respiratory system
The peripheral chemoreceptors detect changes in which of the following?
- Blood pH - Blood oxygen saturation - Blood carbon dioxide saturation
Identify the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.
- Carbaminohemoglobin - Dissolved gas - Bicarbonate ion
Which two factors contribute most to airflow resistance?
- Diameter of the bronchioles - Lung compliance
Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration?
- Diaphragm - Intercostals
Which locations contain the brainstem respiratory centers?
- Medulla oblongata - Pons
What are the four predominant components of inspired air?
- Oxygen - Nitrogen - Water vapor - Carbon dioxide
The nasal septum is composed of which of the following types of tissue?
-Bone -Hyaline cartilage
How is air modified as it passes through the meatus in between two nasal conchae?
-It is cleansed. -It is humidified. -It is warmed.
Which structures enter the lung at the hilum?
-Lymphatic vessels -Blood vessels -Nerves
Which two terms describe the anterior openings of the nasal cavity?
-Nostrils -Nares
The respiratory system does which of the following?
-Supplies the body with oxygen -Plays a role in regulating blood pressure -Assists in the removal of carbon dioxide -Functions in vocalization and speech
Which are functions of the larynx?
-To keep food and drink out of the airway -To produce sound
Which structures are responsible for generating sounds within the larynx?
-Vocal folds -Vocal cords
Identify the components of a respiratory membrane.
-endothelial cell of capillary -one shared basal lamina -Type 1 (squamous) alveolar cell
A normal residual volume would be ______ mL of air.
1200
About how much air is in the anatomic dead space?
150 mL
How many lobes make up the left lung?
2
A normal inspiratory reserve volume would be ______ mL of air.
3000
How many oxygen molecules are bound to a fully loaded hemoglobin molecule?
4
Which term refers to an acid-base imbalance in which the blood pH is lower than 7.35?
Acidosis
________ refers to a shift in the pH of blood above 7.45.
Alkalosis
Which term refers to the exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane?
Alveolar gas exchange
Gas exchange between the air and the blood occurs in which of the following?
Alveoli
Which term refers to the conducting zones of the respiratory system because they are incapable of gas exchange?
Anatomical dead space
Where is the trachea located?
Anterior to the esophagus
How is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
As bicarbonate
Where does systemic gas exchange occur?
At the capillary networks of the tissues
Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration?
Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area.
Carbon dioxide is transported in different forms in the blood. What is the most common form?
Bicarbonate ion
According to this figure, most of the carbon dioxide you exhale comes from which of the following?
Bicarbonate ions transported into the RBCs and used to generate free CO2.
Airway resistance in the lungs is usually controlled by changing the diameter of which of the following?
Bronchioles
The ring of hyaline cartilage located inferior to the thyroid cartilage is called the ___________ cartilage.
Cricoid
Which ring-shaped cartilage forms the inferior part of the voice box?
Cricoid cartilage
Which term refers to relaxed, quiet breathing?
Eupnea
The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
The amount of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval.
Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)
In a healthy individual, which of these volumes would have the greatest numerical value?
Inspiratory reserve volume
As the thoracic cavity expands, the visceral pleura clings to the parietal pleura, and the surface of the lung is pulled outward. Why does this increase in lung volume cause inspiration?
Intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than atmospheric pressure.
Which of these occurs during exhalation?
Lung volumes decrease and intrapulmonary pressure increases.
What is the respiratory membrane?
Membrane through which gases are exchanged in the alveolus
Which best defines alveolar gas exchange?
Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane
Which term refers to the most superior portion of the pharynx, posterior to the nasal cavity, and extending to the soft palate?
Nasopharynx
Which gas has the greatest partial pressure in inspired air?
Nitrogen
What is the serous membrane that encloses each lung?
Pleura
Which term describes the ease with which lung tissue expands during breathing?
Pulmonary compliance
The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration.
Residual Volume (RV)
Which term refers to the volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation?
Residual volume
The pleurae are which type of membrane?
Serous
Name the lobes of the human left lung.
Superior and inferior
Which term refers to the exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body's cells?
Systemic gas exchange
What airway supplies air to a single bronchopulmonary segment of the lung?
Tertiary bronchus
Which best describes the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?
The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume
Why do the lungs expand along with the thoracic cage during inspiration?
The cohesion of water causes the visceral pleura to cling to the parietal pleura.
Which best describes what happens during exhalation?
The diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out
What does oxygen bind to in the hemoglobin molecule?
The heme group
What is the intrapleural pressure?
The pressure in the fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleurae
Oxygen loading in the lungs decreases hemoglobin's affinity for H+. How does this promote alveolar gas exchange?
The released H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood.
Which cartilage forms the anterior wall of the larynx and is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages?
Thyroid cartilage
The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing
Tidal Volume (TV)
What is the correct calculation for vital capacity?
Tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus inspiratory reserve volume
Which structure conducts air from the larynx to the primary bronchi?
Trachea
Pulmonary compliance is reduced in which of the following?
Tuberculosis patients
Which component of the respiratory center is responsible for setting the basal respiratory rate and providing output to the muscles of respiration?
Ventral respiratory group
Most of the surface area for gas exchange within the respiratory system is found within the many ________ of the lungs.
alveoli
The ______ of the lung is the rounded superior peak of the lung.
apex
The ______ of the lung is the broad concave surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm.
base
Most carbon dioxide in the blood is transported in the form of ______ dissolved in the plasma.
bicarbonate
Where are the respiratory control centers located?
brainstem
The central ______ in the brainstem are neurons that sense changes in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid.
chemoreceptors
The posterior nasal apertures are also called the ______.
choanae
Irritants in the lower respiratory system may stimulate which of the following?
coughing
Which muscle (or muscle group) is the prime mover of respiration, producing about two-thirds of pulmonary airflow?
diaphragm
Movement of air out of the lungs is called ______.
expiration
The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after exhalation of the tidal volume is the ______ reserve volume.
expiratory
True or false: Intrapleural pressure is always greater than atmospheric pressure
false
The concave surface of the lungs where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves and the primary bronchi enter and leave contains a slit. This slit is called the ______.
hilum
During the respiratory cycle, the intake of air is called ______.
inspiration
The ______ is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea.
larynx
Which term refers to the portion of the lung ventilated by one secondary bronchus?
lobe
More than half of the body's blood platelets are made by megakaryocytes in the ______.
lungs
The cardiac notch is the indentation located on the ______ surface of the left lung that accommodates the heart.
medial
The ______ is the portion of the pharynx found superior to the soft palate at the back of the oral cavity.
nasopharynx
How many primary bronchi serve the right lung?
one
Central chemoreceptors in the brain stem that are involved in respiratory control respond most directly to changes in which of the following?
pH
Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are called ______ chemoreceptors.
peripheral
Aspirated objects that enter the trachea are more likely to lodge in which primary bronchus?
right
The ______ lung has three lobes and two fissures.
right
Tertiary bronchi are also called ______ bronchi.
segmental
The nasal ______ separates the nasal cavity into left and right halves.
septum
Which aspect of the lung is known as the apex?
superior
The names of the secondary bronchi of the right lung are ______.
superior, middle, and inferior
Name the lobes of the human right lung.
superior, middle, inferior
The right lung has how many secondary bronchi?
three
The laryngeal prominence (also called the "Adam's apple") is an anterior peak on the ________cartilage, the largest of the laryngeal cartilages
thyroid
_______ volume is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a respiratory cycle.
tidal
Which term refers to the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during one cycle of quiet breathing?
tidal volume
True or false: When the diaphragm contracts and lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops.
true
Nasal conchae are also called ______.
turbinates
The ______ respiratory group sets the basal respiratory rate which may then be adjusted by commands from the pontine and/or dorsal respiratory groups.
ventral
The sum of the expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume is the __________ capacity.
vital