Review Questions for Cognition Final

Transfer appropriate processing predicts that: A. Encoding and retrieving semantically increases memory performance. B. Encoding a word semantically and retrieving how the word sounds increases memory performance. C. Encoding and retrieving something in a happy mood increases memory performance. D. Shallow encoding decreases memory performance.

A. Encoding and retrieving semantically increases memory performance.

Which of the following is FALSE about experts? A. Experts tend to stick to their initial hypothesis when they are solving problems B. Experts must practice a great deal to become experts C. Experts' memory system is organized differently than that of novices. D. Experts sometimes make mistakes

A. Experts tend to stick to their initial hypothesis when they are solving problems

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is caused by A. LTM. B.STM. C. sensory memory. D. implicit memory.

A. LTM.

The Goodale and Milner study found that a subject with damage to her temporal lobe was not able to correctly match the orientation of a card held in her hand to the orientation of the slot. However, the subject was able to correctly fit the card through the slot when asked to do so. This finding was interpreted as showing that: A. Perception and action are processed in separate pathways in the brain. B. Perception and action are processed in the same pathway in the brain. C. Perception and action are two different labels describing the same mental process. D. Perception and action are interdependent and cannot be separated.

A. Perception and action are processed in separate pathways in the brain.

The Ungerleider and Mishkin experiment, where they removed different parts of a monkey's brain to see how it affects object and landmark discrimination tasks, suggests that: A. Spatial information is independent of information relating to identifying objects. B. Removing areas of the parietal lobe does not affect decision-making. C. Spatial information relies on having information regarding the identity of an object. D. Brain ablation is not a sound method for studying the brain.

A. Spatial information is independent of information relating to identifying objects.

The average person, on an average problem, is likely to see _______________ structure A. Surface B. Deep

A. Surface

While recognition memory is typically very good, the difficulty of a recognition test can be heavily influenced by: A. The distractors. B. The environmental context. C. A person's schemas. D. How many features compose the object.

A. The distractors.

One of the important findings of the Greeble experiment, where some participants were trained to be able to recognize the differences between the characteristics of Greebles, was that: A. The fusiform face area (FFA) contains neurons that can respond to different complex objects in addition to faces. B. The fusiform face area (FFA) contains neurons that can only respond to faces in an environment. C. Participants are unable to recognize complex objects, such as Greebles, even when trained extensively. D. Participants can recognize complex objects, such as Greebles, but only if they share characteristics similar to a human face.

A. The fusiform face area (FFA) contains neurons that can respond to different complex objects in addition to faces.

In class and in the book it was shown that simple shapes might be perceived as either a mound or an indentation. This was best explained by: A. The light-from-above heuristic. B. The law of familiarity. C. Local contrast. D. Familiar size.

A. The light-from-above heuristic.

The early filter model predicts the following characteristic of an unattended message will be picked up by the listener: A. The loudness. B. Semantic information

A. The loudness.

Fast talkers have ________ phonological loop capacity compared to slower talkers. A. a larger. B. a smaller. C. the same.

A. a larger.

In a memory study, participants are asked to listen to 6 separate lists of words. After each list is read, the participants try to recall as many words from that list as they can. In the first 5 lists, all of the participants heard lists of different types of fruits. For the 6th list, half of the participants heard a list of vegetables, and the other half heard a list of cars. The group that heard the list of cars would have __________ memory of their 6th list compared to the group that heard the list of vegetables. A. better B. worse C. an equivalent memory for the cars, but would mistakenly include fruits in their recall

A. better

Skeletal conditioning is A. classical conditioning with a motor response as a conditioned response. B. classical conditioning when the response is not yet well formed. C. a type of learning that appears to be classical conditioning, but that is actually supported by declarative memory. D. any classical conditioning task that could easily be mistaken for operant conditioning because it looks like it includes a response and a reward.

A. classical conditioning with a motor response as a conditioned response.

An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies _____ reasoning. A. deductive B. intuitive C. falsification D. inductive

A. deductive

Mental imagery involves A. experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input. B. mental representations of the current sensory inputs. C. sensory representations of a stimulus. D. all of these

A. experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is A. family resemblance. B. prototypicality. C. the definitional view. D. instance theory.

A. family resemblance.

Emotions that you experience at the time you make a choice that are unrelated to the choice A. influence choice behavior B. don't influence choice behavior

A. influence choice behavior

The scene of a human sitting at a computer terminal, responding to stimuli flashed on the computer screen, would mostly likely be described as depicting a(n) ____experiment A.information processing B. analytic introspection C. operant conditioning D. behaviorist

A. information processing

The idea that the mind can be represented as operating in a sequence of stages, often represented by boxes, allows cognitive psychologists to develop ____ that can be tested by further experiments. A. models B. approaches C. memories D. cognitive maps

A. models

By using a(n) , a country could increase the percentage of individuals agreeing to be organ donors dramatically. A. opt-out procedure B. opt-in procedure C. pragmatic reasoning schema D. permission schema

A. opt-out procedure

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the area of the brain known as the _____ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory. A. prefrontal cortex B. amygdala C. hippocampus D. occipital lobe

A. prefrontal cortex

the occipital lobe is A. the first place in the cerebral cortex where visual info is received b. important for lang, memory, hearing and vision c. important for higher functions such as lang, thought, and memory, as well as motor functioning d. where signals are received from the snesory system for touch

A. the first place in the cerebral cortex where visual info is received

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on A. the self-reference effect. B. a mass practice effect. C. the integrative experience effect. D. semantic memory.

A. the self-reference effect.

Connectionist theory states that a particular object (like a canary) is identified by activity in the specific "canary" output unit of the network. A. true B. false

A. true

Some researchers have proposed that there are a special type of neurons that support mental imagery, dubbed "imagery neurons." A. true B. false

A. true

the likelihood principle states that A. we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received B. we perceive size to remain the same size even when objects move to different distances C. it is easier to perceive vertical and horizontal orientations D. feature detectors are likely to create a clear perception of an object

A. we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine A. what information a person is attending to while solving a problem. B. which people can be considered more creative in ability to solve problems. C. how to develop computer programs that best mimic human problem solving. D. how a person's expertise increases his or her likelihood of solving a problem, relative to a beginner.

A. what information a person is attending to while solving a problem.

People tend to overestimate A. what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings. B. what positive feelings will occur following a decision more so than negative feelings. C. what positive and negative feelings will occur following a decision to the same degree. D. subjective utility values following a decision.

A. what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings.

the Premack principle holds that: A. For an animal to learn a complex behavior, it must first learn smaller steps that eventually lead to the desired behavior. B. A reinforcer can be created if you restrict something that a participant does when behaving freely. C. Delaying a reward after a behavior interferes with learning that behavior. D. A reinforcer is something that allows a participant to return to homeostasis.

B. A reinforcer can be created if you restrict something that a participant does when behaving freely.

Patrick falls and hurts his head while skiing. Afterwards, he has a difficult time remembering new events that take place. This condition is called: A. Retrograde amnesia. B. Anterograde amnesia. C. Front lobe damage. D. Poor semantic memory.

B. Anterograde amnesia.

In a pretest, experimenters discovered that Chihuahuas are not considered highly typical dogs and that Labrador Retrievers are. During an experiment, participants were told that Chihuahuas are picky eaters whereas Labrador Retrievers are not. Then they are asked how likely it was that a German Shepard was a picky eater. Participants are most likely to: A. Believe the German Shepard is a picky eater. B. Believe the German Shepard is not a picky eater. C. Be unsure of the eating habits of a German Shepard.

B. Believe the German Shepard is not a picky eater.

Tachistoscopic identification is the task in which people identify briefly presented words—they are more likely to correctly identify words they saw previously. Amnesic patients: A. Don't display this advantage. B. Do display this advantage. C. Only display this advantage with highly emotional words. D. Only display this advantage with concrete nouns.

B. Do display this advantage.

According to Anne Triesman's feature integration theory of attention, ___________ in the focused attention stage. A. Objects are analyzed into features. B. Features of an object are combined. C. Perception occurs. D. The semantic characteristics of an object are interpreted.

B. Features of an object are combined.

The Gestalt Laws are best described as: A. Algorithms. B. Heuristics. C. A paradox. D. Building blocks for language interpretation.

B. Heuristics.

Shepard and Metzler's (1971) experiment on mental rotation found that participants took longer to mentally rotate an image a greater number of degrees of difference between two images. This implies that: A. Mental imagery is propositional. B. Mental imagery may share similar features to perception. C. Mental imagery is relational. D. Mental imagery is easy to interfere.

B. Mental imagery may share similar features to perception.

In lecture, Professor Willingham gave an example where President Barack Obama was found to be very similar when compared to a pack of chewing gum. This example was to demonstrate: A. The gradient nature of typicality. B. Similarity can be influenced by what features are used as comparison. C. A person's face can have high similarity when compared to many other objects, and hence are not "special." D. The exemplar model is very inclusive.

B. Similarity can be influenced by what features are used as comparison.

Subjects see an image of a mailbox in a bedroom. The mailbox will be recognized at a ______ rate when presented in the bedroom compared to being presented in a more typical setting, such as in front of a house. A. Faster because the mailbox stands out as an inappropriate object B. Slower because context helps you figure out individual objects C. At the same because context affects entire scenes, not individual objects.

B. Slower because context helps you figure out individual objects

Which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery, that is, imagery as studied by introspectionist psychologists? A. Imagery is based on spatial mechanisms like those involved in perception. B. Thought is always accompanied by imagery. C. People can rotate images of objects in their heads. D. Imagery is closely related to language.

B. Thought is always accompanied by imagery.

People are better at keeping a list of _______ nouns in short term memory. A. abstract B. concrete

B. concrete

Which of the following types of studies are generally used to investigate whether or not animals have a theory of mind? A. object permanence studies B. deception studies C. causality studies D. mirror studies

B. deception studies

Knowing the capital of California, but not being able to remember when you first learned it, is an example of how A. semantic memory can bias episodic memory. B. episodic memories can "grow into" or "become a gateway to" semantic memory. C. semantic memories are easier to form than episodic memories. D. episodic memories last longer than semantic memories.

B. episodic memories can "grow into" or "become a gateway to" semantic memory.

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the A. spacing effect. B. generation effect. C. cued recall effect. D. multiple trace hypothesis.

B. generation effect.

The first experiments in cognitive psych were based on the idea that mental responses can be: A. measured directly B. inferred from the participant's behavior C. measured by comparing the presentation of the stimulus and the participants response D. measured by comparing responses among different participants

B. inferred from the participant's behavior

The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT A. initial state. B. operators. C. goal state. D. intermediate states.

B. operators.

1. Ebbinghaus was the 19th cent psychologist who tested his own ability to learn nonsense syllables like "luh" and "dax." These experiments were important bc they A.described complex decision making B.plotted functions that described the operation of the mind C.were the first ot combine basic elements of experience called sensations D. showed how positive reinforcers strengthen behavior

B. plotted functions that described the operation of the mind

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" or "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the _____ approach to categorization. A. exemplar B. prototype C. network D. parallel processing

B. prototype

People will be most successful at noticing an analogous relationship between problems if they focus on A. surface features. B. structural features. C. operators. D. mental sets.

B. structural features.

Flanker compatibility experiments have been conducted using a variety of stimulus conditions. By definition, this procedure must include at least one target and one distractor. In any condition where we find that a distractor influenced reaction time, we can conclude that the distractor: A. was overtly responded to by the participant. B. was processed. C. was ignored. D. appeared in a high-load condition.

B. was processed.

The main point of Donder's reaction time experiments described in Chapter 1, in which he administered different reaction time tasks to subjects and subtracted times from one task from times from another task 2 was to: A.Show that reaction times can be measured carefully B.Measure the amount of time it takes to make a decision C.Determine differences in the way people react to a stimuli D.Show that our cognitions are often based on unconscious inferences

B.Measure the amount of time it takes to make a decision

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning? A. Last night, at the grocery store, Cole ran into a psychology professor he took a class with three semesters ago. He recognized her right away. B. Even though Walt hasn't been to the beach cottage his parents owned since he was a child, he still has many fond memories of time spent there as a family. C. Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, if she's in a good mood and she happens to hear "their song" (the first song they danced to) on the radio, she finds herself caught up in happy memories of those times. D. Alexis always suffers test anxiety in her classes. To combat this, she tries to relax when she studies. She thinks it's best to study while lying in bed, reading by candlelight with soft music playing.

C. Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, if she's in a good mood and she happens to hear "their song" (the first song they danced to) on the radio, she finds herself caught up in happy memories of those times.

What is one of the benefits of descriptive research? A. Being able to manipulate a variable. B. Being able to see a correlation between multiple variables. C. Being able to make observations in a natural setting. D. Being able to collect a large sample size.

C. Being able to make observations in a natural setting.

Upstaging, the act of drawing attention away from the main actor towards oneself, is an example of: A. Top-down processing. B. Schemas. C. Bottom-up processing. D. Masking.

C. Bottom-up processing.

When studying whether effort had an effect on learning, Hyde & Jenkins (1973) found that: A. Intent greatly influences learning. B. Depth does not influence learning. C. Intent does not influence learning. D. Intent influences learning, when people deeply process the material.

C. Intent does not influence learning.

Sternberg's experiment on short-term memory (in which subjects were to remember a set of letters, and then determine whether a target was among that set) was important because: A. The results localized the brain region that handles short-term memory. B. The experiment was the first to find the degenerative nature of short- term memory. C. It was able to test an abstract construct and compare multiple competing theories. D. It was the first experiment to demonstrate the difference between short-term and long-term memory.

C. It was able to test an abstract construct and compare multiple competing theories.

According to the Talarico & Rubin study of flashbulb memories of 9-11 memories of Duke students (note: this is currently considered our best guess as to what's true of flashbulb memories): A. Participants have higher accuracy and higher confidence in a flashbulb memory compared to normal memories. B. Participants have higher accuracy but lower confidence in a flashbulb memory compared to normal memories. C. Participants have the same accuracy but higher confidence in a flashbulb memory compared to normal memories. D. Participants have the same accuracy but lower confidence in a flashbulb memory compared to normal memories

C. Participants have the same accuracy but higher confidence in a flashbulb memory compared to normal memories.

With repeated practice, subjects developed automaticity when practicing taking dictation and reading at the same time(Spelke, Hirst, & Neisser 1976). This automaticity was developed by: A. Participants increasing their long-term memory capacity. B. Participants developing a greater confidence in their abilities. C. Participants learning how to effectively switch their attention between tasks. D. Participants increasing their iconic memory capacity.

C. Participants learning how to effectively switch their attention between tasks.

Which statement provides the best description of the S-S theory? A. Subjects create an internal association between the conditioned stimulus and the condition response. B. Subjects create an internal association between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response. C. Subjects create an internal association between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. D. Subjects create an internal association between the unconditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response.

C. Subjects create an internal association between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus.

Mike doesn't know much about music or musical instruments, but his girlfriend thought he might enjoy learning to play one, so she bought him a guitar (more specifically, an electric guitar). What would be the typicality level of the "electric guitar" for Mike? A. Superordinate level. B. Basic level. C. Subordinate level. D. Standard level.

C. Subordinate level.

The finding that letters can be ambiguous—that the same configuration of lines might be easily interpreted as a letter "A" in one word, but "H" in another word, ambiguous figures is a example of: A. Bottom-up processing B. The object discrimination problem. C. Top-down processing D. Double dissociations.

C. Top-down processing

Various researchers have tested whether or not an ape will vary the number of distress calls based on whether the ape should be able to perceive whether its neighbors can see the predator. Findings suggest that they don't. This has been interpreted as showing: A. apes' inability to appropriately use language B. apes' inability to deceive. C. apes' lack of theory of mind D. apes' lack of understanding of self

C. apes' lack of theory of mind

Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects A. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory. B. intact procedural memory but defective episodic memory. C. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory. D. intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory.

C. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.

"Grit" or determination A. is another name for what psychologists call "lots of practice," when you come right down to it. B. is important for gaining expertise in mentally demanding tasks, but not athletics and other physically demanding tasks C. is an important contributor to gaining high levels of expertise in most tasks D. is important for gaining expertise in athletics and other physically demanding tasks, but not mentally demanding tasks.

C. is an important contributor to gaining high levels of expertise in most tasks

recording from single neurons are conducted using which of these pieces of equipment? A. positron emission tomography scanner B. functional magnetic resonance imaging scanner C. microelectrode D. neurotransmitter

C. microelectrode

In Simons and Chabris's "change blindness" experiment, participants watch a film of people playing basketball. Many participants failed to report that that a woman carrying an umbrella walked through because the: A. woman with the umbrella was in motion, just like the players. B. the umbrella was the same color as the floor. C. participants were counting the number of ball passes. D. participants were not asked if they saw anything unusual.

C. participants were counting the number of ball passes.

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because A. the trail you see is caused by sparks left behind from the sparkler. B. due to its high intensity, we see the light from the sparkler for about a second after it goes out. C. the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about one-third of a second or even somewhat longer D. Gestalt principles work to complete the circle in our minds.

C. the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about one-third of a second or even somewhat longer

After encoding, a memory must be __________ in order to reach a more permanent state. A. Encoded semantically. B. Constantly repeated. C. Elaborated. D. Consolidated.

D. Consolidated.

Imagine that U.S. lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of consistent vs. varied mapping, which of the following possible changes to driving laws would most interfere with a skilled driver's automatic performance when driving a car? A. Passing laws where headlights must be used during the day when the weather is bad B. Requiring all drivers learn to drive safely on wet roadways using anti-lock brakes C. Requiring successful curbside parking performance to obtain a license D. Creating conditions where sometimes a green light meant "stop"

D. Creating conditions where sometimes a green light meant "stop"

Perkin's law tells us that particular conjunctions of lines are assumed to correspond to different three dimensional shapes. Why is this law significant? A. It was the first demonstration that mathematical principles can be applied to psychological processes. B. It helps us solve the reflectance/light source/shadow indeterminacy. C. It tied the findings of Gestalt psychologists to modern day cognitive theory. . D. It helps us solve the shape/orientation indeterminacy.

D. It helps us solve the shape/orientation indeterminacy.

Which of the following is a problem associated with mirror studies examining the animals' understanding of "self"? A. It is very difficult to train animals to look into mirrors long enough to assess their understanding of self. B. When animals are shown a mirror, they become so interested in the image that their responses are often unpredictable. C. Ethically, it is very questionable to introduce wild animals to foreign object like mirrors, because they interfere with the animals' natural surroundings. D. Recognition of one's reflection in a mirror may not be the same thing as understanding the concept of self.

D. Recognition of one's reflection in a mirror may not be the same thing as understanding the concept of self.

The subtraction technique in fMRI imaging is used to: A. Reduce distracting electronic noise generated by the fMRI machine. B. Accurately find the baseline for a person's brain activity. C. Control for potential experimenter bias. D. Subtract a measure of brain activity during a control condition from a measurement of brain activity during an experimental condition.

D. Subtract a measure of brain activity during a control condition from a measurement of brain activity during an experimental condition.

People are able to perceive horizontals and verticals more easily than other orientations. This is called: A. The law of good figure. B. The law of similarity. C. Perceptual organization. D. The oblique effect.

D. The oblique effect.

In Atwood's experiment (1971) on the impact of visual and auditory interference tasks on high-imagery and low-imagery sentences, he found that: A. Auditory interference causes disruption on both high and low imagery sentences. B. Auditory interference causes disruption only of high imagery sentences. C. Visual interference causes disruption on both high and low imagery sentences. D. Visual interference causes disruption on only high imagery sentences.

D. Visual interference causes disruption on only high imagery sentences.

Iconic memory can be lost through the process of decay. Decay of the icon begins A. almost immediately after the stimulus disappears. B. about 1 second after the stimulus disappears. C. at different times depending on how long the stimulus is presented. D. almost immediately after the stimulus appears.

D. almost immediately after the stimulus appears.

If a schema from long term memory becomes active at the time of encoding, you're more likely to remember the _______ things that happen. At retrieval, schemas make _______ things seem more likely to have happened. A. typical; atypical B. typical; typical C. atypical; atypical D. atypical; typical

D. atypical; typical

In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Participants in the ____ group had the fastest response time. A. blank B. color C. black and pink D. bread and butter

D. bread and butter

Priming usually leads to _______ processing. A. easier B. more difficult C. delayed D. deeper

D. deeper

A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques. This research is an example of ____ research. A. think-aloud protocol B. situationally-produced mental set C. environmental functional fixedness D. in vivo problem-solving

D. in vivo problem-solving

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself walking in a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows A. neglect manifests itself in perception only, not in imagery. B. neglect occurred in imagery such that objects in the plaza were never reported. C. neglect occurred in imagery so that the patient, imagining the walk from one direction and neglecting the left side of the plaza, was then unable to imagine walking the plaza from the other direction. D. neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was walking.

D. neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was walking.

The primary effect of chunking is to A. maximize the recency effect. B. increase memory for items by grouping them together based on sound. C. develop a visual code to supplement a phonological code for the information. D. stretch the capacity of STM.

D. stretch the capacity of STM.

Analogical encoding causes problem solvers to pay attention to ____ features that ____ their ability to solve other problems. A. surface; diminish B. surface; enhance C. structural; diminish D. structural; enhance

D. structural; enhance

How do Mnemonics (such as Roy G. Biv) help us retrieve memories? A. they speed consolidation B. they make use of schemas C. they increase recognition D. they provide good cues

D. they provide good cues

Consider the following syllogism: All of the students are tired. Some tired people are irritable. Some of the students are irritable. It is likely that most people will judge this syllogism as A. invalid because of the influence of the atmosphere effect. B. invalid because this syllogism does not involve a pragmatic reasoning schema. C. valid because this is indeed a valid syllogism and people are generally good at spotting valid logic. D. valid because this conclusion is believable.

D. valid because this conclusion is believable.

You see a friend walking in the hallway and stop to greet her. 10 minutes later you run into her again, but instead of stopping to talk you raise your eyebrows to signal your recognition of her. Raising your eyebrows in this manner is an example of: A. A fixed-action pattern. B. A cognitive-primitive. C. A critical-period for how you address someone. D. A culturally learned behavior.

a. a fixed-action pattern

brain imaging has made it possible to: a. determine which areas of the brain are involved in dif cognitive processes b. view individual neurons in the brain c. show how enviro energy is transformed into neural energy d. view propagation of action potentials

a. determine which areas of the brain are involved in dif cognitive processes

When people look at a tree, they receive information about the geons of that object through stimulation of receptors. But they are also aided in identifying the object as a tree by knowledge that a tree often has the sky as a background and sits on grass. This prior knowledge travels down from higher centers to influence incoming signals. The latter information from the higher centers illustrates: a. feedback signals b. principles of componential recovery c. law of good figure d. oblique effect

a. feedback signals

Robert knows that his boss typically walks by his cubicle every two hours to see if he's working. Accordingly, Robert isn't very productive until right before he knows his boss will stop by. What reinforcement schedule best describes this scenario? a. fixed interval b. variable interval c. fixed ratio d. variable ratio

a. fixed interval

Which of the following increases the likelihood of a behavior by removing something from the environment? a. negative reinforcement b. positive reinforcement

a. negative reinforcement

Edges frequently correspond to boundaries of objects. In addition, edges are _______ in different lighting conditions. a. unchanged b. blurred c. sharpened d. variable

a. unchanged

Some neurons respond when we watch someone else do something. These are known as: a. afferent neurons b. mirror neurons c. feature detectors d. receptors

b. mirror neurons

The difference between the images on the left and right retina is referred to as retinal disparity. A closer object has ______retinal disparity compared to the same object father away. a. less b. more c. equal

b. more

After coming in from mowing the lawn, Jonathan notices that his dog has gotten into the trashcan. Therefore, Jonathon decides to take away his chew toy. Jonathan's action are considered: A. Punishment B. Negative punishment C. Negative reinforcement D. Positive reinforcement

b. negative punishment

Recognition-by-components theory, which proposes that perceived objects are composed of various elementary features known as geons, is what sort of theory? A. mostly top-down processing b. distributed coding c. mostly bottom-up processing d. a theory dependent on physical regularities

c. mostly bottom-up processing

The landmark discrimination problem (where the monkey must select which of two food wells is closer to a cylinder) is more difficult to do if you have damage to your ________ lobe: a. frontal b. temporal c. parietal d. occipital

c. parietal

There are many methods for studying the physiology of the brain. ________ is the technique involving subtraction whereby brain activity is compared between baseline and stimulation measurements. A. convergence B. single unit recording c. positron emission tomography d. mental chronometry

c. positron emission tomography

Every night when Jordan returns from work, he notices that his cat has been scratching the side of the couch while he's been gone. Every day, he takes his cat over to the scratched couch and scolds it. The fact that the cat does not learn to not scratch the couch is best described by: a. belongingness b. extinction c. temporal contingency d. backward conditioning

c. temporal contingency

Sam sets the table when he hears his Mother ring the dinner bell if his brother is not home—if Sam's brother is home, he sets the table. On Tuesday, Sam hears the bell and gets up to set the table because his brother is not home. This situation is best described by: A. Classical conditioning B. Motivational state C. Shaping D. Differential reinforcement

d. differential reinforcement

you look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand bc of the law of: a. simplicity b. familiarity c. good figure d. good continuation

d. good continuation

Professor Willingham said "There is not a black scorpion on the floor right now, and that has nothing to do with my success as a cab driver" during one of his lectures. The fact people in class understand such a sentence is taken as evidence that: a. language is shaped b. language requires complex rules to produce d. language is generative

d. language is generative

the concept of distributed neural coding proposes that a specific object, like a face, is represented across a number of a. mircroelectrodes b. stimuli c. modalities d. neurons

d. neurons

A researcher finds that the age of a participant (Variable A) predicts performance on a reaction time test (Variable B). What can we conclude from this? a. variable A affects Variable B b. variable B affects Variable A c. there is an unknown variable influencing the results D. none of the above

d. none of the above