Science
An elongated horizontal stem that grows at the surface of the ground or just below it is called a what?
Rhizome
Chromatin or chromosomes are duplicated during what?
S phase
Genetic variability, or the uniqueness of individual offspring, for many animals and plants is the result of a process called what?
Sexual reproduction
Why is grafting used in agriculture?
Plants are uniform and more vigorous, some plants may survive generations only by grafting, size of plants is controlled by grafting, and valuable fruits and flower can be grown on strong stock
Damaged cells of an organism are usually what by mitosis?
Replaced
What advantages are given to animals and plants by asexual reproduction?
they can reproduce in harsh climates, they produce genetically identical offspring and they reproduce at a rapid rate
What is a fertilized egg?
A sygote
What undergoes complete metapmorphosis?
Alfalfa weevil
What is the condition in which gametes of the same species have the same shape, but different sizes is called what?
Anisogamy
Pollen is made in the what?
Anther
The stamen is made up of what?
Anther and filament
What would always contain an egg cell?
Archegonium
What structure contains a great deal of leaf tissue?
Bulb
What forms the pole of the spindle apparatus?
Centriole
What are threadlike substances in nucleus which carries genetic information?
Chromatin
What is the collective term for the petals of a flower?
Corolla
What is the first part of life in an organism which undergoes metamorphosis?
Larva
What is a generalized term for organs in animals which produce sex cells?
Gonad
What are matched units of DNA containing genetic information?
Homologous chromosomes
When do gametophyte and sporophyte appear to be different?
In heteromorphic alternation of generations
When does gametophyte and sporophyte appear to be the same?
In isomorphic alternation of generations
What is a period when the cell is not engaged in division?
Interphase
Conjugation occurs in what protists and involves the transfer of genetic information between organisms?
Isogamous
What are organisms having a haplontic life cycle probably be?
Isogamous
What is a condition in which the gametes are the same shape and size?
Isogamy
What is the condition common to protozoa whereby the cell of the organism acts as a gamete?
Isogamy
What is the technique of asexual reproduction most commonly used in the production of fruit trees?
Layering
What contains only stamens?
Male flower
Spores produced by the small male cone of a pine tree are produced by what?
Meiosis
Are root cutting more commonly used than stem cuttings?
No
Is the genetic information in a gamete identical to one of the original separated sets of chromosomes in the parent?
No
Is the stock inserted into the scion during grafting?
No
Will a successful scion produce the product of the rootstock with greater quality?
No
What is the membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell?
Nuclear envelope
Each chromosome usually contains what?
One gene for a particular trait
Organisms having eggs and sperm are said to be what?
Oogamous
What always involves fertilization from gametes of differing sizes?
Oogamy
What is composed of one or more kinds of tissue?
Organ
What develops into a seed?
Ovule
Pine cone seeds are produced in what of what cone?
Ovule/female
How does mitosis in animal cells differ from mitosis in higher plant cells?
Plant cells divide by means of a cell plate and animal cells undergo furrowing
What expression is not a function of mitosis?
Production of gametes
What type of cell would be produced by meiosis?
Sperm cell
What is a fertilized egg cell called?
Zygote
Pines and other gymnosperms have how many kinds of cones?
2
What are three advantages to sexual reproduction?
Produces genetic variations, produces resistance to unfavorable conditions, and produces disease-free seed plants
What is the phase during mitosis when DNA separates into pairs of chromosomes?
Prophase
What is the inactive stage of change from juvenile phase to adult in many insects?
Pupa
What method of asexual reproduction cannot occur in a unicellular organism?
Regeneration
An adventitious bud would be formed on a what?
Root
Chromosomes are attached to what during the metaphase of mitosis?
Spindle fibers
What kind of life cycle is seen in flowering plants?
Sporic
The life cycle that becomes more dominant as plants become more complex is what?
Sporophyte
Is the vigor of a rootstock usually stronger or weaker than taht of the root system produced by the scion?
Stronger
The spindle apparatus disintegrates during what phase of mitosis?
Telophase
Genetic recombination results from events during what?
The first division of meiosis and fertilization
What is a mass or group of cells which have the same function?
Tissue
What are the two basic functions of meiosis?
To maintain chromosome number through generations and cause genetic variations by recombination
What is a fleshy, enlarged end of a stolon called?
Tuber
What is the area or kind of community that would have the highest portion of the species reproducing by asexual means?
Tundra
Are all the chromosomes in a diploid cell paired?
Yes
Is it possible for some microorganisms to have two sexes?
Yes
The chromosomes separate and move in opposite directions during what?
Anaphase
What is the period of mitosis in which chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell?
Anaphase
Why don't cyanobacteria and bacteria reproduce by mitosis?
Because they do not contain chromosomes
A protozoan that divides to form two daughter cells just like itself would be undergoing what?
Binary fission
What is a plant structure with enlarged leaf bases containing stored food surrounding a central bit of fleshy, stem tissue?
Bulb
What is the most commonly used method of asexual reproduction used in gardening?
Cutting
The maximum number of sperm that can fertilize one egg is one, in order to yield what chromosome condition?
Diploid
What is sporophyte?
Diploid generation
In what life cycle does meiosis produce eggs and sperm?
Diplontic
What kind of life cycle do human beings have?
Diplontic
How many chromosomes are produced by the first division during meoisis?
Double the original
When is the cell plate formed?
During telophase
When does the nuclear envelope disintegrate?
During the prophase
What produces daughter cells with fewer chromosomes than the parent cell?
Meoisis
What kind of cell division is associated with an increase in size and weight of an organism?
Mitosis
A zygote will develop into what during the early stages?
Embryo
The proteins which are required to reproduce DNA during interphase are what?
Enzymes
What is the number of daughter cells produced by meiosis?
Four
What group of organisms would produce conidia?
Fungi
What produces gametes?
Gametangia
What cell would have a different genetic composition than a neuron, bone cell, or kidney cell, in an animal with a diplontic life cycle?
Gamete
What cells would not divide using mitosis?
Gamete and bacterial cell
Meiosis takes place in an animal with a diplontic life cycle when?
Gametes are produced
Gametes have what the chromosome number of the parent cell?
Half
What is having chromosomes which our singly, not in matched sets or pairs?
Haploid
What is a gmetophyte?
Haploid generation
In what life cycle does meiosis occur shortly after fertilization?
Haplontic
Asexual reproduction is most common in plants growing in what kind of climate?
Harsh
What are matched pairs of chromosomes called?
Homologous
What method of asexual reproduction is usually associated with the production of spores?
Multiple fission
Are all the gametes of isogamous organisms genetically identical?
No
Are eggs motile?
No
In flowering plants the egg occurs inside the what?
Ovary
What develops into a fruit?
Ovary
The pistil is made up of what?
Ovary, style, and stigma
The seeds in a pine tree are borne in the what?
Ovulate cone
What is a group of fern sporangia?
Sorus
What is a system of fibers which go from one end of the cell to the other?
Spindle apparatus