of capillary -one shared basal lamina -Type 1 (squamous) alveolar cell

A normal residual volume would be ______ mL of air.

1200

About how much air is in the anatomic dead space?

150 mL

How many lobes make up the left lung?

2

A normal inspiratory reserve volume would be ______ mL of air.

3000

How many oxygen molecules are bound to a fully loaded hemoglobin molecule?

4

Which term refers to an acid-base imbalance in which the blood pH is lower than 7.35?

Acidosis

________ refers to a shift in the pH of blood above 7.45.

Alkalosis

Which term refers to the exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane?

Alveolar gas exchange

Gas exchange between the air and the blood occurs in which of the following?

Alveoli

Which term refers to the conducting zones of the respiratory system because they are incapable of gas exchange?

Anatomical dead space

Where is the trachea located?

Anterior to the esophagus

How is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

As bicarbonate

Where does systemic gas exchange occur?

At the capillary networks of the tissues

Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration?

Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area.

Carbon dioxide is transported in different forms in the blood. What is the most common form?

Bicarbonate ion

According to this figure, most of the carbon dioxide you exhale comes from which of the following?

Bicarbonate ions transported into the RBCs and used to generate free CO2.

Airway resistance in the lungs is usually controlled by changing the diameter of which of the following?

Bronchioles

The ring of hyaline cartilage located inferior to the thyroid cartilage is called the ___________ cartilage.

Cricoid

Which ring-shaped cartilage forms the inferior part of the voice box?

Cricoid cartilage

Which term refers to relaxed, quiet breathing?

Eupnea

The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

The amount of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval.

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)

In a healthy individual, which of these volumes would have the greatest numerical value?

Inspiratory reserve volume

As the thoracic cavity expands, the visceral pleura clings to the parietal pleura, and the surface of the lung is pulled outward. Why does this increase in lung volume cause inspiration?

Intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than atmospheric pressure.

Which of these occurs during exhalation?

Lung volumes decrease and intrapulmonary pressure increases.

What is the respiratory membrane?

Membrane through which gases are exchanged in the alveolus

Which best defines alveolar gas exchange?

Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane

Which term refers to the most superior portion of the pharynx, posterior to the nasal cavity, and extending to the soft palate?

Nasopharynx

Which gas has the greatest partial pressure in inspired air?

Nitrogen

What is the serous membrane that encloses each lung?

Pleura

Which term describes the ease with which lung tissue expands during breathing?

Pulmonary compliance

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration.

Residual Volume (RV)

Which term refers to the volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation?

Residual volume

The pleurae are which type of membrane?

Serous

Name the lobes of the human left lung.

Superior and inferior

Which term refers to the exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body's cells?

Systemic gas exchange

What airway supplies air to a single bronchopulmonary segment of the lung?

Tertiary bronchus

Which best describes the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume

Why do the lungs expand along with the thoracic cage during inspiration?

The cohesion of water causes the visceral pleura to cling to the parietal pleura.

Which best describes what happens during exhalation?

The diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out

What does oxygen bind to in the hemoglobin molecule?

The heme group

What is the intrapleural pressure?

The pressure in the fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleurae

Oxygen loading in the lungs decreases hemoglobin's affinity for H+. How does this promote alveolar gas exchange?

The released H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood.

Which cartilage forms the anterior wall of the larynx and is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages?

Thyroid cartilage

The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing

Tidal Volume (TV)

What is the correct calculation for vital capacity?

Tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus inspiratory reserve volume

Which structure conducts air from the larynx to the primary bronchi?

Trachea

Pulmonary compliance is reduced in which of the following?

Tuberculosis patients

Which component of the respiratory center is responsible for setting the basal respiratory rate and providing output to the muscles of respiration?

Ventral respiratory group

Most of the surface area for gas exchange within the respiratory system is found within the many ________ of the lungs.

alveoli

The ______ of the lung is the rounded superior peak of the lung.

apex

The ______ of the lung is the broad concave surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm.

base

Most carbon dioxide in the blood is transported in the form of ______ dissolved in the plasma.

bicarbonate

Where are the respiratory control centers located?

brainstem

The central ______ in the brainstem are neurons that sense changes in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid.

chemoreceptors

The posterior nasal apertures are also called the ______.

choanae

Irritants in the lower respiratory system may stimulate which of the following?

coughing

Which muscle (or muscle group) is the prime mover of respiration, producing about two-thirds of pulmonary airflow?

diaphragm

Movement of air out of the lungs is called ______.

expiration

The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after exhalation of the tidal volume is the ______ reserve volume.

expiratory

True or false: Intrapleural pressure is always greater than atmospheric pressure

false

The concave surface of the lungs where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves and the primary bronchi enter and leave contains a slit. This slit is called the ______.

hilum

During the respiratory cycle, the intake of air is called ______.

inspiration

The ______ is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea.

larynx

Which term refers to the portion of the lung ventilated by one secondary bronchus?

lobe

More than half of the body's blood platelets are made by megakaryocytes in the ______.

lungs

The cardiac notch is the indentation located on the ______ surface of the left lung that accommodates the heart.

medial

The ______ is the portion of the pharynx found superior to the soft palate at the back of the oral cavity.

nasopharynx

How many primary bronchi serve the right lung?

one

Central chemoreceptors in the brain stem that are involved in respiratory control respond most directly to changes in which of the following?

pH

Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are called ______ chemoreceptors.

peripheral

Aspirated objects that enter the trachea are more likely to lodge in which primary bronchus?

right

The ______ lung has three lobes and two fissures.

right

Tertiary bronchi are also called ______ bronchi.

segmental

The nasal ______ separates the nasal cavity into left and right halves.

septum

Which aspect of the lung is known as the apex?

superior

The names of the secondary bronchi of the right lung are ______.

superior, middle, and inferior

Name the lobes of the human right lung.

superior, middle, inferior

The right lung has how many secondary bronchi?

three

The laryngeal prominence (also called the "Adam's apple") is an anterior peak on the ________cartilage, the largest of the laryngeal cartilages

thyroid

_______ volume is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a respiratory cycle.

tidal

Which term refers to the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during one cycle of quiet breathing?

tidal volume

True or false: When the diaphragm contracts and lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops.

true

Nasal conchae are also called ______.

turbinates

The ______ respiratory group sets the basal respiratory rate which may then be adjusted by commands from the pontine and/or dorsal respiratory groups.

ventral

The sum of the expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume is the __________ capacity.

vital