S-130

Wind is one of the most important weather-related elements affecting wildland fire behavior. Wind-induced fire behavior can change rapidly because

wind speed and direction can change rapidly.

You should wear your fire shelter in a position on your web gear or fireline pack where___

you can get it out quickly even while running.

Identify THREE steps you can take to be accountable for your personal protective equipment (PPE) and gear.

• Maintain your PPE in top form • Know how to properly use your gear • Routinely inspect your PPE for signs of wear • Get any repairs done or replace necessary PPE before the start of the fire season

Identify THREE advantages to being accountable for your gear in the fire camp.

• Maintains a professional appearance for the crew • Prepares you for moving on short notice • Lessens the chance of losing items • Minimizes impact to the environment

Identify FOUR personal items you should consider keeping ready on a fire assignment.

• Matches (in a waterproof container) • Watch • Pocketknife • Eyeglasses and sunglasses, if needed • Prescriptions, if needed • Water • Rain gear • Compass • Toilet paper • Spare boot laces • Bandanas • Flip flops to wear in shower stalls • Small towel • Small flashlight • Instant hand sanitizer

Identify FOUR ways to keep your portable radio in good working order.

• Protect your radio from dust, moisture, fire retardant, excessive vibration, dropping, and extreme heat • Keep your portable radio in its protective case • Do not modify or attempt to repair your radio—instead, tell your supervisor or a qualified technician about the problem • Do not use the antenna when pulling the radio from its case

At the scene of a roadside fire, you find you must park on the roadway. What is the first action for you to take?

Set up cones and flares

All of the following are barriers to good communication, EXCEPT

repeating instructions to make sure the message is clear. Barriers to communication Being an objective listener is a must on the fireline. Barriers to communication include: Having a preconceived opinion about a message Allowing personal or environmental distractions to take your focus Hearing what you want to hear and filtering out the rest Focusing on your own response instead of listening to what's being said Allowing personality differences to hinder effective listening and message relaying skills Page 8 Cultural or gender differences or even differences in vocabulary can also create communication barriers. Overcoming these barriers means understanding: Listener responsibilities Communicator responsibilities

Helicopters provide a way to reach remote fire zones quickly. Identify TWO safety precautions you should follow in a helicopter landing zone.

• Keep the landing zone (helibase or helispot) clear of loose equipment, objects, and unauthorized personnel; if you've got the water, consider lightly spraying dirt landing zones to cut down on dust • Avoid directing lights toward helicopters aloft or on the ground • Stay at least 100 ft. (30 m) away unless authorized to approach by the pilot or crew • Wear both eye and hearing protection • Prohibit smoking within 100 ft. (30 m) of helicopter, fuel storage, and fueling equipment

Module 7

Firing Devices

Module 5 Quiz

Transportation Safety

Fusees burn ___________contained within the body of the device, burning very hot (1,400° F or 760° C), and easily igniting grass, twigs, leaves, and other light fuels.

phosphorous

Applying the risk management process while fighting wildland fires helps you

work smarter and safer.

Your supervisor has asked you to mark any defective items on your hoseline or accessories. Identify THREE conditions that can make hoses or accessories unusable.

• Damaged threads • Inoperative valves • Holes in hose

All of the following are good places to deploy a fire shelter, EXCEPT A. depressions in the ground. B. dozer lines. C. creek beds. D. heavily trafficked roads.

D. heavily trafficked roads.

Module 3 Quiz

Fire Shelter

Which of the following statements regarding physically fit firefighters is FALSE? A. Fit workers acclimate faster at high elevations. B. Fit workers are less likely to be injured on the fireline. C. Fit workers perform better in the heat. D. Fit workers are allowed to serve longer hours on the fireline.

D. Fit workers are allowed to serve longer hours on the fireline. It is well documented that physically fit workers perform better in the heat, acclimate faster at high elevations, and are less likely to be injured on the fireline.

Identify THREE injury hazards to look out for when working around heavy equipment.

• Equipment—stay out of the way; the equipment can crush you. • Dislodged burning objects—the equipment can knock down burning trees or other flammables. • Falling debris—the equipment can dislodge rocks, vegetation, or other items that may hit you.

Identify THREE facets affected by cultural differences.

• Food • Housing • Dress • Religion

Identify THREE different types of crews that may be involved in wildland fire fighting.

• Hand crews • Engine crews • Helitack crews • Dozer and tractor plow crews

Identify a TRUE statement about safety zones.

Firefighters will not have to deploy fire shelters in a safety zone.

The portion of a control line where flammable material has been removed by scraping or digging down to mineral soil is known as the____.

Fireline

Identify the TRUE statement about boat transportation procedures.

Follow these precautions when leaving the boat: • Wait for boat to be secured before you begin unloading. • Stay seated until the crew directs you to unload. Don't move around until you get the go-ahead. • Watch your step on wet rocks and painted surfaces. They may be slippery.

Identify THREE measures to follow to protect hoses and fittings after suppression activities.

Follow these steps, and you'll bring it on home—the hose, that is: • Replace protective caps on accessories and male hose ends • Be sure female ends have the correct gasket size • Drain water from hose as you roll

Place the steps for lighting and using a fusee in the correct order.

Lighting a fusee To light a fusee: • Slide fusee onto the tool handle • Grip fusee in one hand and remove striker cap by tapered end • Scrape striker end sharply against ignition end of fusee in downward motion, away from your face and body • Hold fusee away from body with the lighted end down • Keep the fusee on the burn side of the fireline • Extinguish fusee by tapping burning end on noncombustible surface

Fire shelters are designed to minimize burns and prevent asphyxiation from hot gases. Identify the main type of heat that fire shelters are designed to reflect.

Radiant

Identify the BEST way to remove unburned fuel that is outside of but adjacent to the fireline.

Remove unburned fuel that is outside of but adjacent to the fireline by scattering it into the green away from the fire

Select the terms best completing the following sentence. The fuel mixture you will typically use in the drip-torch tank is ____________ parts diesel fuel to __________ part gasoline.

four, one

When working in burned-over areas, you can be sure to identify snags, holes, rocks, and materials still burning if you remember to always

look up, look down, and look around.

One of the BEST reasons to stay in good physical shape is to help you

prevent sleep deprivation.

Good teamwork goes hand-in-hand with good

communication

When determining safety zone size safety zones should have a ______.

diameter equal to at least four times the flame length.

Lookouts are a key part of the LCES safety tool. Identify THREE true statements about lookouts.

- A lookout must warn the crew when unexpected changes in fire behavior occur. - One or more lookouts should be posted when crews are assigned to drainages. - A lookout should be able to see both the fire and the crew.

Nozzles and nozzle settings have specific purposes during a wildland fire incident. Match each nozzle or stream type with the MOST appropriate function or benefit. Provides a variety of stream patterns and flow rates. Conserves water supply. Achieves long reach in high winds.

- Adjustable fog nozzle - Fog stream - Straight stream

Place each hand tool in order to match with appropriate sharpening techniques. - Even taper approximately 2 1/2 inches (65 mm) back from the cutting edge - Bevel grubbing edge 3/8-inch (10 mm) wide - Sharpen cutting edge from 1 inch (25.4 mm) at base to 3/4 inch (19 mm) at tip

- Ax - Pulaski - Brush Hook

Module 1 Quiz

Preparedness, ICS and Resources

Module 8

Water Use

When traveling by boat, the proper time to put on your life preserver is

- Before you board the boat Loading Here are a few tips for loading: • Put on your life preserver while you're still on the shore or dock. You wouldn't wait until you're on the fireline to don your PPE, would you? • Carefully follow instructions from the boat crew. The crew of a boat is responsible for the safety of passengers, just like the operator of fire apparatus. • Don't overload the boat. Overloading is one of the most common causes of boating fatalities.

Place the ICS positions listed below in order (A, B, C, D) to match to the appropriate locations on the organization chart. Long Description: landscape image of an org chart with six rows: Top row: one box labeled IC with a broken line to the second row (to indicate that some items are missing. Second row: four boxes, one blank labeled A, the others labeled "Planning Section Chief", "Logistics Section Chief", "Finance Section Chief". Third row: a blank box coming off of the blank box on Row 2 labeled B. Fourth row: blank box coming off of the blank box on Row 3 labeled C. Fifth row: a blank box coming off of the blank box on Row 4 labeled D.

- Operations Section Chief - Branch Director - Division Supervisor - Resource Coordinator

Place each incident command system (ICS) section in order to match with its primary function and place under an incident action plan (IAP). - Directs the overall management of the incident - Assists agencies requiring cost-recovery and other services - Provides all support needs (except aircraft) on an incident - Achieves the objectives outlined by the IC and the IAP - Collects, evaluates, and makes assignments through the IAP

- Command - Finance/Administration - Logistics - Operations - Planning

Identify THREE common denominators of fire behavior on tragedy fires.

- Fires move especially fast uphill in chimneys, drainages, and on steep slopes. - Flare-ups generally occur in medium fuels. - Shovels, axes, and Pulaskis can adversely affect fire behavior. - Unexpected shifts in wind direction or speed increase fire danger. - Most incidents happen on relatively small fires or on isolated sections of large fires.

Identify THREE safety precautions for loading and unloading helicopters

- First, crouch down to avoid the main rotor until you are at least 100 feet away. - Approach or leave on the downhill side only and in full view of the pilot. - Carry all tools horizontally, below the waist and close to your side. - Make sure your chin strap is fastened so your helmet doesn't get blown off of your head! And obviously, stay well clear of tail rotors and jet exhausts. - Don't go aft of the helicopter doors. - When you are onboard the bird, keep the safety harness fastened until the pilot directs you to unbuckle. If you need to exit the aircraft while it's hovering, do so in one smooth, unhurried motion

Safety precautions for loading and unloading fixed-wing aircraft differ from safety guidelines for helicopters. Place each type of aircraft in order to match to the correct precautions for loading and unloading. Crouch as you approach. Walk upright as you approach.

- Helicopter - Fixed-Wing

Safety means being secure from danger or harm. Identify TWO resources you can consult to review crucial checklists and standards.

- Incident Response Pocket Guide (IRPG) - Fireline Handbook

Place each component of a progressive hose lay in order to match to the appropriate use. 1. Protect the attack line from minor flare-ups. 2. Get the next length to the appropriate location. 3. The starting location for any progressive hose lay. 4. Restrict water flow. 5. Addition of lateral lines.

- Lateral Lines - Hose packs - Anchor points - Hose clamps - Hoseline tees

When working in burned-over areas, always look up, look down, and look around. Identify FOUR things you should be looking for.

- Materials still burning - Rocks - Snags - Holes

All of the following are drip torch hazards, EXCEPT

- Poisonous fumes Drip torches have many hazards, including flaming fuel, personal burns, improper fuel mix, flash back or explosion, and injuries from improper carrying and handling.

Select TWO aspects of situational awareness serving to prevent you from having to deploy your fire shelter.

- Post lookouts - Establish escape routes throughout the day

Identify FOUR techniques to ensure your survival while inside a deployed fire shelter.

- Press your face to the ground to breathe - Scoop out as much dirt as you can where your head is - Use hold-down straps and turned-in skirt for holding shelter to the ground - Wear gloves inside the shelter

Many hazards you can control, many others you can avoid. You should be able to directly control

- Since fighting fires is risky business, it makes sense to know the types of hazards you will be facing. Read the following to investigate subjective hazards. - Subjective Hazards are hazards that firefighters have control over. Examples of subjective hazards are: Condition of equipment Decision to turn back Correct use of tools Wearing all personal protective equipment (PPE) - Since you have control over these hazards, you should be able to work to eliminate them. Most of this course is designed to help you learn how to control subjective hazards.

You are approaching a slope while fire fighting. Identify THREE ways to correctly carry your hand tool.

- Situate the tool on the downhill side of your body. - Hold the tool at its balance point. - Keep the tool at your side and close to your body.

You are backing up the nozzle operator on this fire. One of your main duties is to protect the hose from damage. Select TWO potential hazards you need to protect the hose from.

- The hose is dangerously close to the flames. - The hose is laying across a road.

Place each management principle in order to match with the best description. - An established and common set of incident objectives - Allows supervisors to track and monitor subordinates - Tracks resources and assignment lists - Span of control - Unified command - Personnel accountability

- Unified command - Span of control - Personnel accountability

Escape routes should provide the quickest possible path to the safety zone. Identify FOUR travel barriers that could affect escape time to a safety zone.

- Vegetation - Rocks - Hills - Loose soils

Place each mop-up situation in order to match to the MOST appropriate action. Spray, stir, and spray again as necessary. Stir and mix hot embers with dirt Cut into burning and unburned sections. Trench on downhill side. Turn to lie with the slope. Dig out and disperse any burning materials.

- Wet mop-up - Dry mop-up - Log on a slope - Hot material on a slope - Logs too big to move - Subsurface ground fuels

Place the following fire behavior terms in order to match with the corresponding description. 1. A fire that burns with a low flame and spreads slowly 2. A fire that spreads rapidly with a well-defined head 3. A fire moving away from the head or against the wind 4. Sparks produced by the main fire are carried by winds 5. A fire periodically igniting the crown of trees 6. A fire primarily advancing across the tops of trees

1. Creeping 2. Running 3. Backing 4. Spotting 5. Torching 6. Crowning

Place each wildland fire part in order to match to the best description. 1. Greatest forward rate of spread 2. Long, narrow strip of fire 3. Outer boundary of the burning area 4. Fire at this point usually burns into prevailing wind 5. Roughly parallel to the main direction of fire spread 6. Unburned area in the black

1. Head 2. Finger 3. Perimeter 4. Rear 5. Flank 6. Island

Identify THREE of the first five Standard Fire fighting Orders.

1. Keep informed on fire weather conditions and forecasts. 2. Know what your fire is doing at all times. 3. Base all actions on current and expected behavior of the fire.

All of the following are Standard Fire fighting Orders, EXCEPT

1. Keep informed on fire weather conditions and forecasts. 2. Know what your fire is doing at all times. 3. Base all actions on current and expected behavior of the fire. 4. Identify escape routes and safety zones, and make them known. 5. Post lookouts when there is possible danger. 6. Be alert. 7. Maintain prompt communications with your forces, your boss and adjoining forces. 8. Give clear instructions and be sure they are understood. 9. Maintain control of your forces at all times. 10. Fight fire aggressively, having provided for safety first. THINK Clearly... ACT Decisively

All of the following are steps supervisors should take when establishing escape routes, EXCEPT

Answer: Refuse to place escape routes above a fire burning uphill on a slope. Here are the action steps for supervisors to take: • Identify and mark escape routes well before they are needed • Identify at least two escape routes • Inform all crew members of escape route locations • Don't place escape routes above a fire burning uphill on a slope • Make escape routes lead to a safety zone in the black or farther into the green away from the fire • Constantly reassess identified escape routes as the fire front progresses • Mark new escape routes and communicate the change to the crews

A safety zone is your refuge from danger. Identify the TRUE statement about safety zones. A. A safety zone should only be located in the burn. B. A safety zone is a place where a fire shelter is not needed. C. A safety zone is a place where a fire shelter is needed. D. An engine is the best place for a safety zone.

C. A safety zone is a place where a fire shelter is needed. It's the place you'll be free from danger without having to use your fire shelter.

You've spilled fuel on your clothes while preparing to store the drip torch. Identify the procedure you should take with your clothes.

Change out of any fuel-contaminated clothes and wash them before wearing again

Before starting backfiring or burning out operations

Clearly identify escape routes and safety zones. Whether backfiring or burning out, supervisors need to: Ensure an adequate number of skilled people and supervisors are assigned to the firing team, based primarily on the size of the area to be contained Maintain constant radio communications with adjacent forces Clearly identify escape routes and safety zones before starting operations Assign personnel to monitor and secure the area behind the drip torch operator to look for spot fires that might trap crews or compromise the control line Use the chain of command before continuing if firing is not igniting all available fuel along the control line Stop or modify firing if it becomes too intense for crews to control, and do not resume firing until intensity diminishes and you regain control

Identify TWO safety procedures to follow when carrying hand tools.

For safety while carrying hand tools: • Do not run with hand tools • Walk and work 10 feet (3 m) apart from other firefighters page 2 • Hold the tool at its balance point • Keep the tool at your side and close to your body, not on your shoulder • Position the cutting edges away from your body • Situate the tool on the downhill side when walking across a slope • Pass other workers by signaling and waiting for the right of way • Transfer the tool handle first when passing the tool to others

Identify THREE techniques illustrating proper hand tool use.

For safety while using hand tools: • Keep your eyes on what is being cut • Wear safety glasses at all times • Use the proper grip and stance • Use short strokes • Watch your cutting angle and path of the tool head • Store tools safely when not in use

Identify THREE ways to use hand tools safely.

For safety while using hand tools: • Keep your eyes on what is being cut • Wear safety glasses at all times • Use the proper grip and stance • Use short strokes • Watch your cutting angle and path of the tool head • Store tools safely when not in use

Module 6 Quiz

Hand Tools

Do you have the risk management process down? Place each risk management step in order to match with a typical task belonging to each step. 1. Identify known hazards 2. Have lookouts in place 3. Alert supervisor if you have a safety concern 4. Take notice that the fire's location has changed

Hazard assessment Controlling hazards Decision points Evaluation

Identify TWO benefits of sharp blades on hand tools.

However, a tool with a sharp blade benefits you because it: • Is easier and safer to use than a tool with a dull blade • Cuts more effectively than a dull one • Allows you to use short, sharp cutting strokes • Reduces the need for you to raise a tool above your head

The risk management process is a set of steps for

If you've gone through this course in order, then you have already had a good look at the 18 "Watch-out!" situations, the 10 Standard Fire Fighting Orders, LCES, and the common denominators of fire behavior on tragedy fires. The risk management process is a set of steps for applying these "remember and follow rules" to every incident. All of these guidelines should only be as far away as the IRPG you carry in your pocket.

Identify THREE situations when you may turn down an assignment.

Individual firefighters or supervisors may turn down an assignment when: There is a clear violation of written safe work practices. Environmental conditions clearly make the work unsafe. They lack the necessary qualifications or experience. Defective equipment is being used.

A fire swatter is most effective when used with another tool. Identify TWO tools you can use in conjunction with a fire swatter.

It's most effective to use a flail in conjunction with a backpack pump or fire rake.

Identify THREE safety guidelines for working on or near fixed-wing aircraft.

It's time to put your aircraft ground crew hat on. Follow these safety tips: • Do not smoke within 100 ft. (30 m) of aircraft or fuel storage and fuel equipment • Wear both eye and hearing protection around operating aircraft • Attempt to maintain eye contact with the pilot to be sure he or she sees you

When considering the size of safety zones, your Incident Response Pocket Guide (IRPG) has specific distance recommendations for how far to separate firefighters from the nearest fuels. Those specific distance recommendations are based on the assumption that there:

Keep in mind that the IRPG's specific distance recommendations are based on the assumption that there is no slope and no convective heat transfer from wind.

Identify FOUR good places to locate your fire shelter.

Place fire shelters where these are present: • Light fuels • Natural firebreaks, such as: Creek beds Depressions in the ground Rock slide areas—rocks should be small enough that your shelter is still able to rest firmly on the ground Lee side of ridge tops and hills Flat areas on slopes, such as benches or road cuts • Wide control lines, such as dozer lines • Burned areas with no reburn potential • Areas where the flame front will pass quickly

Identify a nozzle that has to be readjusted each time you open it.

Plastic forestry nozzle

Module 4 Quiz

Potential Hazards and Human Factors on the fire line

Identify a TRUE statement regarding the functional purpose of fire shelters.

Provides a place for cooler, breathable air to protect your lungs and airway

Sometimes firefighters may have to burn out without a drip torch or fusee. Identify FOUR items you could use in the field to burn out with.

Sometimes firefighters may have to burn out without a drip torch or fusee. In these cases, it is possible to use items at hand to light a fire. Examples of such items include: • Burning leaves or needles placed in unburned fuel with a shovel • Burning branches • Burning rag wrapped around a stick Page 6 • Matches or a cigarette lighter

Identify THREE situations when you should replace your fire shelter.

Stop using your shelter if any of the following conditions are found: • The storage bag has turned gray, gray stains are visible, or the shelter is not visible inside the bag. • Aluminum particles or debris is visible inside the bag. • Tears exceeding 1/4 in. (6 mm) in length are detected along folded edges. • Dents or punctures in the foil are more than 1 in. (25 mm) wide. • Foil is missing in lengths of 1/2 in. (13 mm) or more. • The shelter has been deployed for any reason.

Module 9

Suppression, Communication and Mop-Up

The order has come in to deploy fire shelters. Place the fire shelter deployment steps in order.

The correct order is as follows: Remove shelter from packaging Open and shake out shelter completely Stand inside opened shelter Get into a face-down position with your feet toward the fire Use your head and extremities to secure the edges of the shelter Push out the top and sides of shelter

Identify TWO applications a Pulaski is well suited for.

These tools are dual-purpose tools with two different types of bits on the head: • One side is a cutting edge similar to an axe blade for chopping stumps and logs. • The other edge, called the grubbing edge, is used to dig out roots and cut trenches.

There are many hazards you face when traveling to a fire on foot. Identify a hazard that magnifies the danger of all other hazards.

Visibility Any hazard you encounter while traveling on foot becomes even more dangerous if you can't see it. Smoke, bad weather, or even nightfall can reduce visibility and make a potentially bad situation even worse.

Identify the distance firefighters should maintain when walking or working with hand tools.

Walk and work 10 feet (3 m) apart from other firefighters

Module 2 Quiz

Watch Out and LCES

Identify TWO water conservation steps you can take on the fireline.

Water Conservation Water is often like gold on the fireline. Do: • Use water sparingly, especially when it is in short supply • Shut off nozzles while traveling between hot spots • Use hand tools in conjunction with water application methods to ensure effective water use, especially during mop-up operations • Use foam or other wetting agents whenever possible • Shorten discharge times when using Class A foam

Identify TWO proper methods for rolling fire hose.

What you unroll, eventually you must re-roll. Rolling the hose properly will protect exposed threads. Use your agency's method for rolling hose—the watermelon roll, firefighters' carry, or figure eight method.

You know to use water intermittently on the fireline. You can clamp off the hose when water isn't needed. You must place the clamp at LEAST how far away from any coupling?

When using a hose clamp, place it on the hose at least 18 in. (46 cm) from any coupling and crimp down on the hose. Open the nozzle after the hose is clamped off to relieve any pressure.

Wildland firefighter protective clothing is designed to protect you from which of the following THREE threats?

Wildland firefighter protective clothing is designed to protect you from: • Personal injury • Radiant heat • Hostile ambient temperature conditions

Protecting the apparatus from damage is an important part of effective fire fighting. Identify THREE guidelines for protecting apparatus.

You'll protect the engine from fire by following these tips: • Do not lock apparatus doors • Roll up all windows to prevent burning embers from entering the vehicle cab • Ensure that all compartment doors are closed • Use hose bed covers to protect equipment stored in open hose beds

Identify FOUR guidelines you should follow when performing a systematic mop-up.

• Starting with the hottest area and progressing to the coolest • Planning a beginning and ending point Page 65 • Sticking to the plan and working methodically • Working inward from the control line • Examining the entire assigned area You might need to implement some kind of grid or block system when you face large burns or complicated situations.

Place each tool care and maintenance issue in order to match with the appropriate action. 1. Sand and refinish with light coating of linseed oil. 2. Replace immediately. 3. Sharpen using a hand file. 4. Clean and give light coating of oil.

1. Splintered wooden handle 2. Cracked handle 3. Dull cutting edge 4. Rusted tool head

How many situations that shout "Watch out!" are listed in the IRPG?

18 very important "Watch-Outs!"—also found in both the IRPG and the Fireline Handbook.

What do the letters in the LCES acronym stand for?

LCES is an acronym representing the four key operational components of the Orders: • Lookouts • Communications • Escape routes • Safety zones

Deploying fire shelters in windy conditions can be tricky. Select THREE steps for deploying fire shelters during a strong wind.

• Lie on your back or sit with your head toward the wind • Hold the top of the shelter with your hands • Allow the wind to fill the shelter with air • Insert your boots inside the straps at the bottom of the shelter to secure it • Pull the rest of the shelter down over yourself • Roll over inside the shelter so that you are lying face down

Identify FOUR actions you can take to make sure you perform physically well on the fireline.

• Limit caffeine to 300 mg per day (a cup of coffee has 100 mg) • Avoid alcohol • Stay away from eating red meat two days in a row • Limit eggs to one per day • Choose whole wheat bread over white • Substitute other seasonings for salt • Eat lots of fruits and vegetables • Avoid large amounts of sugar calories • Concentrate on getting enough carbohydrates

There is more than one kind of safety zone you can escape to. Identify THREE examples of safety zones.

• The burn • Natural areas • Constructed areas

What are THREE ways to stay safe while preparing a drip torch?

• Wear all personal protective equipment (PPE) properly, including sleeves down, gloves on, and eye protection in place • Open or fill the can away from ignition sources, such as open flame, hot embers, sparks, or while smoking • Follow proper maintenance steps for the torch • Avoid breathing hazardous vapors • Follow fuel-mix ratio to avoid an explosion upon ignition