SBUS 250 Midterm

London 1908

Franco-British exhibition

Figurational theory

Emphasizes people's connections and interdependence. Examines historical changes of networks of people over time.

Master athletes

- Ages 35-90+ - Highest level of competition for their age groups - Modest financial rewards - Travel and expand social network

Youth sport athletes

- Ages 4-13 - Community driven, seasonal, team sports - Learning skills, socialize, stay active - Parents involved, sometimes as coaches - Leading into specialization

High school varsity athletes

- Athlete decides why to participate (not parent) - Athletic scholarship as a motivation - Competitive - Some sports are high-performance

Adult participation and recreational athletes

- Every age - Pursuit of fun, socializing, being physically active - Individual sports/ small number of contestants

Professional athletes

- Extrinsic financial rewards (work) - Pressure to perform - Limited duration (skills decline over time, burnout) - Emerging younger athletes

College varsity athletes

- Intense competition in organized sports - Intermural/club teams for recreation - High performance in the NCAA - Athletic scholarships and financial impact in DI

Planning Phase

- Mission and vision - Situational (SWOT) analysis

Implementation Phase

- Segmentation, Targeting, Positioning (STP) - Marketing mix (4 Ps - product, place, price, promotion)

Munich 1972

11 Israeli athletes, coaches and referees murdered by Palestinian terrorists

Los Angeles 1932

16 days of competitions, dispute about 5 rings

The USA boycotted the _______ Olympic Games in Moscow

1980

The Coronavirus Pandemic

- The world of sports stopped - March 11, 2020 - the NBA announced to stop the season - March 12, 2020 - Other sports organization followed - College sports - different conferences had different policies - NBA resumed the season in a "bubble" - some sports organizations cancelled their seasons and competition

Evaluation Phase

- Tracking, evaluation, and modification

Underconformity

- a rejection of norms or ignorance about their existence. Can lead to anarchy.

Quasi-criminal violence

- actions that violate formal rules of the games, the norms of the sport and at times the law.

Title IX Compliance Tests

- substantial proportionality test -continued improvement test -accommodation of interest test

Overconformity

- uncritical acceptance of norms and a failure to recognize any limits following the norms. Can lead to fascism.

According to the article by Hallman and Giel (2018), eSports is expected to be a medal event in the __________. 2022 Winter Olympic Games 2022 Asian Games 2020 Olympic Games 2022 FIFA World Cup

2022 Asian Games

Games

-Specialized form of play with more structure -Mental or physical form (inactive or active) -Informal or formal rules -Competition -Outcome determined by luck, strategy, skill

WADA

-World Anti Doping Agency governing body responsible for detection and prevention of doping in sports

Agenda Setting Theory

-mass media connected events to images in people's minds • The media does not tell people what to think, but what to think about -shows what is important

Paralympics vs Special Olympics distinctions

-paralympics is for physical disability -special olympics are for mental disability

Preconventional Ages 0-9

1. Punishment and obedience- Authority figures (parents, coaches, teachers)- being right = obeying 2. Pleasure or pain- Motivation is reward- Self centered- Rational choice

Montreal 1976

28 African countries threaten to boycott the 1976 Montreal Olympics if New Zealand who played a friendly rugby matched against banned South Africa will be allowed to participate. Financial deficit.

Conventional Ages 9-20

3. Good boy or girl - Generally acceptable- Conformity - Concern to others 4. Law and order - Following laws - Part of society

Postconventional (Adulthood Ages 20+)

5. Social contract - Interest in welfare of others - moral principles regardless of punishment 6. Principled conscience - Humanistic principles - Universal laws

Almost all major Division I sports events were postponed after _________.

9/11

Moscow 1980

After the USSR invaded Afghanistan, USA President Jimmy Carter decided to boycott the games in Moscow and pressures allies to join the boycott. Over 60 countries boycotted the games

Substantial Proportionality Test

Are participant numbers proportional to the number of the student-body enrollment?

Battle of the Sexes

Billie Jean King vs Bobby Riggs

Berlin 1916

Cancelled because of WWI

Accommodation of Interest Test

Does the school accommodate the interest of female student athletes?

Continued Improvement Test

Does the school show a history of progress?

Conflict Theory

Economic interests shape the world, and sport reinforces existing power structures. Focuses on forces that produce instability, disruption, and disorganization.

T of F? According to the article by Hallman and Giel (2018), there is very little growth in competitive esports competition, and prize money have yet to surpassed $100,000.

False

T of F? Only non-democratic countries have been using national sports events to promote national pride.

False

T or F? After JFK was assassinated the NFL postponed the rest of the season

False

T or F? All NCAA Division I conferences suspended their season at the same time.

False

T or F? During World War II, US President demanded the MLB to stop playing.

False

Antwerp 1920

First Olympic Flag (no Germany)

Paris 1924

First Winter Olympics (no Germany)

Athens 1896

First modern Olympic Games

Berlin 1936

First torch relay from Olympia

Interactionist Theory

Focuses on social interactions and relationships (bottom-up approach). Assumes choices are deliberate, conscious, and based on their effect on self and others.

Athletics Competitions in Olympia776BC-394AD

Gymnikos Agon • Running • Wrestling • Penthatlon (running, wrestling, javilon, discus, long jump) • Boxing • Pankration (violent combination of boxing and wrestling) Hippikos Agon • Chariot races

Which of the following is not true? Peace initiatives through sports include reconciliation torn societies. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the United Nations (UN) are international organizations that also invest in sports for development. Examples of international outreach include bringing sports to rural communities. In the United States, no federal or state funds are used for sports for development programs for children and youth.

In the United States, no federal or state funds are used for sports for development programs for children and youth.

Which of the following is not true about "Muscular Christianity"? It was always adopted by the Christian church It sees physical fitness as a way to glorify god It was spread and developed through the YMCA It is mostly linked to sports in the United States during the nineteenth century

It was always adopted by the Christian church

Los Angeles 1984

Lead by the Soviet Union 14 countries boycott the games

Which of the following is an example of technological change? Allowing athletes to protest during the national anthem Allowing college athletes to get money (Fair Pay to Play) Manufacturing an improved tennis racket that enables more accuracy Revenue sharing model in US Soccer (Equal Pay for Equal Play)

Manufacturing an improved tennis racket that enables more accuracy

Stockholm 1912

Opening and Closing ceremonies at end of main Games

Paris 1900

Part of World Fair

St Louis 1904

Part of World Fair

Required characteristics of Sport

Physical component Competition Institutionalized games Specialized facilities and equipment

Kohlberg's Six Stages of Moral Development

Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional

Mexico City 1968

Smith's and Carlos' "Black Power Salute" protesting racial discrimination in the USA

Feminist Theory

Society is patriarchal and ignores or undervalues female virtues. Analyzes status of women in sports

Eugene Shriver Kennedy was the founder of the ____________.

Special Olympics

Functionalist Theory

Sport helps maintain societal status quo and equilibrium by building character and teaching values. Sport reinforces society's value system.

T or F? The games in Olympia were banned by the Roman emperor Theodosius because pagan worship contradicts Christianity.

True

Critical Theory

Studies the power or authority that a group wields over others. Sport does not simply mirror society but can change beliefs and relationships.

Which of the following terror attack had the most immediate impact on social media? The Centennial Olympic Park bomb during the 1996 Olympic Games The 1972 Munich Massacre The Boston Marathon bombing 9/11

The Boston Marathon

Which of the following is not true about the marketing of the Olympic Games in the last decade? The summer Olympic Games reach a global audience of over 3 billion TV viewers. Delegations from over 200 countries and territories participated in the summer Olympic Games. There were between 15 to 20 Olympic Partners in each Olympic Games in the 21st Century.

There were between 15 to 20 Olympic Partners in each Olympic Games in the 21st Century.

T or F? According to the article by Hallman and Giel (2018), IOC President Thomas Bach is not sure eSports is really a sport because it lacks physical activity elements and lacks international organizational structure.

True

T or F? The Americans with Disabilities Act is a law signed by President George H. W. Bush in the early 1990s and addresses discrimination against people with disabilities.

True

T or F? While in the second half of the 20th Century Olympic Games and Paralympic Games sometimes took place in different cities or countries, in the 21st Century every bid includes hosting both the Olympic and Paralympic Games.

True

Disposition-Based Theories

Where is the consumer compared to the message

The ancient competitions in Olympia, were founded as a festival to honor _______. Muhammad Jesus Zeus Moses

Zeus

Societal Analysis

analyzing data obtained through various methods already described

Depreciation

annual decrease in value

In athletes-organized sports the physical activities ____________. are more structured than in adult-organized sports. are less structured than in adult-organized sports. are mostly regulated by coaches are mostly regulated by parents

are less structured than in adult-organized sports.

Roman Empire (80BC - 476AD

athletic competitions as a form of entertainment

Direct spectators

attend a live sporting event at a stadium, arena, or other venue

Master athletes are usually __________.

between the ages of 35 and 90.

The largest source of revenues for the international Olympic Committee comes from _______. sponsorships broadcasting rights licensing ticketing

broadcasting rights

Content Analysis

collecting information or pictures from media and assigning themes

Greece (Olympia 776BC - 394AD

development of organized athletic competitions

Segmentation

dividing the market into two separate groups of potential consumers

Historical Analysis

examining primary documents, interviewing primary sources and experts, and analyzing historians' interpretations

T or F? The ancient Olympic Truce was respected in modernity, as no act of war, terror or violence against athletes occurred during Olympic Games held in the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries.

false

Amsterdam 1928

first olympic flame, first competition for women

Hippikos Agon

horse competitions

Athens 1906 (not recognized officially)

trying to have a Greek special tradition

Play

is a free activity involving exploration that can take place anywhere no firm rules important outcome is pleasure.

Work

is purposeful activity that includes physical or mental effort to perform a task, overcome an obstacle, or achieve a desired outcome.

Indirect Spectators

listen to or watch sport through radio, television, or the internet

Targeting

making decisions which market segment or segments to target.

Musikos Agon

musical competition

Ethnography

notes and conversations obtained by personal observation and immersion in an environment or group

Gymnikos Agon

nude competitions

Sports Marketing Process

planning, implementation, evaluation

Closed league system

same teams compete every year. No mobility between leagues. One main competition. Competing teams and league formation change based on institutional league decision and financial preferences. Mostly in the USA and Canada.

"Sport as an Opiate of the Masses" refers to _______ a mass protests again discrimination in sports during the 1970s. a systematic doping system in East Germany during the 1970s and 1980s sports as a tool of keeping people from worrying about things that matter to their lives. the doping scandal of Lance Armstrong

sports as a tool of keeping people from worrying about things that matter to their lives.

Open League System

teams are promoted and relegated every year. Mobility between leagues. Various different types of competitions. Teams rarely move between cities. League size and format changes based on institutionalized decisions. Common in Europe and most of the world.

Positioning

which are the most important criteria and where to position our product/organization in the mind of the consumer.

Framing Theory

• Active process of selection of topics by the media • Effect on the understanding by the consumers Perceived Reality • Deals with interpretation and the issues

Boston Marathon Bombing

• April 15, 2013 • 2 bombs near the finish line • 3 civilians killed, 264 injured • Boston Celtics NBA game against Indiana was cancelled • Boston Bruins NHL game VS Ottawa Senators was postponed

9/11 and Sports

• Baseball games stopped • Beginning of NFL Season was postponed for a week • Baseball games resumed on the 18th, The NY team to compete back in NY was the NY Mets on September 21 against the Atlanta Braves • NY Yankees reached the World Series that year

November 2015 - Terror Attacks

• Bombs outside the Stade de France • Shooting and suicide bombings in several streets and cafés • Massacre at the Bataclan Theatre - 89 killed • Overall 137 killed and 368 injured

Gratification Theories

• Focus on the media user • Why users choose certain media platforms?

The Special Olympics

• For athletes with intellectual disability, cognitive delay, learning disability, or vocational problems185 countries • 1.7 million athletes • Began with 1,000 athletes at the 1968 Chicago Games. • Goals: Help participants improve fitness, develop skills, and enhance confidence and self-image. • The Special Olympics World Games are held every four years. Also have summer and winter versions. • During the 20th Century all the summer games were held in the USA. Now move between countries • Los Angeles 2015 - 6,500 athletes, 30,000 volunteers, 25 sports • Around 90,000 Special Olympics competitions annually

Sports as a monopoly

• In North America professional leagues are formed by team owners • Teams work together to ensure competitiveness - Draft system - Revenue sharing agreements • Management VS labor • Salary cap

Hegemony Theory

• Leading groups in society preserving status quo

Munich 1972 Massacre

• On the night of September 5th, 8 armed members of the Terror organization "Black September" sneaked into the Israeli delegation residence in the Olympic Village, executed two athletes and took 9 more as hostages • The negotiations were shown live on TV around the world. Kidnappers were watching on TV the preparation for the rescue operation. • After long negotiations, the kidnappers and the hostages were flown to a military airport outside Munich • In a failed rescue operation by German authorities all hostages were killed, 5 of the kidnappers and one German Policeman • The 3 captured terrorists were released after a Lufthansa plane was hijacked • Operation Wrath of God by the Israeli government and the Mossad

Social Identity Theory

• People group to make sense of the social world

Self Categorization Theory

• People see themselves as individuals and as part of a group • Being part of a group is important for self identity

Title IX

• Restrict any gender-based discrimination in any federal funded education institute "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance."

Competing in the Olympic Games AND the Paralympic Games

• Several paralympic athletes competed in the Olympic Games, especially in events such as archery or shooting • Athletes with disabilities won medals in the Olympic Games before the establishment of the Paralympic Movement

Long Term Implications of Title IX

• Social change • Health • Professional women's leagues • Developing successful athletes

The End of the Games

• The Catholic Church abolished the Games in Olympia that celebrated multiple gods in 394 A.D and the gladiator fights at the Colosseum at the 5th Century .• Middle Ages - some knights competitions around Europe and local festival • The Renaissance - focusing on humanity • 18th-19th Centuries: The industrial revolution - urbanization, modernization, more spare time, Muscular Christianity, YMCA

Cultivation Theory

• The impact of a repeating message on the consumer's reality perception and beliefs

The Paralympic Movement

• World War II• Ludwig Guttmann and the 1948 Stock Mandeville Games• Rome 1960 (400 athletes) • Between 1968 to 1984 took place in Olympic years but not in the hosting city of the Olympics • 1976 First Winter Paralympic Games • Since 1988 take place in the hosting city of the Olympic Games • Since 2000 every bidding city is bidding for both the Olympic Games and the Paralympic Games • London 2012 - over 4,000 athletes, 164 countries, 2.7 million tickets sold • Over 4,400 athletes competed in 23 sports in the 2020 Paralympic Games in Tokyo

Ball Kicking Games

•Different versions existed in different cultures for centuries and more (Europe, China, Native American tribes) •Used for youth development in England •Institutionalized in England in the 19th Century •1863 - divided into association football (in the USA known as soccer) and rugby football •Spread through existing and former British colonies •Different countries made local modifications •American football (1880s) •FIFA (1904)

Modernizing Sports (19th - early 20th centuries)

•England - institutionalized of modern athletic competitions, spreading sports around the empire, development of league systems •Germany - the "Turnen", Berlin 1936 • France - Reviving the Olympic movement, internationalizing sports •United States - college sports, sports as entertainment

Socio-Political Importance of Olympics

•One of the first Pan-Hellenic traditions •An opportunity for politicians to meet •A place for commerce •A place to show the glory and wealth of the different city states •A place to celebrate Greek achievements against enemies

Ekecheiria

•The sacred truce •30 days before the games an Ekhekeria was announced, meaning that all athletes, delegations, families and politicians can move freely from their city states to Elis and Olympia •The Ekecheiria was generally respected for almost 1,000 years of the games

Mid 20th Century - 21st Century

•United States (marketing, TV rights, doping) •England, Germany, France (European sports, soccer) •Autocratic countries (Russia, China, Arabic Gulf) •Impactful players: India, Brazil, and others