Russell Brandon General Psychology Exam 2
________ was asked by the French government to develop an intelligence test to use on children to determine which ones might have difficulty in school
Alfred Binet
The ______ says that memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information.
Atkinson-Shiffrin model
Most modern intelligence tests, such as the newly developed WISC-V, are based off of work done by
David Wechsler
_______ revised the Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale to include more subfields. There are now many offshoots of his original test, including the popular WAIS.
David Wechsler
The _______ shows that each generation tends to have a higher IQ than the last generation.
Flynn Effect
Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of similarity, and proximity?
Gestalt
About 2% of the population have
IQs above 130
About 2% of the population have
IQs below 70
Jake and Jack are identical twins, but Jake was born almost 15 minutes before Jack. They also have two sisters, Deondra and Daphne, who are 3 years and 6 years younger than them. Who is most likely to have the same IQ score?
Jake and Jack
The average IQ score is
100
Baby Aiden is born with an ability to learn any and all languages, but will grow to have a difficult time discriminating between phonemes used in other languages besides his native English at around
12 months old
The first intelligence test, aimed to test for children who might struggle in school, was designed by
Alfred Binet
Doug cannot find his keys, but cannot remember where. This is an example of
absentmindedness
Jane writes a song to help her remember all of the terms for anatomy class. She is utilizing ______ encoding.
acoustic
The loudness of a sound is determined by the ______ of sound waves.
amplitude
When rats had their ______ removed, they no longer experienced their fear memory.
amygdala
Comparing which cell phone to buy and contrasting the different contracts that come with each purchase is an example of using ______ intelligence.
analytical
In the movie "50 First Dates", the main character wakes up each day not remembering the day before or having met her new boyfriend. She suffers from ______ amnesia.
anterograde
Shaquallah suffered a head injury in a soccer game and can remember everything from her past, but can no longer make new memories. What type of amnesia does she have?
anterograde
Cedric tells a new acquaintance that he is "from Chicago" but when he learns that this man is also a Chicago native he corrects by listing the specific neighborhood he lives. This is called
audience design
The vibration of the _______ causes the ossicles to move.
auditory canal
Auditory receptor cells are embedded within the ________, which is found in the _________.
basilar membrane; cochlea
The organ of Corti on the ______ within the ______ changes vibrations into impulses that travel to the auditory nerve.
basilar membrane; cochlea
When questioning a victim about the perpetrator of a crime, the police should
be intentionally vague and provide opportunities for the victim to offer information
If your memory of the home run you hit in the softball game becomes exaggerated to enhance your own performance, then you have fallen prey to a common memory tendency to distort your memories to fit your feelings about the world. This is called
bias
Demarco was good at every sport growing up, but decided to focus on just baseball and the discus once he got to college. What area of intelligence does he exemplify?
bodily kinesthetic
Because taste and smell have sensory receptors that respond to molecules, they are considered
chemical senses
Sierra turns off her car right before the last line of chorus of a popular song. Moments later while inside the store, she finds herself singing the last line. This exemplifies the gestalt principle of
closure
Fluid found in the part of the ear that stimulates hair cells in the organ of corti
cochlea
Anna is telling Joy all about Maya's recent engagement. Because they share __________, Anna assumes that Joy knows a little about Maya and George and doesn't need to tell about who they are. If Anna were speaking to someone else, she may need to include more details.
common ground
Grant and Reid are six-year-old twins. They want to find a way to get the frisbee off of the room without asking for help, so Grant climbs a tree in order to push down a branch so that Reid can reach it. They wiggle the branch until it snaps, then use the branch with fan of leaves to sweep down the frisbee. Their solution relies on _______ intelligence.
creative
Long-term memories you have to consciously think about are
explicit memories
Illusions are valuable to psychologists because they are used to
explore what people experience and what parts of the brain are involved in perception
Psychologists use illusions to
explore what people experience, what parts of the brain are involved in perception, and how to alter the illusion.
Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?
eyewitness misidentification is the leading cause of wrongful convictions
The recall of false autobiographical memories is known as
false memory syndrome
_______ is the recall of false autobiographical memories
false memory syndrome
An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event, such as 9/11, is a
flashbulb memory
As people age, they hold on to their accumulated knowledge and memories and tend to increase in emotional intelligence. There is typically a decline, however, in their ability to see complex relationships and solve problems. This is a decline in ________ intelligence.
fluid
Learning how to operate new program on your computer would require _______ intelligence.
fluid
Pitch is determined by the ______ of sound waves.
frequency
Define orginality
having a low probability, unique
Lewis Termin did research on those with _______ IQs and found them to be well-adjusted adults.
high
Identical twins raised together and identical twins raised apart exhibit _______ between their IQ scores than siblings or fraternal twins raised together.
higher correlation
The "I knew it all along" phenomenon is known as
hindsight bias
Jessica Witt's study tests
how perception affects performance
Jessica Witt's study tested
how the perception of the size of a golf hole affects golfing performance.
Gossip, making up 60-70% of conversations, is argued to be an important part of defining ________ in regulating the social world.
ingroups and outgroups
Oprah is known for her ability to understand others and help them feel comfortable. What type of intelligence does she have a lot of?
interpersonal
How does the cochlear implant enable the deaf to hear?
it receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.
A bell curve relies on a _______ sample
large
When surrounded by smaller circles, a center circle will appear ______ than if surrounded by larger circles.
larger
Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of _______.
learning disability
Caleb uses the words "sofa" "soda" and "dinner" instead of "couch" "soft drink" and "supper". When the others in the conversation use the same words, the people talking have adopted the same
lexicon
Jonas loves working as a TA for his physics professor and especially loves the excitement involved in solving problems. This exemplifies _______ intelligence.
logical-mathematical
Chinese speakers
may be more prone to think of time on a vertical or horizontal plane.
If you walk through a busy crowd and feel a few different people bump and push past you as they walk by, which skin receptors would be activated?
mechanoreceptors
Merkel's disks and Ruffini corpuscles are examples of
mechanoreceptors
According the the Atkinson-Shiffrin model,
memories are process the same way that a computer processes information.
Confusing the source of information is called
misattribution
London remembers a time when she was young when she got lost in a department store and couldn't find her mom. When talking to her family about it, they corrected her memory and said that it was actually her sister who was lost, and that she had just been present. Over time, the source of her original memory became confused. This is an example of
misattribution
When the source of memory is confused, like you think the story line of a T.V. show you watched actually happened to you in real life, it is called
misattribution
_______ is confusing the source of information
misattribution
Janet was involved in a car accident when traveling with her mom at age 7. She remembers asking her mom a question, causing her mom to look backwards and hit the car in front of them. While talking about it with her mom, she says that it was, in fact, her brother who asked the question, but he had always blamed in on Janet. This is an example of the __________.
misinformation effect paradigm
When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stitches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the _______.
misinformation effect paradigm
Mariah is nervous about giving birth to her first baby, but takes a hypnobirthing class and becomes exciting about the possibility of having a pain-free birth. The idea that Mariah can control her pain experience is consistent with the
motivation-decision model
The idea that we perceive the world while utilizing a combination of senses is known as
multi-modal perception
Esther has an ear for music and can play songs on the piano she has only heard once before. She has high ________ intelligence.
musical
Olfactory receptor cells pick up odor molecules which get turned into electrical impulses that send messages to the brain via the ______.
olfactory bulb
What are the three criteria that are used to determine whether an idea is creative?
originality, usefulness, surprise
Which of the following is a description of the Remote Associates Test (RAT)?
participants are asked to come up with a word that is related to three seemingly unrelated words.
How did the perceived hole size affect the putting performance of participants?
participants putted better when they perceived the hole as larger.
The most visible part of the ear is the
pinna
Which correctly describes the process of hearing?
pinna - auditory canal - tympanic membrane - ossicles - cochlea - auditory nerve
Which is the correct sequence that describes how sound reaches the brain?
pinna - auditory canal - tympanic membrane - ossicles - cochlea - auditory nerve
The fact that the base of the basilar membrane responds best to high frequencies supports the _______ theory of hearing
place
Which type of intelligence is sometimes called "street smarts"?
practical
Derek's email login forced him to create a new password, but now when he logs on, he only remembers his old password. This is an example of ________ interference.
proactive
Ezra got a new phone number, but keeps giving out his old phone number on accident when people ask him. This is an example of ________ interference.
proactive
_________ interference occurs when old information hinders the recall of newly learned information, while _______ interference happens when information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information.
proactive; retroactive
Arianna was an accomplished gymnast in her youth but hasn't been to the gym for nearly 10 years. Despite this, with some prompting from her old coach, she's able to do almost her entire uneven bar routine. This is an example of
procedural memory
Anna is competing on Jeopardy!. She can accurately judge the distance between her finger and the buzzer and knows just how hard to press because of
proprioreception
Mason has a cochlear implant. He is able to hear because the implant
receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.
According to research by Rosenblum, Miller, and Sanchez, watching (but not hearing) a person speak enables you to
recognize their voice
Gabe was essentially fluent in French in elementary school when he lived in Canada, but then moved away until he got a job offer to work in Paris during his 20s. He picks it up again surprisingly fast. This is an example of _______, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.
relearning
Amy studied German in high school but began studying French once in college. When she meets another German student, she can't seem to find any German words to say, and instead only remembers French. This is an example of _________ interference.
retroactive
Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of _________ interference.
retroactive
Demarcus suffered a concussion in his first lacrosse match, causing him to forget everything that happened prior to the match. He has ________ amnesia.
retrograde
Bryson remembers nothing before his concussion happened, meaning he has _______ amnesia. If he were unable to learn new things, he would have __________ amnesia.
retrograde; anterograde
What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study _______.
revealed a genetic component to intelligence
Explicit memories include _____ and episodic memory.
semantic
Samantha needs to remember a string of numbers, and does so by associating each set of numbers with the jersey numbers worn by her favorite football players. This is an example of _____ encoding.
semantic
Thinking about the meaning of a word and categorizing it into the context of other words you already know is an example of _____ encoding.
semantic
What are the three types of encoding?
semantic, acoustic, and visual
Which part of the ear is most involved in motion and balance?
semicircular canal
Hearing aids are ineffective in treating
sensorineural hearing loss
Before a memory makes it to long-term memory, it must first pass through _______ and short-term memory.
sensory
Memory of brief events, like the smell of french fries you pass on the way to the corner store, are stored in ______ memory.
sensory
When surrounded by larger circles, a center circle will appear ________ than if surrounded by smaller circles.
smaller
What is a major problem with intelligence tests mentioned in the text?
some ethnic and socioeconomic groups perform better than others on IQ tests
Congenital deafness is
something someone is born with
If a sound wave has a high amplitude, it will
sound loud
Destiny is excellent at working with shapes and models. Her dream job is to design for Lego one day. This exemplifies ___________ intelligence.
spatial
Student were asked about the speed of cars involved in an accident. When the verb was changed from "contacted" to "smashed", ____________.
students were more likely to report that there was broken glass involved in the accident
Amira came to the United States for college. She has near perfect English, but her roommates tease her when she accidentally asks, "did you shower yourself today?" instead of, "did you take a shower?" This is an example of incorrect _______ structure.
syntax
If your eyes see someone saying "ball" but the word you hear is "doll", the struggle to make sense of that information in your brain is consistent with
the McGurk effect
Austin has never met one of his colleagues, having only interacted online or on the phone. He's still able to pick out his coworker at a conference in a room full of people because of
the crossmodal relationship between auditory speech and visual information.
If co-witnesses of a crime are permitted to talk to each other, they are prone to contaminate each other's memories. This is an example of
the misinformation effect
Which is the dependent variable in Jessica Witt's study?
the size of the circle drawn by the participant and the number of successful putts
Which is the independent variable in Jessica Witt's study?
the size of the holes projected around the golf hole
According to Gestalt psychology,
the whole is different from the sum of its parts
The findings from the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggested that
there is a genetic component to intelligence
What do paint, doll, and cat all have in common?
they all can combine with -house to form a word, and they are part of creativity test.
What happened when the participants were asked to draw the size of the hole?
they drew the hole smaller than the actual hole size if surrounded by larger circles
A sound's purity is called its
timbre
Ronaldo was on the state champion soccer team in high school and has fond memories of his experiences with the team. When his son asks Ronaldo about his old coach and what it was like to play on such a great team, Ronaldo remembers only a couple of things about the season, even though he spent hours everyday with the team. This is an example of
transience
When a memory fades over time, it is called
transience
An IQ score of 70 would be described as
two standard deviations below the mean
When H.M. had his hippocampus removed, he was
unable to form new semantic memories
If something is original, it is
unique
In order for something to be classified as creative, it should be original,
useful, and surprising
Multi-modal perception is the idea that
various sensory modalities are integrated
Braden has a pounding headache and is disoriented after riding a twisting roller coaster. What sense is impacted by the ride?
vestibular
Malik is memorizing some lines for his school play and struggles with some.... To practice, he writes it out emphasizing words with capital letters: "Tut, I have lost myself; I AM NOT HERE". He is utilizing principles of _____ encoding.
visual
Raul can remember exactly where on the page in his textbook he saw a picture of a pie chart about the percentages of the U.S. population that say their favorite colors... This is an example of ______ encoding.
visual
The pervasive daily stress of poverty and resulting impact on brain development may explain
why children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests
Learning disabilities often affect children
with average to above-average intelligence
At a football game, your friend from ten rows down yells at you to bring them some of your popcorn. At first you couldn't understand what they were asking, but once you saw their mouth, you could make out the request. This is consistent with the
with the results of the Sumby and Pollack study on the audiovisual advantage
If you are in a crowded room at a noisy party having a conversation with an interesting new acquaintance, studies show that if you are looking at him while talking,
you are more likely to hear what he is saying
Remembering _____ is a good example of episodic memory.
your 16th birthday party
Remembering _______ is a good example of episodic memory.
your first day of school
Madison needs to wrap a present but doesn't have any wrapping paper. She quickly searches the apartment and finds a brown grocery bad to use instead. This is an example of
divergent thinking
Thinking outside the box is considered
divergent thinking
Colton is a average middle school student who has a good group of friends and enjoys practicing the drums and playing baseball. Despite this, he struggles with writing and has a hard time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have?
dysgraphia
Rihanna has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have?
dyslexia
Tyler is learning to read and write but having a difficult time. He sometimes switches up the letters and words in the sentences and almost always writes his name backwards. Which learning disability does he have?
dyslexia
Someone who understands their own emotions, shows empathy, and understands social relationships and cues would have high _______ intelligence.
emotional
H.M. was sitting on her bed when she remembered she needed to call her mom about what to do for her grandma's birthday. She got up and did a few dishes before calling her mom, but then she forgot why she had needed to call. She retraced her steps back to her bed, then suddenly remembered the purpose of the call. This can be explained by the
encoding specificity principle
The fact that Elon can remember more words on his German test while taking the exam inside his classroom (instead of the testing center) can be explained by the
encoding specificity principle
Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they ______.
experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores
Episodic memories and semantic memories are both examples of ______ memory.
explicit
