KIN FINAL

The answer to this question is "A" a. Aspirin b. Ball c. Cats d. Dogs

A

Lipids traveling in our bloodstream are Carried only within red blood cells Carried only within white blood cells Carried only dissolved in plasma Carried with hydrophobic tails in contact with water Carried by plasma proteins

Carried by plasma proteins

The hormone erythropoietin functions in a simple endocrine loop that helps maintain steady levels of blood oxygen. The sensor and control center are in the kidney. 26. When we travel to high elevation, the oxygen content of our blood drops. When sensed in the kidney, the kidney would signal to a. Increase blood oxygen content b. Decrease blood oxygen content

Increase blood oxygen content

Hematocrit is most reflective of the a. Ability of our bodies to fight infection b. The oxygen carrying capacity of the blood c. The speed with which our blood clots d. The average level of blood glucose e. The average level of blood calcium

The oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

Primary lymphoid organs include a. Bone marrow b. Thymus c. Spleen d. Both (a) and (b) e. All of the above

a and b

Which of the following provides energy for the enzyme ATP synthase? a. A sodium ion gradient b. A potassium ion gradient c. A hydrogen ion gradient d. ATP e. ADP+Pi

a hydrogen ion gradient

Heart rate increases in response to a drop in blood pressure. The sensor in this feedback loop is a. The brain b. Skeletal muscle c. Smooth muscle d. Cardiac muscle e. The carotid bodies in the aortic arch

carotid bodies in the aortic arch

If we inrease the volume of our lungs, pressure Increases Decreases Does not change

decreases

When we travel to altitude, the partial pressure of oxygen in the air Increases Decreases Does not change

decreases

The lymphatic system is a. Low pressure b. High pressure

low pressure

In the kidney, most reabsorption of glucose occurs in the Collecting duct Proximal convoluted tubule Distal convoluted tubule Nephron loop Glomerulus

proximal convoluted tubule

Ralph has a resting heart rate of 60 beats per minute, and end diastolic volume of 100 mL, and an end systolic volume of 40 mL. What is his cardiac output? a. 40 mL/min b. 60 mL/min c. 100 mL/min d. 3600 mL/min e. 6000 mL/min

3600 mL/min

How many oxygen molecules may be bound to a single functional hemoglobin molecule?

4

Ralph has a resting heart rate of 60 beats per minute, and end diastolic volume of 100 mL, and an end systolic volume of 40 mL. What is his stroke volume? a. 40mL b. 60mL c. 100 mL d. 3600 mL e. 6000 mL

60 mL

In an individual with blood pressure of 110/80, mean arterial pressure would be a. 80mmHg b. 90mmHg c. 100 mm Hg d. 110 mm Hg e. 137 mm Hg

90 mmHg

The innate immune system includes which of the following components? a. Phagocytes b. Surface barriers c. Natural killer cells d. Antimicrobial proteins e. All of the above

All of the above

Once blood clotting begins, why does it stop? a. The enzymes that promote blood clotting turn themselves off b. The enzymes that promote blood clotting are on, but we run out of platelets c. Anti-clotting factors in our blood are always preventing blood clotting as blood moves away from an area of tissue damage

Anti-clotting factors in our blood are always preventing blood clotting as blood moves away from an area of tissue damage

Which of the following cells could be activated to produce antibodies? a. CD4 b. CD8 c. B cells d. NK cells e. Macrophages

B cells

Helper T cells are known as a. Class 1 MHC cells b. Class 2 MHC cells c. CD4 cells d. CD8 cells e. NK cells

CD4 cells

Cytotoxic T-Cells are also known as a. Class 1 MHC cells b. Class 2 MHC cells c. CD4 cells d. CD8 cells e. NK cells

CD8 cells

All nucleated cells display antigens on which cell surface marker? a. B cell receptor b. T cell receptor c. Class 1 MHC d. Class 2 MHC e. CD8

Class 1 MHC

If something squeezed an individual's blood vessels so that more blood returned to the heart, but nerve activity didn't change, which of the following would be true a. EDV would increase b. EDV would decrease c. ESV would increase d. ESV would decrease

EDV would increase

34. Air moves from a. High pressure to low pressure b. Low pressure to high pressure c. Warm temperature to cold temperature d. Cold temperature to warm temperature

High pressure to low pressure

Sympathetic stimulation of the heart would a. Increase the amount of calcium released in cardiomyocytes b. Decrease the amount of calcium released in cardiomyocytes c. Not affect the amount of calcium released in cardiomyocytes

Increase the amount of calcium released in cardiomyocytes

Cholesterol is contained in each of the following complexes. Which of the following complexes is created in the liver and delivers cholesterol to peripheral tissue? a. VLDL b. LDL c. HDL d. Chylomicrons

LDL

15. In this disease, you would expect a. High TRH levels, but low TSH and thyroid hormone b. High TRH and TSH, but low thyroid homone c. High TRH, TSH, and thyroid hormone levels d. Low TRH, but high TSH and Thyroid hormone levels e. Low TRH and TSH levels, but high thyroid hormone levels

Low TRH, but high TSH and Thyroid hormone levels

Why might this year's flu vaccine not be effective next year? a. Mutations in our B cells would alter the antibodies produced b. Mutations in our T cells would alter our cellular immunity c. Mutations in the flu virus could alter the shape of its antigens d. Mutations in the flu virus could alter the shape of its antibodies

Mutations in the flu virus could alter the shape of its antigens

Scenario: the osmolarity of filtrate in the collecting duct is 300 mOsm/L and osmolarity in the interstitial fluid surrounding the collecting duct is 1200 mOsm/L. If there were no ADH in our systems, osmolarity of the urine would be approximately a. 300 mOsm/L b. 900 mOsm/L c. 1200 mOsm/L d. 1500 mOsm/L

No ADH means that there's no aquaporins in the collecting duct which means that water cannot be reabsorbed so the osmolarity would stay at 300 mOsm/L

in the feedback loop that maintains blood calcium levels when they drop, the sensor is the Anterior pituitary Posterior pituitary Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Osteoclasts

Parathyroid gland

Which of the following components of blood carries the most oxygen? a. Platelets b. White blood cells c. Red blood cells d. Lymphoctyes e. Most oxygen is dissolved in the plasma

red blood cells

The effector in the erythropoietin feedback loop is in the a. Kidney b. Thyroid gland c. Adrenal cortex d. Red bone marrow e. Skeletal muscle

red bone marrow

If blood pressure drops, which of the following would be released from the juxtamedullary complex? a. ADH b. Aldosterone c. Angiotensin II d. Renin e. Atrial natriuretic peptide

renin

In the cardiac cycle graph, which graphs is measured in mmHg?

The first one measures electrical activity in the heart The second one measures pressure in the heart The third one measures volume of the ventricles in mL

Which of the following is a true statement about diabetes mellitus? a. Type 1 diabetes mellitus can be treated with lifestyle because all components of the feedback loop are present and will work well if we eat a healthy diet and exercise. b. Type 2 diabetes mellitus can be treated with lifestyle because all components of the feedback loop are present and will work well if we eat a healthy diet and exercise.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus can be treated with lifestyle because all components of the feedback loop are present and will work well if we eat a healthy diet and exercise.

Over time, how would our blood change to alter blood oxygen concentration? a. We would increase white blood cell production b. We would decrease white blood cell production c. We would increase red blood cell production d. We would decrease red blood cell production e. Blood sodium and potassium levels would climb

We would increase RBC synthesis

Which of the following molecules is an intermediate in the breakdown of fatty acids, glucose, and amino acids? a. Pyruvate b. Acetyl CoA c. Leucine d. Lactic acid

acetyl coA is the intermediate

If blood pressure drops, a. Afferent arterioles constrict b. Afferent arterioles dilate c. The descending limb of the nephron loop constricts d. The descending limb of the nephron loop dilates

afferent arterioles dilate

Changing which of the following would change blood pressure? a. Heart rate (HR) b. End diastolic volume (EDV) c. End systolic volume (ESV) d. Total peripheral resistance (TPR) e. All of the above

all of the above

Which of the following might be altered by turning on a hormone receptor? a. The activity of ion channels b. The functioning of subcellular organelles c. Gene transcription and translation d. Both (a) and (b) e. All of the above

all of the above

If the vagus nerve were stimulated, which effects would you see on the ECG? a. P waves would be spaced farther apart b. QRS complexes would be spaced farther apart c. T waves would be spaced farther apart d. Both (a) and (b) e. All of the above

all of the above. slower heart rate

Which of the following nutrients travel directly to the liver following absorption? a. Amino acids b. Monosaccharides c. Lipids d. Both (a) and (b) e. All of the above

amino acids and monosaccharides both a and b

Which of the following are true? a. Arteries always carry oxygenated blood b. Veins always carry deoxygenated blood c. Arteries always carry blood away from the heart d. Both (a) and (b) e. All of the above

arteries always carry blood away from the heart

Most CO2 in the blood is transported a. Dissolved in plasma b. Bound to hemoglobin c. As bicarbonate d. Bound to plasma proteins

as bicarbonate

When the ventricles are ejecting blood, pressure is lowest in the a. Largest veins b. Largest arteries c. Atria d. Ventricles

atria

After bleeding, heart rate increases to restore cardiac output. This is necessary because a. An rise in EDV would decrease stroke volume, requiring greater heart rate to restore cardiac output. b. A drop in EDV would decrease stroke volume, requiring a greater heart rate to restore cardiac output. c. A rise in ESV would decrease stroke volume, requiring greater heart rate to restore cardiac output. d. A drop in ESV would decrease stroke volume, requiring greater heart rate to restore cardiac output. e. Stroke volume would increase, requiring greater heart rate to restore cardiac output.

b. drop in EDV would decrease SV, requiring a great heart rate to restore cardiac output

Of the processes below, which is the first step in catabolism of fatty acid? a. Glycolysis b. Beta oxidation c. Deamination d. The electron transport chain e. The citric acid cycle

beta oxidation

If all heart valves were removed, which of the following would occur during ventricular contraction a. Blood would flow from the ventricles to the aorta b. Blood would flow from the ventricles to the atria c. Blood would flow both directions

blood would flow in both directions

16. Symptoms of the patient suffering from this disease would likely include a. Feeling hot b. Weight loss c. Sleeping too much (from lower metabolic activity) d. Both (a) and (b) e. All of the above

both a and b

Chemical digestion of which of the following nutrients begins in the mouth? a. Carbohydrate b. Triglycerides (fat) c. Protein d. Both (a) and (b) e. All of the above

both a and b

If we want to increase the partial pressure of oxygen in inspired air, we could a. Increase barometric pressure (like in a chamber) b. Increase the percentage of oxygen c. Decrease CO2 (replacing with nitrogen) d. Both (a) and (b) e. All of the above

both a and b

In type 1 diabetes mellitus, the negative feedback loop controlling blood glucose is disrupted. Which of the following components are attacked by the immune system? a. The sensor b. The control center c. The effector d. Both (a) and (b) e. All of the above.

both a and b

Stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system increases a. Heart rate b. Stroke volume c. End systolic volume d. Both (a) and (b) e. All of the above

both a and b

Why do most particles from the environment not enter the blood in our lungs? a. The upper respiratory system and conducting airways trap particles in the mucus membrane b. The mucus escalator moves particles and mucus away from the alveoli c. Type 1 pneumocytes provide robust protection against intruders d. Both (a) and (b) e. All of the above

both a and b

A patient with a blood type AB- would have Both A and B antigens on their red blood cells Both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their plasma Only A antigens and anti-A antibodies in their blood Both (a) and (b) All of the above

both a and b antigens on red blood cells

Most oxygen in the blood travels a. Dissolved b. Bound to hemoglobin c. Bound to plasma proteins

bound to hemoglobin

Catabolism refers to a. Building larger molecules from smaller b. Breakdown of larger molecules to smaller

breakdown of larger molecules to smaller molecules

The primary resistance airways are the a. Alveoli b. Bronchioles c. Secondary bronchi d. Primary bronchi e. Trachea

bronchioles

The excess production of ketoacids in diabetic ketoacidosis is caused by a. A buildup of glucose within the cell causing conversion of glucose into ketoacids b. A buildup of amino acids within the cell causing conversion of amino acids into ketoacids c. A buildup of fatty acids within the cell causing conversion of fatty acids into ketoacids d. A buildup of acetyl CoA within the cell causing conversion of acetyl CoA into ketoacids

buildup of acetyl CoA within the cell causing conversion of acetyl CoA into ketoacids

Arteries always a. Carry oxygenated blood b. Carry deoxygenated blood c. Carry blood away from the heart d. Carry blood towards the heart

carry blood away from the heart

The main function of smooth muscle in arterioles is to a. Change the length of the vessels b. Change the radius of the vessels c. Change the elasticity of the vessels d. Change the stiffness of the vessels

change the radius of the vessels

Which of the following processes produces most CO2 in cellular respiration? a. Glycolysis b. Beta oxidation c. Deamination d. The electron transport chain e. The citric acid cycle

citric acid cycle

The final adjustment of the urine osmolarity occurs in the a. Collecting duct b. Proximal convoluted tubule c. Afferent Arteriole d. Nephron loop e. Glomerulus

collecting duct

Feedback loops involving the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and target organs are a.simple b. complex c. humoral

complex

If a pulmonary artery were blocked, the arterioles distal to that artery would a. Constrict b. Dilate

constrict

If all nerves supplying the heart were cut, the heart would a. Stop beating b. Continue to beat, but at a slower than resting rate c. Continue to beat, but at a faster than resting rate d. Contract in an uncoordinated manner (fibrillate)

continue to beat, but at a faster than resting rate

Which of the following processes predominates in the absorptive state? Deamination Beta oxidation Conversion of glucose to glycogen Protein degradation

conversion of glucose to glycogen

The interstitial fluid becomes highly concentrated deep in the renal medulla because a. Reabsorption of glucose in the proximal convoluted tubule is easily adjusted. b. Reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the distal convoluted tubule is easily adjusted. c. Countercurrent multiplication increases sodium reabsorption deep in the medulla. d. The juxtaglomerular complex is most active deep in the medulla.

countercurrent multiplication increased sodium reabsorption deep in the medulla

Of the processes below, which is the first step in catabolism of amino acids? a. Glycolysis b. Beta oxidation c. Deamination d. The electron transport chain e. The citric acid cycle

deamination

In individuals with lactose intolerance, lactose concentrations in the blood a. Increase b. Decrease

decrease

Presume that during exercise, Blood pressure increased from 110/80 to 170/80. Cardiac output increased from 5 L/min to 25 L/min. In this case, TPR a. Increased b. Decreased c. Did not change

decreased

When in negative energy balance, which of the following is most likely to occur? Increased basal metabolic rate (BMR) Decreased basal metabolic rate No change in basal metabolic rate

decreased basal metabolic rate

After bleeding, which of the following disruptions of homeostasis would most directly stimulate production of red blood cells? a. Decreased blood pH b. Decreased blood plasma volume c. Decreased blood plasma proteins d. Decreased blood oxygen content e. Decreased blood pressure

decreased blood oxygen content

Which of the following would increase renin secretion? a. Increased glomerular filtration b. Decreased glomerular filtration

decreased glomerular filtration

Increased sympathetic nervous system activity would cause (hint: think about the effects on renal blood vessels rather than systemic blood pressure) a. Increased glomerular filtration b. Decreased glomerular filtration c. No change in glomerular filtration

decreased glomerular filtration blood pressure would increase, but the greatest effect on GFR is the constriction of afferent arterioles during exercise, which would cause decreased GFR

ACE inhibitors lower blood pressure by (two of the following processes occur, but only one *causes* a drop in blood pressure) a. Increasing sodium reabsorption b. Decreasing sodium reabsorption c. Increasing potassium reabsorption d. Decreasing potassium reabsorption

decreasing sodium reabsorption

Loop diuretics lower blood pressure by (two of the following processes occur, but only one *causes* a drop in blood pressure) a. Increasing sodium reabsorption b. Decreasing sodium reabsorption c. Increasing potassium reabsorption d. Decreasing potassium reabsorption

decreasing sodium reabsorption

In which of the following diseases would the osmolarity of urine be highest? a. Diabetes mellitus b. Diabetes insipidus

diabetes mellitus

For the next 3 questions, imagine exercising strenuously with two legs. 15. Of the following, the first change we would see is a. Constriction of arterioles in the kidney b. Increased heart rate c. Increased stroke volume d. Dilation of arterioles supplying exercising muscle

dilation of arterioles supplying exercising muscle

If blood pressure drops, filtrate in the distal convoluted tubule would become more a. Dilute b. Concentrated c. The osmolarity would not change

dilute

Regulation of the final concentration of sodium and potassium in the blood stream occurs mostly in the Glomerulus Peritubular capillaries Ascending limb of the nephron loop Descending limb of the nephron loop Distal convoluted tubule

distal convoluted tubule

When we travel to altitude, the percentage of oxygen in the air Increases Decreases Does not change

does not change

If the partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs dropped from 100 mm Hg to 80 mm Hg, the percentage oxy-hemoglobin would a. Increase by 5-10% b. Increase by more than 30% c. Drop by 5-10% d. Drop by more than 30%

drop by 5 - 10 %

If the partial pressure of oxygen in systemic tissue dropped from 40 mm Hg to 20 mm Hg, the percentage of oxy-hemoglobin would a. Increase by 5-10% b. Increase by more than 30% c. Drop by 5-10% d. Drop by more than 30%

drop by more than 30%

If the radius of a blood vessel drops from 2 mm to 1 mm and nothing else changes, blood flow through the vessel would a. Drop to half its original value b. Drop to much less than half its original value c. Increase to double its original value d. Increase to much more than double its original value

drop to much less than half its original value

During which period of time would all heart valves be closed?

during isovolumetric contraction or isovolumetric relaxation. The valves are never all OPEN but these are periods when they're all closed

The largest arteries are a. The elastic arteries b. The arterioles c. The muscular arteries d. The capillaries

elastic arteries

A primary effect of glucagon is to a. Lower blood sugar b. Elevate blood sugar c. Lower Metabolism d. Elevate metabolism e. Stimulate glycogen storage

elevate blood sugar

A primary effect of thyroid hormone is to a. Lower blood sugar b. Elevate blood sugar c. Lower Metabolism d. Elevate metabolism e. Stimulate reproductive organs

elevate metabolism

Which of the following would you see in a patient with diabetes insipidus? a. Elevated urine production with dilute urine b. Elevated urine production with glucose in the urine c. Low urine production with dilute urine d. Low urine production with glucose in the urine e. Urine with a temperature of greater than 98.6 F

elevated urine production with dilute urine

Bloodclotting is considered a positive feedback loop because A. Enzymes that promote blood clotting turn themselves off B. Enzymes that promote blood clotting turn themselves on

enzymes that promote blood clotting turn themselves on

Of the following processes, white blood cells are most active in a. Maintaining the oxygen content of the blood b. Maintaining the CO2 content of the blood c. Fighting infection d. Fighting the effects of thyroid hormone

fighting infection

Lymph nodes are involved in a. Filtering plasma b. Filtering cerebrospinal fluid c. Filtering cytoplasm d. Filtering lymph

filtering lymph

The spleen is involved in Filtering plasma Filtering cerebrospinal fluid Filtering cytoplasm Filtering lymph

filtering plasma

Blood always moves a. Downhill b. Towards the heart c. Away from the heart d. From high pressure to low pressure e. From low pressure to high pressure

from high pressure to low pressure

In the urinary system, filtration occurs in the a. Glomerulus b. Peritubular capillaries c. Ascending limb of the nephron loop d. Descending limb of the nephron loop e. Distal convoluted tubule

glomerulus

Which of the following hormones dominates in the post-absorptive state? a. Insulin b. Ghrelin c. Gastrin d. Glycogen e. Glucagon

glucagon

Which of the following processes would you expect to increase most in an individual who is starving? a. Protein synthesis b. Glycogen synthesis c. Triglyceride storage d. Gluconeogenesis

gluconeogenesis

Of the processes below, which is the first step in catabolism of glucose? a. Glycolysis b. Beta oxidation c. Deamination d. The electron transport chain e. The citric acid cycle

glycolysis

Blood moves a. From high pressure to low pressure b. From low pressure to high pressure c. Pressure does not play a role in moving blood

high pressure to low pressure

Blood flow to the exercising muscle fibers would Increase Decrease Not change

increase

For the next four questions, imagine "exercise" that is limited to curling your index finger using only a few muscle fibers. 11. Metabolism in the exercising muscle fibers would Increase Decrease Not change

increase

Sodium reabsorption would ________________ in response to a drop in blood pressure a. Increase b. Decrease c. Not change

increase

After we re-establish homeostasis during exercise, blood pressure has increased. In this state, blood flow to exercising muscles has ______________ and to the kidneys has _____________. a. Increased; Increased b. Increased; Decreased c. Decreased; Increased d. Decreased; Decreased

increase blood pressure increase blood flow decreased blood flow

In brown fat cells, the mitochondrial inner membrane has holes that allow ions to leak into the mitochondrial matrix. This would result in ______________ from enzymes in the mitochondrial inner membrane. a. Increased ATP synthesis and increased heat production b. Increased ATP synthesis but decreased heat production c. Decreased ATP synthesis but increased heat production d. Decreased ATP synthesis and decreased heat production

increased ATP synthesis and decreased heat production

During the first day at altitude, we would expect to see a. Increased blood pH b. Decreased blood pH

increased blood pH

Which of the following would increase lymph formation? a. Increased blood pressure b. Increased plasma oncotic (osmotic) pressure c. Both of the above d. None of the above

increased blood pressure

Which of the following would decrease lymph formation? a. Increased blood pressure b. Increased plasma osmotic pressure c. Both of the above d. None of the above

increased plasma osmotic pressure

If the radius of a blood vessel drops from 2 mm to 1 mm, its resistance a. Drops to half its original value b. Drops to much less than half its original value c. Increases to double its original value d. Increases to much more than double its original value

increased to much more than double its original value

If blood pressure increases and nothing else changes a. Blood flow to the kidney increases b. Blood flow to the kidney decreases

increases

The fluid that drains into lymphatic capillaries is a. Plasma b. Interstitial fluid c. Cytoplasm d. Neuroplasm

interstitial fluid

Formation of urine occurs in the a. Bladder b. Ureter c. Urethra d. Kidney

kidney

Compared with skeletal muscle, the action potential in a cardiac muscle cell is a. Longer b. Shorter c. The same duration

longer

The primary stimulus for release of antidiuretic hormone is a. High blood glucose b. Low blood glucose c. Low blood osmolarity d. High blood osmolarity e. High body temperature

low blood osmolarity

A simple endocrine reflex most often a. Maintains homeostasis b. Varies set points in response to the environment

maintains homeostasis

Vessels supplying the small intestine run through the a. Parietal pleura b. Visceral pleura c. Mesenteries d. Stomach e. Large intestine

mesenteries

Mechanical digestion of protein begins in the a. Mouth b. Esophagus c. Stomach d. Small intestine e. Large intestine

mouth

When eating a cheeseburger, food enters the body through the a. mouth b. Esophagus c. Stomach d. Small intestine e. Large intestine

mouth

If we measure arterial blood pressure in the individual doing finger exercise, it would a. Rise dramatically b. Fall dramatically c. Not change very much

not change very much

Scenario for the next 3 questions. Imagine a physician encounters a disease in which the thyrotropin releasing hormone receptor (TRH receptor) is mutated. The receptor is stuck in the "on" position, as if TRH is always present. 14. Where is the TRH receptor located? a. On neurons in the hypothalamus b. On cells in the anterior pituitary gland c. On cells in the posterior pituitary gland d. On cells in the thyroid gland e. On cells all over the body

on cells in the anterior pituitary gland TRH receptor is mutated, then TSH increases and TH increases and TRH decreases

In the feedback loop that maintains blood calcium levels when they drop, effectors include the Anterior pituitary Posterior pituitary Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Osteoclasts

osteoclasts

What happens to the pH of our blood when we have diarrhea? a. pH rises b. pH falls c. pH should not change

pH falls (more acidic) When pancreatic cell activity is high, they secrete a lot of bicarbonate and in return, a lot of H+ is put into the blood so the blood gets super acidic

When throwing up, our bodies lose HCl which must then be replaced. What happens to the pH of our blood when we throw up? pH rises pH falls pH should not change

pH rises (more basic) When parietal cells secrete H+ into the stomach, carbonic anhydrase will catalyze this reaction and bicarbonate will be put into the blood in return. So when stomach cell activity is high, the blood is basic.

Enzymes that digest all nutrients (carbohydrate, protein, and fat) are found in a. Saliva b. Gastric juices c. Pancreatic secretions d. All of the above e. None of the above

pancreatic secretions saliva --> only CHOs and fat gastric juices --> proteins

41. Which of the following would change if a pulmonary artery were blocked? a. Anatomic dead space b. Physiologic dead space

physiologic dead space

After bleeding, which is (are) fastest to replace? a. Plasma volume b. Red blood cells c. White blood cells

plasma volume

Urea is formed when ______________ are broken down to produce ATP a. Lipid b. Protein c. Fat

proteins

The epithelial tissue type in the small intestine is a. Simple squamous b. Stratified squamous c. Simple cuboidal d. Stratified cuboidal e. Simple columnar

simple columnar

The majority of absorption of nutrients occurs in the a. Mouth b. Stomach c. Small intestine d. Large intestine e. Rectum

small intestine

In the feedback loop that controls blood flow to the exercising tissue, which of the following is the effector? a. Endothelial cells b. Smooth muscle cells c. The tunica externa d. Connective receptors surrounding the vessels

smooth muscle cells

A new hormone is discovered and its receptor is found to be intracellular. The hormone diffuses through the cell's plasma membrane when no transport proteins are present. When bound to hormone, the receptor travels to the nucleus to alter gene transcription. The hormone is most likely a a. Steroid b. Polar amino acid c. Small peptide d. Large peptide e. It's impossible to guess

steroid

In an unfortunate chainsaw accident, pretend I barely nicked a blood vessel. Despite losing blood, a checkup in the hospital proved I did not need surgery and would heal on my own. 47. Which of the following was the fastest of my body's responses? a. Stimulation of the blood clotting cascade b. Replacement of plasma volume c. Replacement of lost red blood cells

stimulating of blood clotting cascade

Chemical digestion of protein begins in the a. Mouth b. Esophagus c. Stomach d. Small intestine e. Large intestine

stomach

The primary function of the gall bladder is to a. Synthesize bile b. Store bile c. Digest lipids d. Both (a) and (b) e. All of the above

store bile

The main function of elastic tissue in arteries is to a. Stiffen the artery b. Store pressure generated during systole c. Increase pressure in the circulatory system d. Decrease pressure in the circulatory system

store pressure generated during systole

The epithelial tissue type in the mouth is a. Simple squamous b. Stratified squamous c. Simple cuboidal d. Stratified cuboidal e. Simple columnar

stratified squamous

Fiber provides bulk to feces because a. Amino acids in fiber can't be separated by human enzymes so remain in the digestive tract b. Sugars in fiber can't be separated by human enzymes so remain in the digestive tract c. Fatty acids in fiber can't be separated by human enzymes so remain in the digestive tract d. Fiber causes amino acids to be secreted into the digestive tract e. Fiber causes fatty acids to be secreted into the digestive tract

sugars in fiber can't be separated by human enzymes so remain in the digestive tract

Which of the following experiences the highest pressure? a. The vena cava b. The pulmonary trunk c. The pulmonary veins d. The aorta

the aorta

White blood cells begin development in The thymus The bone marrow The spleen Both (a) and (b) All of the above

the bone marrow

Defects in which of the following cause type 2 diabetes mellitus? a. The sensor b. The control center c. The effector d. Both (a) and (b) e. All of the above.

the effector

Inflammation causes edema. Why? a. Increased hydrostatic pressure increases filtration from the capillaries b. Decreased hydrostatic pressure increases filtration from the capillaries c. The osmotic pressure gradient between plasma and the interstitial space is increased d. The osmotic pressure gradient between plasma and the interstitial space is decreased

the osmotic pressure gradient between plasma and the interstitial space is decreased

The X-axis of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve depicts a. The percentage of hemoglobin bound to oxygen b. The percentage of hemoglobin bound to CO2 c. The partial pressure of oxygen d. The partial pressure of CO2

the partial pressure of oxygen

A primary function of the cardiovascular system is a. To maintain the composition of the extracellular fluid b. To disrupt the composition of the extracellular fluid

to maintain the composition of the ECF

Primary function(s) of the esophagus include a. Mechanical digestion b. Chemical digestion c. Transport d. Both (a) and (b) e. All of the above

transport

50. It's always nice to end an exam with an easy question a. True (correct answer). b. False

true

It's nice to start an exam with an easy question a. True

true

The UMass hockey game is scheduled to begin at 8:30 on 4/11, televised on ESPN2 a. True

true

The respiratory system is cool a. True

true

Urine is eliminated from the body from the a. Bladder b. Ureter c. Urethra d. Kidney

urethra

When the heart is relaxed, pressure is lowest in the a. Largest veins b. Largest arteries c. Atria d. Ventricles

ventricles

Immediately after arriving at altitude, how might our bodies work to increase the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli? a. We would increase the hemoglobin in our blood b. We would decrease hemoglobin in our blood c. We would increase pulmonary ventilation d. We would decrease pulmonary ventilation

we would increase pulmonary ventilation