SB. Ch 3.4-3.6: Cells
Select all of the functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
house enzymes that detoxify drugs and poisons synthesize lipids
Select all of the following that describe microtubules.
23 nanometers in diameter act as tracks for the movement of organelles within cells composed of tubulin subunits can be rapidly lengthened or shortened
junctions link cytoskeletal filaments of adjacent animal cells in one place, like a rivet.
Anchoring, Adhering, Desmosome, anchoring, anchoring (or adhering), or adherens
What is a network of sacs and tubules extending off the nuclear envelope and is where proteins and lipids are produced?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Lysosomes originate from vesicles that bud from the ______, and the enzymes contained in lysosomes are synthesized in the ______.
Golgi apparatus; rough ER
The ______ includes all of the cell contents between the nucleus and the cell membrane.
cytoplasm
The two-layered nuclear envelope separates the nucleus of a cell from the
cytoplasm.
The microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules shown in the picture comprise the___________which is a network of proteins that provide a structural framework within the cell.
cytoskeleton
What is the network of protein fibers and tubules inside the cell that provides support and aids in cell division and movement?
cytoskeleton
The watery mixture of ions, enzymes, and RNA within the cytoplasm is called the
cytosol.
Inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, the subunits of ribosomes are assembled in the
nucleolus.
Turgor pressure in plant cells results from the expansion of the central vacuole as it fills with
water
Select the true statement describing how DNA in the nucleus is used to specify protein production by the cell.
DNA is copied into mRNA in the nucleus, and the mRNA is used outside the nucleus to make proteins.
The cell wall openings in plant cells called plasmodesmata are most similar to ________junctions in animal cells.
gap
Select all of the following that describe intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton.
have a diameter of 10 nanometers form an internal scaffold in the cytosol
Select all of the following that are present at the connection between normal cells of multicellular organisms.
a way for cells to adhere to one another ways that cells can communicate with each other
If an mRNA specifies a protein to be used in the cell membrane or to be secreted from the cell, this protein is made on ribosomes that
attach to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Enzymes in the Golgi apparatus can synthesize and attach ______ to proteins and lipids, forming glycoproteins and glycolipids.
carbohydrates
In eukaryotic cells, what is the function of chloroplasts?
carry out photosynthesis
What component of plant cell walls aligns into crisscrossing fibers that provide great strength?
cellulose
As most plant cells lack lysosomes, what organelle in plant cells performs the functions of recycling and degradation of molecules and old organelles?
central vacuole
What plant cell organelle can occupy up to 90% of the cell volume and can exert turgor pressure against the cell membrane when it acquires water?
central vacuole
Each centrosome in animal cells contains two ______, which form basal bodies of flagella and cilia and spindle fibers of chromosomal division.
centrioles
In animal cells, structures called ______ are microtubule-organizing centers that contain the centrioles.
centrosomes
The organelle that is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells is the-------which is a type of plastid.
chloroplast
Some protists, like Paramecium, are able to move through a watery environment with thousands of short extensions on the cell called
cilia
short, numerous, hairlike structures that surround some cells like a fringe, are powered by microtubules, and have coordinated movements are called
cilia
Select all of the following that describe microfilaments of the cytoskeleton.
composed of the protein actin help anchor cells to each other function in cell contraction and compression
Select all of the following that describe anchoring junctions
connect cells to the extracellular matrix and to each other in one place hold cells in place and link to the cytoskeleton
Select all of the characteristics of organelles.
contain distinct proteins surrounded by membranes studded with membrane proteins
Select all of the following that are true about lysosomes.
contain enzymes tagged with sugars can fuse with vesicle carrying debris from outside the cell or damaged organelles enzymes inside the lysosome perform hydrolysis reactions
Select all of the following that describe tight junctions.
create the "blood-brain barrier" join adjacent cells into sheets membrane proteins connect to actin in the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells
The ______ is a protein network that occurs within the cytosol, provides support, and helps form ______.
cytoskeleton; cell to cell connections
In eukaryotic cilia and flagella, the movement of the protein ______ slides adjacent microtubules against each other and causes bending of the appendage.
dynein
The internal membranes of several organelles are interconnected and form the ______ system of a eukaryotic cell.
endomembrane
Peroxisomes are organelles that originate at the ______ and contain enzymes that dispose of toxic substances.
endoplasmic reticulum
Select the organelles that are involved in the production of milk proteins to be secreted by mammary gland cells in animals called mammals.
endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus nucleus
What theory describes how ancient organisms engulfed bacterial cells and, instead of being digested, the bacterial cells became organelles within the host cells?
endosymbiosis
In animal tissues where cells are not in direct contact with each other, what holds cells together and coordinates cell activities?
extracellular matrix
Outside of the cell membrane in many animals cells is the ______, which holds the cells together and coordinates some activities between cells.
extracellular matrix
What is the function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?
extract energy from food
Select all of the locomotory structures that consist of shaft of microtubules linked together by dynein protein.
flagella cilia
Select all of the following types of cells that usually possess cell walls
fungi algae bacteria archaea plant
A protein channel that links the cytoplasm of two animal cells and allows the exchange of ions, nutrients, and small molecules between the cells is called a(n) Blank 1 of 1 junction.
gap
The cell wall openings in plant cells called plasmodesmata are most similar to ___________junctions in animal cells.
gap
Cytoskeletal components called _____________filaments are made of different proteins depending upon the cell type and help to maintain cell shape and bind some cells together.
intermediate
if secondary cell walls are present in plant cells, they are located inside primary cell walls and are more rigid due to the presence of the polymer
lignin.
Select all of the cell parts that are involved in the endomembrane system.
lysosomes Golgi apparatus vacuoles nuclear envelope endoplasmic reticulum
Within the nucleus, protein synthesis information in DNA is copied into ______, which then exit the nucleus through nuclear pores.
mRNA molecules
Cytoskeletal components called ______ are long, thin rods of actin protein that are used in muscle contractions, stretching and compression, and anchoring of cells.
microfilaments
What component of the cytoskeleton is made of tubulin protein subunits and is used in cell division and transportation within cells?
microtubules
Select all the organelles that are thought to have arisen by endosymbiosis.
mitochondria chloroplasts
Cellular respiration extracts energy from food and takes place in the organelle called a
mitochondrion or mitochondria
The ______ found within the nuclear envelope are lined with specialized proteins that allow the transport of substances into and out of the nucleus.
nuclear pores
What structures allow the passage of regulatory proteins into the nucleus and mRNA molecules out of the nucleus?
nuclear pores
What prominent structure in the eukaryotic cell is highlighted by blue color in the picture?
nucleus
In eukaryotic cells, the DNA that codes for the cell's proteins is stored in a membrane-bounded organelle called the
nucleus.
The endomembrane system is a coordinated system of ______ in eukaryotic cells.
organelles
What feature enables eukaryotic cells to keep biochemicals and related structures in close proximity and increase efficiency within a relatively large cell volume?
organelles
Select all of the following that are components of the cytoplasm, outside the nuclear membrane.
organelles cytosol ions and enzymes cytoskeleton
What organelle protects all eukaryotic cells from toxic substances or toxic by-products of chemical reactions?
peroxisome
Select all of the following that are contained within a plant's central vacuole.
pigments water and salts weak acids degrading enzymes
Tunnels called ______ occur in the cell walls of two adjacent plant cells and allow the cells to communicate and exchange materials with each other.
plasmodesmata
What plant structure can play a role in the spread of viruses from cell to cell?
plasmodesmata
Water, nutrients, hormones, and some organelles flow between adjacent plant cells through special channels in the cell wall called
plasmodesmata.
Select all of the following that describe gap junctions.
protein channels between adjacent animal cells allow the coordinated contraction of heart muscle cells
Select all of the following that are roles of cell walls.
regulate cell volume provide shape help determine cell specialization
The endoplasmic ______ is a network of membranes originating at the nuclear envelope and winding through the cell.
reticulum
The nucleolus is a dense spot in the nucleus where components of ______ are assembled.
ribosomes
Proteins to be secreted outside of a eukaryotic cell are formed at ribosomes on the surface of the ______ endoplasmic reticulum.
rough
Lipids, detoxifying enzymes, and membrane components are produced and stored in the ______________endoplasmic reticulum.
smooth
In animal cells, cell junctions called ______ junctions form barriers between cells that prevent leaking of fluids and water-soluble molecules.
tight
Select all of the following that are functions of the cytoskeleton in the cell.
transportation aid for cell division structural support
Plant cells have large central ______ where water, salts, and sugars are stored and where materials are broken down and recycled with enzymes similar to lysosomes in animal cells.
vacuole
Membrane proteins synthesized in the ER are transported in ______ to the ______, where the proteins will complete their folding and be packaged for export to the cell membrane.
vesicles; Golgi apparatus