SB. Ch 3.4-3.6: Cells

Select all of the functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

house enzymes that detoxify drugs and poisons synthesize lipids

Select all of the following that describe microtubules.

23 nanometers in diameter act as tracks for the movement of organelles within cells composed of tubulin subunits can be rapidly lengthened or shortened

junctions link cytoskeletal filaments of adjacent animal cells in one place, like a rivet.

Anchoring, Adhering, Desmosome, anchoring, anchoring (or adhering), or adherens

What is a network of sacs and tubules extending off the nuclear envelope and is where proteins and lipids are produced?

Endoplasmic reticulum

Lysosomes originate from vesicles that bud from the ______, and the enzymes contained in lysosomes are synthesized in the ______.

Golgi apparatus; rough ER

The ______ includes all of the cell contents between the nucleus and the cell membrane.

cytoplasm

The two-layered nuclear envelope separates the nucleus of a cell from the

cytoplasm.

The microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules shown in the picture comprise the___________which is a network of proteins that provide a structural framework within the cell.

cytoskeleton

What is the network of protein fibers and tubules inside the cell that provides support and aids in cell division and movement?

cytoskeleton

The watery mixture of ions, enzymes, and RNA within the cytoplasm is called the

cytosol.

Inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, the subunits of ribosomes are assembled in the

nucleolus.

Turgor pressure in plant cells results from the expansion of the central vacuole as it fills with

water

Select the true statement describing how DNA in the nucleus is used to specify protein production by the cell.

DNA is copied into mRNA in the nucleus, and the mRNA is used outside the nucleus to make proteins.

The cell wall openings in plant cells called plasmodesmata are most similar to ________junctions in animal cells.

gap

Select all of the following that describe intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton.

have a diameter of 10 nanometers form an internal scaffold in the cytosol

Select all of the following that are present at the connection between normal cells of multicellular organisms.

a way for cells to adhere to one another ways that cells can communicate with each other

If an mRNA specifies a protein to be used in the cell membrane or to be secreted from the cell, this protein is made on ribosomes that

attach to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Enzymes in the Golgi apparatus can synthesize and attach ______ to proteins and lipids, forming glycoproteins and glycolipids.

carbohydrates

In eukaryotic cells, what is the function of chloroplasts?

carry out photosynthesis

What component of plant cell walls aligns into crisscrossing fibers that provide great strength?

cellulose

As most plant cells lack lysosomes, what organelle in plant cells performs the functions of recycling and degradation of molecules and old organelles?

central vacuole

What plant cell organelle can occupy up to 90% of the cell volume and can exert turgor pressure against the cell membrane when it acquires water?

central vacuole

Each centrosome in animal cells contains two ______, which form basal bodies of flagella and cilia and spindle fibers of chromosomal division.

centrioles

In animal cells, structures called ______ are microtubule-organizing centers that contain the centrioles.

centrosomes

The organelle that is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells is the-------which is a type of plastid.

chloroplast

Some protists, like Paramecium, are able to move through a watery environment with thousands of short extensions on the cell called

cilia

short, numerous, hairlike structures that surround some cells like a fringe, are powered by microtubules, and have coordinated movements are called

cilia

Select all of the following that describe microfilaments of the cytoskeleton.

composed of the protein actin help anchor cells to each other function in cell contraction and compression

Select all of the following that describe anchoring junctions

connect cells to the extracellular matrix and to each other in one place hold cells in place and link to the cytoskeleton

Select all of the characteristics of organelles.

contain distinct proteins surrounded by membranes studded with membrane proteins

Select all of the following that are true about lysosomes.

contain enzymes tagged with sugars can fuse with vesicle carrying debris from outside the cell or damaged organelles enzymes inside the lysosome perform hydrolysis reactions

Select all of the following that describe tight junctions.

create the "blood-brain barrier" join adjacent cells into sheets membrane proteins connect to actin in the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells

The ______ is a protein network that occurs within the cytosol, provides support, and helps form ______.

cytoskeleton; cell to cell connections

In eukaryotic cilia and flagella, the movement of the protein ______ slides adjacent microtubules against each other and causes bending of the appendage.

dynein

The internal membranes of several organelles are interconnected and form the ______ system of a eukaryotic cell.

endomembrane

Peroxisomes are organelles that originate at the ______ and contain enzymes that dispose of toxic substances.

endoplasmic reticulum

Select the organelles that are involved in the production of milk proteins to be secreted by mammary gland cells in animals called mammals.

endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus nucleus

What theory describes how ancient organisms engulfed bacterial cells and, instead of being digested, the bacterial cells became organelles within the host cells?

endosymbiosis

In animal tissues where cells are not in direct contact with each other, what holds cells together and coordinates cell activities?

extracellular matrix

Outside of the cell membrane in many animals cells is the ______, which holds the cells together and coordinates some activities between cells.

extracellular matrix

What is the function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

extract energy from food

Select all of the locomotory structures that consist of shaft of microtubules linked together by dynein protein.

flagella cilia

Select all of the following types of cells that usually possess cell walls

fungi algae bacteria archaea plant

A protein channel that links the cytoplasm of two animal cells and allows the exchange of ions, nutrients, and small molecules between the cells is called a(n) Blank 1 of 1 junction.

gap

The cell wall openings in plant cells called plasmodesmata are most similar to ___________junctions in animal cells.

gap

Cytoskeletal components called _____________filaments are made of different proteins depending upon the cell type and help to maintain cell shape and bind some cells together.

intermediate

if secondary cell walls are present in plant cells, they are located inside primary cell walls and are more rigid due to the presence of the polymer

lignin.

Select all of the cell parts that are involved in the endomembrane system.

lysosomes Golgi apparatus vacuoles nuclear envelope endoplasmic reticulum

Within the nucleus, protein synthesis information in DNA is copied into ______, which then exit the nucleus through nuclear pores.

mRNA molecules

Cytoskeletal components called ______ are long, thin rods of actin protein that are used in muscle contractions, stretching and compression, and anchoring of cells.

microfilaments

What component of the cytoskeleton is made of tubulin protein subunits and is used in cell division and transportation within cells?

microtubules

Select all the organelles that are thought to have arisen by endosymbiosis.

mitochondria chloroplasts

Cellular respiration extracts energy from food and takes place in the organelle called a

mitochondrion or mitochondria

The ______ found within the nuclear envelope are lined with specialized proteins that allow the transport of substances into and out of the nucleus.

nuclear pores

What structures allow the passage of regulatory proteins into the nucleus and mRNA molecules out of the nucleus?

nuclear pores

What prominent structure in the eukaryotic cell is highlighted by blue color in the picture?

nucleus

In eukaryotic cells, the DNA that codes for the cell's proteins is stored in a membrane-bounded organelle called the

nucleus.

The endomembrane system is a coordinated system of ______ in eukaryotic cells.

organelles

What feature enables eukaryotic cells to keep biochemicals and related structures in close proximity and increase efficiency within a relatively large cell volume?

organelles

Select all of the following that are components of the cytoplasm, outside the nuclear membrane.

organelles cytosol ions and enzymes cytoskeleton

What organelle protects all eukaryotic cells from toxic substances or toxic by-products of chemical reactions?

peroxisome

Select all of the following that are contained within a plant's central vacuole.

pigments water and salts weak acids degrading enzymes

Tunnels called ______ occur in the cell walls of two adjacent plant cells and allow the cells to communicate and exchange materials with each other.

plasmodesmata

What plant structure can play a role in the spread of viruses from cell to cell?

plasmodesmata

Water, nutrients, hormones, and some organelles flow between adjacent plant cells through special channels in the cell wall called

plasmodesmata.

Select all of the following that describe gap junctions.

protein channels between adjacent animal cells allow the coordinated contraction of heart muscle cells

Select all of the following that are roles of cell walls.

regulate cell volume provide shape help determine cell specialization

The endoplasmic ______ is a network of membranes originating at the nuclear envelope and winding through the cell.

reticulum

The nucleolus is a dense spot in the nucleus where components of ______ are assembled.

ribosomes

Proteins to be secreted outside of a eukaryotic cell are formed at ribosomes on the surface of the ______ endoplasmic reticulum.

rough

Lipids, detoxifying enzymes, and membrane components are produced and stored in the ______________endoplasmic reticulum.

smooth

In animal cells, cell junctions called ______ junctions form barriers between cells that prevent leaking of fluids and water-soluble molecules.

tight

Select all of the following that are functions of the cytoskeleton in the cell.

transportation aid for cell division structural support

Plant cells have large central ______ where water, salts, and sugars are stored and where materials are broken down and recycled with enzymes similar to lysosomes in animal cells.

vacuole

Membrane proteins synthesized in the ER are transported in ______ to the ______, where the proteins will complete their folding and be packaged for export to the cell membrane.

vesicles; Golgi apparatus