Root,stem and leaf structure
what are the functions of roots?
-to anchor the plant in the ground -absorb soil and dissolved nutrients from the soil
how much larger is the root system of a rye plant that then combined surface areas of stems and leaves
130 times
what is the spingy mesophyll
a loose tissue with many air spaces between the cells that ies under the palisade mesophyll
what is the cortex
a spongy layer of ground tissue
what protect the stems?
a thick cotting of wax: epidermal cells
what is a casparian strip?
a water proof strip which surrounds all four sides of the root
how is the stucture of a leaf optomized
absorbing light and carrying out photosynthesis
what is bark
all teh tissue outside the cambium
what is the function of the stomata
alllo carbondioxide adn oxygen to diffuse in adn out of the leaf
how is the blade attached to thee stem?
by a thin stalk called a petiole
what are some examples of trap roots
carrots, dandelions, beets, hickory and oak trees
what two things form a waterproof bareior around a leaf
cuticle and epidermal
what are the three tissue system that the stem consists of?
dermal, vascular and ground tissue
what does the cortex also extend into
endodermis
what type of roots are monocots
fibrous roots
what does each stomata consist of?
guard cells
how are vascular bundles arranged in dicots?
in a ring
where does scondary growth take place in conifers?
in the lateral meristematic tissue called the vascular cambium and cork cambuim
what does vascular cambium do?
increases the thickness of the stem overtime
what is the palisade mesophyll
layer under the epidermis, the absorb much light that enter the leafs
the bulk of most leaves s composed of groound tissue named?
meseophyll
why are water and minerals a one way trip into the root
once they move pass the endodermis they are trapped in the vascular cylinder by the casparian strip
how does water move into the vascular cylinder?
osmosis
what is the tissue system of roots?
outside layer:epidermis, a central cylinder:vascular tissue, between theses two lies: ground tissue
what are the three important functions of stems?
produce leaves,branches and flowers they hold leaves up in the sunlight transport substances between roots and leaves
how is primary growth produced?
produced by cell division in the apical meristem
what does nitrogen do to the plant
proper leaf growth and color
what are internodes?
regions betweeen the nodes
what is the episermis covered with
root hairs
what are fibrous roots
roots that branch to such an extent that no single root is longer than the rest
how are vascular bundles arranged in monocots?
scattered
what is the functions of guard cells
specialized cells that control the opening adn closing of the stomata by responding to the change in water pressure
why do plants need a system that ensures a one way movement of water and minerals?
that system is how the plant generates enough pressure to move water out of the soil and up into the body of the plant
primary growth
the growth occuring only at the end of a plant
where does xylem face on the stem
the inside
what is transpiration
the loss of water from a plant through its leaaves
what is heartwood?
the older xylem in the center which can longoer conduct water
what does cork cambium prosude?
the outer layering of the stem
where does phloem face on the stem
the outside
what are trap roots?
the primary root grow long and thick while the secondary root remain small.
what is the pith
the ring that the parenvhyma cells are in, in a dicot stem
what is the apical maristem
the tip ofa plant root that helps it grow
how do plants mantain a balanec?
they keep their stomata open just enough to allow phottosynthesis to take place but not so much that they lose an excessive amount of water
what is the purpose of the root hairs?
to produce a large surface ares through whic the water can enter
what is the purpose of the root trap?
to protect the root as it forces its way through the soild
what is the function of the mesophyll
tot carry out photosynthesec activity of the plant
what type of roots are found in dicots
trap roots
what are the two main types of roots?
trap roots and fibrous roots
what do buds contain?
undeveloped tissue that can produce new stems adn leaves
what does the endodermis inclose
vascular cyclinder
what is secondary growth
when stems increase in width
where can buds be found?
where leaves attach to the nodes
what are nodes
where the leaves are attached
how do leaves collect sunlight?
with blades
what is sapwood
wood which is active in fluid transport and is usuallylighter in color
what do vascular bundles contain?
zylem and phloem
