SBUS 250 Midterm
Fair pay to play bill
- a bill that will allow student-athletes to receive money base son their names and brands in California starting 2023 -signed by the governor of California in Sept. 2019 -some other states working on their own laws -NCAA originally opposed, but eventually agrees to reform -still not clean exactly how
Lance Armstrong
-1996 diagnosed having testicular cancer -7 times Tour de France winner 1999-2005 competing for team US Postal/ Discovery -Olympic bronze medal Sydney 2000 -LIVESTRONG Foundation - 500 Million USD for cancer research -Decades of doping culture in the Tour de France -After years of legal disputes, in 2012 USADA exposed Armstrong's network of doping referring to it as "Mafia -Wins and medals revoked, sponsors withdrew, stepped down as chairman of the foundation -In 2013, After years of denial confessed on Oprah
Division 1
-347 members, where high profile universities compete, highest level of competition, offering full scholarships -Football Bowl Subdivision(FBS) - Football championship subdivision (FCS)
Areas of Title IX
-Access to Higher Education -Career Education -Employment -Math and Science -Standardized Testing -Athletics under Title IX -Education for Pregnant and Parenting Students -Learning Environment -Sexual Harassment -Technology
Tiger Woods
-African American father, mother from Thailand -Raised in as a Buddhist -Won 14 Major titles -Won 79 PGA Tour titles -Won over $100 Million in winnings -As of 2014 earned over $ 1.3 Billion (mostly through endorsements) -Had several out of marriage affairs -Took a year off to go to therapy -Did not manage to get back to his previous status as the best golf player in the world -Many sponsors left him, Nike stayed
Billie Jean King
-American tennis star -advocates against sexism (wanted equal pay for women and men) in sports and society -She is known for the "The Battle of the Sexes" in 1973, in which she defeated 55-year-old Bobby Riggs, a former Wimbledon men's singles champion. -she created the Pro Tennis circuit for women
deviance related to sports
-Cheating on the field of play -Institutional corruption -Eating disorders -Gambling and match-fixing -Violence on and off the field -Hazing and bullying
off the field violence
-Criminal behavior -Assaults and sexual assaults by male athletes -Violence among spectators -Violence among media viewers -Terrorism at sports events
deviance apart from sports
-Delinquency rates -Academic cheating -Alcohol use and binge drinking -Felony rates
governmental doping systems
-East Germany 1970s-1980s -Systematic doping system in Russian sports -Sochi 2014 -Former KGB involved -Most Russian athletes were allowed to compete in the Rio 2016 Olympic Games except in several disciplines -No Russian flag and anthem in PyeongChang 2018 -Russia banned from Tokyo 2020 and 2022 FIFA World Cup -Icarus
Figurational Theory
-Emphasizes people's connection and interdependence -examines historical change of networks of people over time -example: analyzes how athletes of different ages view sport involvement -weaknesses: reduces the urgency for change
Maria Sharapova
-Former World #1 -Best earning female athlete -Failed doping test -Meldonium recently banned -She exposed it -Dropped by Nike -Banned for 2 years -Reduced to 15 months -Returned to compete and reinstated as UN Ambassador
sport participation in the education system
-Girls participation in high school sports has grown from 294,105 in 1971 (before Title IX) to 3,172,637 in 2009. -Female participation in college sports has grown from 30,000 in 1977 to more than 180,000 in 2010. -Girls and women comprise nearly 40% of interscholastic and intercollegiate sport participation
hegemony theory
-Gramsci (1972) -Leading groups in society preserving status quo -Conflict Theory -Critical Theory -Feminist Theory -Hegemony Masculinity
agenda setting theroy
-Lippman's Public Opinion (1922): Mass media connected events to images in people's minds -the media does not tell people what to think, but what to think about (McCombs and Shaw, 1972) -How does media impact attitudes? (content framing, public relations)
Ronda Rousey
-Match vs Holly Holm set UFC attendance record (56,314) -Match vs Amanda Nunez ranked 34th most watch PPV of all time (more than 1 million). -Headlining Wrestlemania 2019
societal analysis
-Methodology: analyzing data obtained through various methods already described - Pros: applies social theories and models to examine life from a social point of view -Cons: of only one theory or model is used, it may ignore salient facts or skew analysis
Content analysis
-Methodology: collecting information or pictured from media and assigning themes - Pros: can assess much data: can analyze societal priorities and biases -Cons: uses inferences from others' reporting rather than from self-reports
Historical analysis
-Methodology: examining primary doucuments, interviewing primary sources and experts, and analyzing historians' interpretations - Pros: examines sport trends over times; can make comparisons with society at large -Cons:addresses only large societal trends
enthnography
-Methodology: notes and conversations obtained by personal observation and immersion in an environment or group - Pros: provides an insider view -Cons: can be costly and time intensive
Interviews
-Methodology: questioning individuals or small (focus) groups - Pros: can be in depth: can prompt unexpected answers -Cons: can be time consuming, expensive, and limited to small samples
Survey research
-Methodology: questionnaires - Pros: Quickly collects much data for trend analysis; random sampling permits generalization to larger population -Cons: relies on self-reports: may not account for personal differences: may mislead if data are not discreet enough
Rio 2016 Medals
-Out of 554 American athletes in Rio, 291 women and 263 men -US women won 61 medals, men won 55 (5 in mixed events) -27 gold medals were won by women (tied with GB overall) -In London 2012: US Women won 58 compared to 45 by men
issues and protests
-Payment dispute -Conditions dispute -Women's rights -Political activism -LGBTQ -Accused of arrogance -Traditionally mostly white upper-middle class players
social identity
-People group to make sense of the social world -Similar categories within the group
self categorization
-People see themselves as individuals and as part of a group -Being part of a group is important for self identity -Shared behaviors/ attitudes/ thoughts
Marion Jones
-Sydney 2000: Won 3 gold medals and 2 silver ones at the -2002: A Federal Government investigation against the American laboratory BALCO for giving top athletes giving performance enhancing drugs and steroids (including Jones) -USADA opened their own investigation -In 2007 Jones admits lying in the federal investigation and sentences for 6 months in jail which she served in 2008 (also for check fraud) -Her medals were revoked -2010: Joined the WNBA (waived)
sports media and business
-TV rights -ratings and ads -second screens -changing rules and regulations -platforms for athletes -careers in sports media
challenges of women's sports
-The median cost of a female team is over $1 million. -Every female sports team in the NCAA loses money -Dropped men's sports teams -Dropped number of female coaches -Still not even numbers of male and women participation in athletics -Lack of exposure through mainstream media -Limited impact in the open market
Title IX
-Title IX of the Education Act of 1972 -Restrict any gender- based discrimination in any federal funded education institute
Michelle Kwan
-US figure skating champion -her parents are immigrants from China -became a UN diplomat
Second Wave of Black Athletes Activism
-Years: 1946-1960 -Historical influences: Decolonization -Access to American mainstream -Significant athletes: Jackie Robinson -Institutions became less segregated -Media Coverage: Shut up and play
Third Wave of Black Athletes Activism
-Years: 1960s-1970s -Historical influences: Civil right movement, Black Power -Part of Civil Right Movements -Significant athletes: Muhammad Ali, Bill Russell, Kareem Abdul Jabber, Tommie Smith, John Carlos -Rebellion against institutionalized America -Media Coverage: Don't protest this way
No Significant Wave
-Years: 1980s-2010 -Historical influences: End of Cold War, Capitalism -"Post Racial America" -Significant athletes: Michael Jordan, Charles Barkley -Making money -Media Coverage: Not critical
Fourth Wave of Black Athletes Activism
-Years: 2011- -Historical influences: Social media -Seeking for power and using power -Significant athletes: Colin Kaepernick, LeBron James -Athletes use their power to raise social issues -Media Coverage: Mixed, athletes using social media to send direct messages
Disposition-based theories
-Zimmerman & Cantor (1976), Bryant & Raney (2000) -Where is the consumer compared to the message -Five factors for sports spectators: 1. Relationship to the team/player 2. The outcome of the contest 3. Drama/ conflict in the contests 4. Suspense 5. Effectiveness of play
framing
-active process of selection of topics by the media -effect on the understanding by the consumers perceived reality -deals with interpretation
Communications theories
-agenda setting -use and gratification -framing -cultivation -disposition based theories -self categorization and social identity -hegemonic theory
Sports business - financial impacts
-assets/investments -depreciation -taxes -revenue sharing -ticket sales - venue revenues -media revenues -licensing fees for team merchandise -payoff for reaching the postseason -naming rights -venue financing
conflict theory
-economic interests shape the world, and sport reinforces existing power structures -focuses on forces that produce instability, disruption, and disorganization -example: not paying college football players -weakness: relies too heavily on economics
gratification theories
-focus on the media user -motives, media consumption, groups and individuals -Why users choose certain media platforms?
interactionist theory
-focuses on social interactions and relationships (bottom-up approach) -assumes choices are deliberate, conscious, and based on their effect on self and others -example: consider needs of youth athletes in defining youth sport structure weakness: focuses on the individual, ignoring the role of overall power structure
social theories
-functionalist -conflict -critical -feminist -interactionist -figurational
sports business stakeholders
-governing bodies (leagues, associations, federations) - sports organizations (clubs, teams) -event organizers -the public -facilities, arenas, and stadiums -media -governments and governmental organizations (NGO) -sponsors -apparel and equipment companies -players, coaches, agents, and payers associations -fans participants
planning
-mission and vision -external and internal analysis: SWOT
Sports
-physical activity and skill -competition: outcome important and not predetermined -institutionalization -specialized facilities and equipment
Play
-physical activity of childhood -free activity to explore, dream, and pretend -no firm rules or set location -outcome unimportant -pleasure as the only objective
the sports marketing process
-planning -implementation -evaluation
sports marketing
-satisfying consumer wants and needs -applying marketing and branding to the sports market -the uniqueness of the sports business market -the sports products and customers -the sporting goods (merchandise, equipment) -service (gambling, specialized coaching) -participants/ volunteers -supporters/ spectators
Implementation
-segmentation, targeting, positioning (STP) -the marketing pix (4 p's)
long term implications of Title IX
-social change -health -professional women's leagues -developing successful athletes
USWNT
-socially aware (not only fighting for women but other social issues...) -most watched soccer game in USA history -world cup final vs. Japan in 2015, 26th most watched sporting event in all of 2015 (only NFL and College football were above) -they win and generate money -the 2019 world cup final was the 100th most watched TV program in the US
feminist theory
-society is patriarchal and ignored or undervalues female virtues -analyzes the status of women in sport -example: media focus on male sport can teach society to undervalue female sport -weakness: can overlook other factors
Games
-specialized form of play with more structure -mental or physical form (inactive or active) -informal or formal rules -competition (optional) -outcome can be determined by luck, strategy, skill
functionalist theory
-sport helps maintain societal status quo and equilibrium by building character and teaching values -sport reinforces society's value system -example: little league baseball teaches teamwork and fair play -weaknesses: overemphasized positive consequences of sport; downplays disenfranchised populations
critical theory
-studies the power or authority that a group wields over others (i.e hegemony) -sport does not simply mirror society but can change beliefs and relationships -example: coached may think athletes must play certain positions based on their race -weaknesses: can be confusing; may be useful only in specific cases
work
-the physical or mental effort needed to perform a task -it is often connected to earning a living -professional athletes work when they are paid to play sports -high-performance athletes may experience sport as work even if they are not paid
Title IX Tests
1. Substantial Proportionality test 2.Continued improvement test 3. Accommodation of Interest test
According to the readings by Cooper, Macaulay, & Rodrigues (2019) , Jackie Robinson was one of the most significant athletes during the ___ wave of black athletes activism?
2nd
Division 2
312 members, mostly regional institutions, intermediate level of competition, very few full scholarships offered for athletics
Division 3
451 members, sports as extra- curriculum, no scholarships are offered for athletics
Preconventional
Ages 0-9 1. punishment and obedience -Authority figures (parents, coaches, teachers) - being right = obeying 2. Pleasure or pain - Motivation is reward - Self centered - Rational choice
Postconventional
Ages 20+ 5. Social contract - Interest in welfare of others - moral principles regardless of punishment 6. Principled conscience - Humanistic principles - Universal laws
Conventional
Ages 9-20 3. Good boy or girl - Generally acceptable - Conformity - Concern to others 4. Law and order - Following laws - Part of society
substantial proportionality test
Are participant numbers proportional to the number of the student-body enrollment?
Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS)
Athletic departments with large investments in football. Allows 85 scholarships for football players.
Football Championship Subdivision (FCS)
Athletic departments will less investments in football. Allows 63 scholarships for football players.
accommodation of interest test
Does the school accommodate the interest os female student athletes?
continued improvement test
Does the school show a history of progress?
1979
ESPN
Tonya Harding
Figuring skating rival of Nancy Carrigan. She had her ex's friend break Nancy's ankle in order to beat her to the olympics
What are the only sports that generate net revenues?
Football and mens basketball. -All other sports programs lose money
1990s
Internet sports coverage
What group of people helped invent lacrosse
Native Americans
Jim Thorpe
One of the most famous native american athletes. Won medals in track, played pro baseball, and pretty much helped create the NFL
NCAA
Overall 1,110 members Consists of: -Division 1 -Division 2 -Division 3
Kohlberg's Six Stages of Moral Development
Pre-conventional 1.Punishment and obedience 2. pleasure or pain Conventional 3. good boy or girl 4. law and order Post-conventional 5. Social contract 6. principled conscience
1950s
TV sports coverage
violence
The use of excessive physical force, which causes or has obvious potential to cause harm or destruction.
aggression
Verbal or physical actions grounded in an intent to dominate, control or do harm to another person.
intimidation
Words, gestures, and actions that threaten violence or aggression.
First Wave of Black Athletes Activism
Years: 1900-1945 -International Recognition -Historical influences: Nationalism, Imperialism, World Wars -Significant athletes: Joe Lewis, Jesse Owens -Segregation and discrimination in the USA -Could not find jobs in the USA -Media Coverage: Criticized athletes who lost their fame
underconformity
a rejection of norms or ignorance about their existence. can lead to anarchy
criminal violence
actions that not only violate the rules of the game, but are outside the law (ex. fighting a fan)
quasi-criminal violence
actions that violate the formal rules of the games, the norms of the sport and at times the law (ex. targeting)
bordelrine violence
actions that violate the rules of the game, but are accepted as part of the norm of the sport (ex. any foul)
brutal body contact
actions within the rules of sports that can cause injuries (ex. tackling)
qualitative
collects information through interviews or observation of individuals, groups, societal characteristics, and trends
quantifiable
collects or studies data that can be counted and analyzed statistically
According to Woods (2016) __________ is a free activity to explore environment, express oneself, dream, and pretend.
play
The 1920s were the golden age of ______
radio
21st century
social media and streaming sports
19th century
sports sections in newspapers
evaluation
systematic tracking, evaluation, and modifications
cultivation theory
the impact of a repeating message on the consumer's relaity perception and beliefs
overcomformity
uncritical acceptance of norms and a failure to recognize any limits following the norms. can lead to fascism
