Respiratory/Digestive Lecture Exam

Oral cavity, pharynx

Two anatomical regions involved in the mechanical breakdown of food

Motility in the small intestines is controlled in part by all of the following except

VIP

Triglycerides, steroids, phospholipids and fat-soluble vitamins that are coated with proteins are called

chylomicrons.

Which structures in the respiratory epithelium help transport mucus out of the lower respiratory system and into the pharynx for expulsion?

cilia

A feature of the digestive tract wall that increases surface area available for absorption is the

circular folds

lung

consists of large lobes

What can result from weakening of digestive smooth muscle with age?

constipation inflammation of the haustra hemorrhoids Any of these conditions can occur with age-related weakening of the digestive smooth muscle.

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term myenteric plexus?

coordinates activity of muscularis externa

epiglottis

covers the opening to the trachea during swallowing

As an astronaut is lifted into Earth's orbit, what is the first change to take place in response to the drop in cabin pressure?

decreased alveolar PO2

Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues?

decreased pH

Name the primary muscles of inspiration

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

The respiratory mucosa consists of

epithelium and underlying layer of areolar tissue

The nasogastric tube will be inserted through the nose, travel through the pharynx and will ultimately end in the stomach. After passing through the pharynx, what long muscular passageway will the NG tube pass through to get to the stomach?

esophagus

Haustra are

expansible pouches of the colon.

The openings to the nasal cavity are the

external nares.

The structure that marks the division between the right and left lobes of the liver is the

falciform ligament.

Bile salts improve chemical digestion by emulsifying the __________ into tiny emulsion droplets called _________

fatty acids; micelles

Salivation is controlled almost entirely by the nervous system. Which of the following stimuli would inhibit salivation?

fear

Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system?

filtration

vocal cord

folds of mucus membrane containing elastic fibers responsible for sounds

G cells of the stomach secrete

gastrin

Which of the following contains adipose tissue and provides padding for the anterior and lateral portions of the abdomen?

greater omentum

The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the

hard palate.

enamel

hardest substance in the body, covers the crown of tooth

The stomach is different from other digestive organs in that it

has three layers of muscle in the muscularis externa.

The essential functions of the liver include all of the following except

hormonal regulation

Parietal cells secrete

hydrochloric acid

Intrinsic and extrinsic movements of the tongue are controlled by the ________ cranial nerves.

hypoglossal

The purpose of the fecal transplant is to get healthy bacteria inside the digestive tract so they can colonize the large intestine. After the fecal transplant is deposited into the stomach, it must pass through the small intestine before reaching its target. What is the name of the last part of the small intestine before it connects to the large intestine?

ileum

Tony is a chronic alcoholic with cirrhosis of the liver, a condition in which liver cells die and are replaced by connective tissue. Which of the following signs would you not expect to observe in Tony?

impaired erythropoiesis

Which pressure remains negative throughout the respiratory cycle?

intrapleural

Boyle's law states that the pressure of a gas is

inversely proportional to the volume of its container

Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because

it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.

Which class of sensory receptor can modify respiratory reflexes?

nociceptors, chemoreceptors, stretch receptors

Colon

organ primarily involved in water absorption and feces formation

Small intestine

organ responsible for most food and water absorption

The ________ is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.

oropharynx

The exocrine portion of the pancreas is composed of

pancreatic acini

A physician palpates the painfully swollen salivary glands just anterior to a young boy's ears and confirms that the mumps vaccine must not have been effective. What is the name of the infected salivary glands?

parotid salivary glands

Functions of the tongue include all of the following except

partitioning the oropharynx from the nasopharynx.

pharynx

passageway for air and food

Chief cells secrete

pepsinogen

Each tooth is held in the alveolar socket by the

periodontal ligment

Which muscle(s) are responsible for pushing the bolus towards the esophagus?

pharyngeal constrictors

The ________ is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems.

pharynx

Surfactant is produced by what cell type in the alveolus?

pneumocytes Type II

pleural cavity

potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura

ileocecal valve

prevents food from moving back into the small intestine once it has entered the large intestine

The ________ branch from the trachea at the carina.

primary bronchi

The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is

respiratory distress syndrome.

In response to the hormone cholecystokinin, the pancreas secretes a fluid

rich in enzymes

The prominent ridges in the lining of the empty stomach are called

rugae

An increase in HCl (hydrochloric acid) arriving in the duodenum would stimulate which hormone that would help to counteract the effects of HCl?

secretin

The intestinal hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release a watery, bicarbonate-rich fluid is

secretin

A stratified squamous epithelial lining can be found in all of the following except in the

stomach

The epithelium lining the oropharynx is

stratified squamous

The ________ salivary glands are covered by the mucous membrane in the floor of the mouth.

sublingual

Air flows between nasal conchae through the

superior, middle, and inferior nasal meatuses.

The glottis is

the opening to the larynx.

Functionally, which is more important to respiratory efficiency?

Alveolar ventilation rate

Hard palate

Anteriosuperior boundary of the oral cavity, supported by bone

Which breathing center promotes inhalation by stimulating the DRG?

Apneustic center

If a person contracts pneumonia, inflammation occurs in the lobules of the lung, causing fluid leakage into the alveoli. Which of the following best describes the effect this has on gas exchange.

As the alveoli fill with fluid, air cannot reach the alveolar surface and gas exchange cannot occur, compromising the function of the respiratory membrane

The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats.

12-18

__________ percentage of carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin forming __________

23%, carbaminohemoglobin

The following is a list of some airways. What is the order in which air passes through them? 1. lobar bronchus 2. bronchioles 3. alveolar ducts 4. primary bronchus 5. respiratory bronchiole 6. alveoli 7. terminal bronchiole

4, 1, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6

Put the following layers of the digestive tract wall in order from the lumen to the deepest layer. 1. lamina propria 2. muscularis externa 3. submucosa 4. digestive (mucous) epithelium 5. serosa 6. muscularis mucosae

4, 1, 6, 3, 2, 5

Villi

Fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area

Colon

Major site of vitamin k and b formation by bacteria

cricoid cartilage

Most inferior portion of larynx

Tuberculosis results from an infection by the bacterium

Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Which of the following is false concerning the process known as cotransport?

Only neutral compounds such as sugars are transported.

Tongue

Organ that mixes food in the mouth and initiates swallowing

Small intestine

Organ that receives pancreatic juice and bile

liver

Organ which produces many digestive and excretory functions, stores and processes nutrients, synthesizes new mo,exiles and detoxifies harmful chemicals

Pancreas

Organ which secretes a variety of digestive enzymes, including trypsin and lipases

Part complete The dangling process that aids in keeping food out of the nasopharynx is known as the

uvula

Soft palate

uvula hangs from its posterior edge

The serous membrane that covers the lungs is the

visceral pleura.

If a patient inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's

vital capacity.

Vitamins are organic molecules that are cofactors in many metabolic pathways. One of the important functions of the bacteria in the large intestine is to generate three vitamins: biotin and B12, which are both water soluble, and a third fat-soluble vitamin that is especially important in blood clotting. What is the fat-soluble vitamin produced by the bacteria in the colon?

vitamin K

glottis

vocal folds including the opening between them

A pair of ligaments covered by laryngeal epithelium that function in sound production are the

vocal folds.

What do the gastroenteric reflex and the gastroileal reflex have in common?

They both respond to signals associated with the distension of the stomach wall.

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

bicarbonate ions

The secretion in the large intestine consists of which of the following?

bicarbonate- and potassium-rich mucus

Rate

breaths per minute; at rest ~12/minute

Which of the following answers correctly lists the phases of the swallowing process before the bolus enters the stomach?

buccal pharyngeal esophageal

Becky is experiencing indigestion and pain. The doctor also notes ascites formation in her abdomen. What is ascites?

buildup of peritoneal fluid in the peritoneal cavity

Carbon dioxide and water combine to form

carbonic acid

In order for the respiratory system to maintain homeostatic tissue levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide, it must coordinate constantly with the __________ system.

cardiovascular

Which of the following is not a component of the portal triad found at the edges of a liver lobule?

central vein

HCl secretions convert pepsinogen to the active hormone pepsin. What cells in the gastric pits produce pepsinogen?

chief

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

max amount that can be exhaled (after TV) with the help of accessory muscles.

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

max amount that can be inhaled (on top of TV) with help of accessory muscles

The ________ are double sheets of peritoneal membrane that suspend the visceral organs and carry nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels.

mesenteries

The ________ supports all but 25 cm of the small intestine and provides stability and limited movement.

mesentery proper

alveolus

microscopic air sac for gas exchange

The lamina propria and mucous epithelium are components of the

mucosa

The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms a(n)

mucus escalator.

An important component of the lamina propria in the upper respiratory system is

mucus glands.

Sandwiched between the layer of circular and longitudinal muscle in the muscularis externa is the

myenteric plexus.

What is the name of the structures projecting from the lateral surfaces of the nasal cavity that function to create turbulence and help humidify and warm the incoming air

nasal conchae

Appendix

Blind sac hanging from the cecum

During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion,

CNS sensory or cognitive activation increases neural stimulation of the stomach.

Why do circular muscles contract behind the bolus while longitudinal muscles contract ahead of the bolus?

Circular muscles contract behind the bolus to push the bolus forward while longitudinal muscles contract ahead of the bolus to shorten that segment of the digestive tract.

Pharynx

Common passage for food and air

Proper digestion requires the coordinated effort of many hormones with various effects. How do gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and secretin influence digestion?

Gastrin: - released during cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases - released in response to the presence of partially digested peptides - secreted by the stomach and duodenum - has stimulatory effect on parietal cells and chief cells Choleocystokinin: - released only during the intestinal phase independent of pH level Secretin: - released during the intestinal phase when the pH drops below 4.5

The physiological effects of nitrogen in the human body are not fully understood as of yet except during decompression sickness. Decompression sickness occurs when the partial pressure of nitrogen drops and nitrogen no longer stays in solution but forms bubbles, causing tremendous pain in joints. This relationship between partial pressure and solubility is explained in

Henry's law

What statement does NOT pertain to the cephalic phase of gastric secretion

It controls the rate at which chyme enters the small intestine.

If the volume of the lungs increases, what happens to the air pressure inside the lungs?

It decreases

Which of the following statements about the trachea is false?

It is completely wrapped in smooth muscle.

Parotid glands

Largest of the salivary glands

Microvilli

Projections of the plasma membrane of a cell that increase the cell's surface area

Which of the following is true regarding digestion and absorption in the stomach?

Protein digestion begins in the stomach.

What is Eupnea?

Relaxed (quiet) breathing.

Which of the following describes the local response in the stomach during the gastric phase of gastric regulation?

Released histamines stimulate parietal cells to secrete acid.

haustra

Sac-like outpocketings of the large intestine wall

Which of the following hypotheses would address the question of why salivary amylase and lingual lipase do not work in the stomach?

Salivary amylase and lingual lipase do not work below a pH of 4.5.

peritoneum

Serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity

Pyloric sphincter

Sphincter, controlling the movement of food from the stomach into the duodenum

Esophageal sphincter

Sphincter, that when malfunctioning, causes heartburn.

Duodenum

Structure into which the stomach empties

messentery

Structure that suspends the small intestine from the posterior body wall

Which of the following statements correctly contrasts the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) and the ventral respiratory group (VRG)?

The DRG is mainly active during inspiration, while the VRG is primarily active during expiration.

In a condition known as pneumothorax, the integrity of the pleural cavity is lost, which leads to a collapsed lung. What is one explanation for why this occurs?

The pleural fluid that bonds (surface tension) the visceral and parietal pleurae together is broken by air.

The movement of nutrients from the digestive tract lumen across the epithelium is called

absorption

The functions of the oral cavity include all of the following except

absorption of monosaccharides.

Functions of the stomach include all of the following except

absorption of triglycerides

In response to a steak dinner, certain secretions are needed to aid digestion. What cells in the pancreas would provide these secretions?

acinar cells

Which of the following variables is NOT monitored by the medullary breathing centers?

air humidity

Tidal Volume (TV)

air moved in and out in 1 cycle of normal, quiet breathing; ~500 mL in adults

Alveolar ventilation (AV)

air reaching alveoli/min

If the production of surfactant by type II alveolar cells is inadequate, which of these changes is expected?

alveolar collapse increased inspiratory effort increased surface tension in the liquid coating the alveolar surface

The respiratory portion of the respiratory tract includes the

alveoli.

Residual volume (RV)

amount that cannot be exhaled.

Both sneezing and coughing are examples of protective reflexes triggered by irritation. Sneezing and coughing both involve a disruption in respiration. What is the formal name for the period when respiration is suspended?

apnea

The part of the small intestine most likely to develop an ulcer from exposure to gastric juice is the

duodenum

When the inspiratory muscles relax, the rib cage returns to its original position as a result of

elastic rebound.

Total alveolar surface area is reduced in

emphysema

Bile salts aid in the digestion of fats by ________ large fat droplets.

emulsifying

Hormones are released from the mucosa layer by these cells?

enteroendocrine cells

Dalton's law states that

in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.

nasal conchae

includes air turbulence and surface area of nasal mucous membrane

All of the following are changes we can expect to see in respiratory performances as we age EXCEPT a(an)

increase in lung compliance

Which of the following is not an age-related change in respiratory performance?

increased respiratory minute volume

Which of these changes will DECREASE the effectiveness of gas exchange across the respiratory membrane?

increased thickness of the respiratory membrane

A patient with a connective tissue disease experiences increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Over a period of time, you would expect to observe

increased thickness of the right ventricular wall.

In patients with emphysema, the alveolar surface area decreases, thereby decreasing the area available for gas exchange. In addition, vascularity declines, making it harder still to transport adequate amounts of oxygen. Which of the following would help an emphysema patient bind as much oxygen as possible with the limited heme units available?

inhaling oxygen at higher partial pressures

The villi are most developed in the

jejunum

The layer of loose connective tissue that directly supports the digestive epithelium is the

lamina propria

Which organ is responsible for dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials?

large intestine

The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because

large masses of food can move through the esophagus

Which respiratory organ has a cardiac notch?

left lung

What provides access for blood vessels entering and leaving the liver?

lesser omentum

Lung cancer claims more lives than other cancers, according to the CDC. Because of their high mitotic rate, epithelial cells are particularly prone to tumor formation. Choose the best answer as to where within the respiratory tract you would NOT find such epithelial cells.

lining the pharynx within the walls of the alveoli lining the trachea

Esophagus

literally a food chute; has no digestive or absorptive role

The structure of the respiratory epithelium changes along the respiratory tract. In addition to mucous cells, what other type of cells are found lining the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and the superior portion (trachea and bronchi) of the lower respiratory system?

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells

The part of a tooth that contains blood vessels and nerves is the

pulp cavity

What is the name of the structure that connects the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine?

pyloric sphincter

Functions of the large intestine include

reabsorption of water and compaction of feces.

During exercise, which of the following contract for active exhalation?

rectus abdominis and internal intercostal muscles

sinus

reduces weight of skull, contains cells that produce mucus and improves our voice

Anal canal

region, containing two sphincters, through which feces are expelled from the body

The defecation reflex involves

relaxation of both the internal and external anal sphincters.

External respiration includes all of these processes EXCEPT

release of carbon dioxide by tissue cells

Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from

thick secretions that are difficult to transport.

The largest cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage.

thyroid

Which of these is NOT a function of the respiratory system?

transport RBCs (red blood cells) to the tissues