science midterm

Members of two different species are never capable of mating. True False

False

Apples, oranges, peanuts, and rice grains are produced by charophytes. bryophytes. lycophytes. gymnosperms. angiosperms.

angiosperms.

Which feature is believed to have been the first step in the evolution of land plants from the green algae? evolution of seeds evolution of vascular tissue evolution of flowers in order to attract pollinators evolution of microphylls protection of the embryo

protection of the embryo

Convert 500 mg to g. 5000 0.05 50 0.5

0.5

Convert 1750 ml to liters. 1.750 1750 17.50 .1750

1.750

Convert 2.5 kg to g. 250 2500 25 0.025

2500

A red-eyed male Drosophila mates with a red-eyed female Drosophila. One of the female's parents had white eyes. What proportion of the male offspring will have white eyes? 75% 0% 50% 25% 100%

50%

Archaea Which of the three domains contain(s) prokaryotic organisms? Bacteria Eukarya Bacteria and Archaea Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Bacteria and Archaea

A couple has three children, two of which have blonde hair. The third child and both parents have dark hair. What can be determined about the gene for hair color in this family? Blonde hair color;conveys a lethal mutation. Blonde hair color is an autosomal recessive trait. Blonde hair color is an autosomal dominant trait. Blonde hair color;is a sex-linked recessive trait. Blonde hair color is a sex-linked dominant trait.

Blonde hair color is an autosomal recessive trait.

The central dogma of molecular biology states that the information contained within genes flows in which direction? DNA to mRNA to protein DNA to tRNA to mRNA to protein mRNA to DNA to protein DNA to DNA to protein DNA to rRNA to protein

DNA to mRNA to protein

Which of the following cannot be determined from the fossil record? Evidence of prior natural disasters/catastrophes exist. Transitional fossils exist. Geologic uplift has occurred. Diversity has changed through time. Evidence of every species that ever existed.

Evidence of every species that ever existed.

Analogous structures are always evidence of common ancestry. True False

False

Environmental catastrophes are a requirement of natural selection. True False

False

The only single-celled organisms are prokaryotes, such as archaea and bacteria. False because some eukaryotes, including protista, are single-celled. True because all eukaryotes are multicellular. False because some prokaryotes are multicellular. False because all single-celled organisms are prokaryotes. True because prokaryotes are the simplest cell form.

False because some eukaryotes, including protista, are single-celled.

Parents with the dominant phenotype cannot have offspring with the recessive phenotype. True, because both parents have the dominant allele. False, because one parent could carry the recessive allele. True, because at least one dominant gene will be passed down from each parent. True, because the dominant gene must be passed down from each parent. False, because both parents could carry the recessive allele.

False, because both parents could carry the recessive allele.

Many species of finches, tortoises, cacti, and iguanas are found on the Galápagos Islands and nowhere else in the world. Which physical attribute of these islands has not played a role in permitting such unique life forms to evolve? Food is plentiful and diverse on every island. Each island has its own unique environment. Multiple islands exist. There is geographic isolation from mainland species. The islands are small compared to the South American mainland.

Food is plentiful and diverse on every island.

Red-green color blindness is a recessive X-linked trait. If a female is red-green color-blind, which of the following is true? Both her parents are carriers of the recessive allele. Her mother must be color-blind. Both her parents must be color-blind. Women cannot exhibit red-green color blindness because they have two X chromosomes. Her father must be color-blind.

Her father must be color-blind.

Which statement regarding the scientific method is false? Inductive reasoning is used to form a hypothesis. The control and experimental group are identical except for one variable. Observations are used to form a hypothesis. Original hypotheses are formed after an experiment. Experiments need to be repeatable.

Original hypotheses are formed after an experiment

Which of the following is not a step in the process of natural selection? Over multiple generations of reproducing, a larger proportion of the population will have those favorable traits and thus adaptation has occurred. Members of a population possess heritable variations. The population produces more offspring than the environment can support. Individuals who have favorable traits survive and reproduce more than those individuals lacking such traits. People select which individuals breed and which ones do not.

People select which individuals breed and which ones do not.

Why are green algae placed in the kingdom Protista, while plants are given their own kingdom? Plants enclose and protect the embryo within the female plant, while green algae do not. All plants are vascular, while all green algae are nonvascular. Green algae have a cell wall of chitin, while plants have cell walls of cellulose. The green algae use chlorophyll <i>a</i>, while plants use chlorophyll <i>b</i>. Algae are sporophytes that reproduce only asexually, while plants are gametophytes and reproduce sexually.

Plants enclose and protect the embryo within the female plant, while green algae do not.

Which is not an important characteristic of the Galápagos Islands in the context of Darwin's theory of evolution? The organisms on the islands were similar to those observed in South America. The islands were too far from mainland South America for most terrestrial plants and animals to colonize. The organisms on the islands varied from island to island. The organisms on the islands were different from those observed in South America. The multiple islands all had an identical environment.

The multiple islands all had an identical environment.

If a population recovers to its original population size after experiencing a bottleneck, which statement is correct regarding this population? The recovered population is more likely to go extinct as is the population prior to the bottleneck. The recovered population is as likely to go extinct as is the population prior to the bottleneck. The recovered population shows less genetic diversity than the population prior to the bottleneck. The recovered population shows more genetic diversity than the population prior to the bottleneck. The bottleneck subjected the population to directional selection.

The recovered population shows less genetic diversity than the population prior to the bottleneck.

Given the comparative study of embryology, it is concluded that genes controlling embryonic development are essentially the same. True False

True

The similarity of the fossil glyptodont to the living, modern armadillo is an example of comparative anatomy. True False

True

Two organisms present in the same genus are usually more closely related to each other than to organisms in other genera. True False

True

______ is the vascular tissue that conducts water and minerals from a plant's roots to its leaves. Xylem Endosperm Corolla Phloem Hypha

Xylem

A clade includes which of the following? an ancestor and all its descendant species, and taxa with shared derived characters one taxon with shared derived characters an ingroup only an outgroup and an ingroup a common ancestor and all its descendant species

a common ancestor and all its descendant species

Which of the following can hold about 2 kiloliters of water? medicine dropper a lemonade pitcher a coffee mug a pool

a pool

Alleles are exact copies of the same trait. dominant traits. two versions of the same trait. alternate versions of the same trait. recessive traits.

alternate versions of the same trait

Similarity due to convergent evolution is called phylogeny. homology. cladistics. taxonomy. analogy.

analogy

Shared derived traits are shared only by common ancestors. are shared by all organisms on the cladogram. are homologies found between the ingroup and the outgroup. are found within members of the outgroup. are homologies found only in certain members of the ingroup.

are homologies found only in certain members of the ingroup

Which are the most numerous and diverse vertebrates? cartilaginous fishes bony fishes mammals reptiles lancelets

bony fishes

The smallest unit of life is a(n) organ. species. organism. cell. tissue.

cell.

Which of the following lists the terms from simplest to most complex? cells, organs, tissues, organ systems, organism cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism tissues, organs, organ systems, organism, cells organ systems, tissues, cells, organism, organs organs, organ system, organism, cells, tissues

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

When comparing chick and pig embryos, the similar eyes, pharyngeal pouches, and postanal tails are evidence of analogy. biogeography. convergent evolution. artificial selection. common ancestry.

common ancestry.

Which of the following is not an example of artificial selection? different breeds of cats; Siamese, Persian, Himalayan, American shorthair, etc. different styles of potatoes; fried, mashed, baked, etc. different types of tomatoes; roma, beefsteak, grape, cherry, etc. different varieties of roses; yellow, pink, red, thornless, climbing, etc. different breeds of dogs; poodle, basset hound, Chihuahua, Great Dane, etc.

different styles of potatoes; fried, mashed, baked, etc.

Which of the following lists the levels of taxonomic classification in order from the most inclusive to the least inclusive? genus - family - order - class - phylum phylum - order - class - family - species family - order - class - phylum - kingdom genus - order - family - class - phylum domain - kingdom - phylum - class - order

domain - kingdom - phylum - class - order

Which of the following is the most encompassing level of organization? population cells ecosystem class species

ecosystem

Hydrangeas are a flowering plant with large showy blooms. When a plant is grown in aluminum-rich soil, it has blue flowers; if the same plant is transplanted into soil that is lacking aluminum, the flowers produced will be pink. This is an example of incomplete dominance. polygenetic inheritance. environmental effects. codominance. monohybrid inheritance.

environmental effects.

Scientists were studying temperature selection amongst pregnant big brown bats. What would be the best control group for this study? juvenile male bats juvenile female bats male bats female bats that were not pregnant pregnant bats

female bats that were not pregnant

Which structure is a characteristic found only in angiosperms? leaf flower vascular tissue megaphyll seed

flower

Conifers such as pine trees are classified as charophytes. angiosperms. lycophytes. gymnosperms. bryophytes.

gymnosperms

Which of these is a unique characteristic of mammals? four-chambered heart endothermic hair extraembryonic membranes cephalization

hair

A shared ancestral characteristic used in cladistics is found only in the two most recent ancestors. only among the members of the ingroup. in two of the outgroups. only in the most distant ancestor. in both the outgroup and the ingroup.

in both the outgroup and the ingroup.

Which is the largest, most diverse group of arthropods? arachnids insects crustaceans centipedes millipedes

insects

Which unit would be best to measure the length of a car? centimeters kilometers meters inches

meter

In the process of natural selection, individuals that are most fit are the ones that are most likely to reproduce. most likely to be physically fit. most likely to mutate. most likely to survive. most likely to migrate.

most likely to reproduce.

Cold weather can change what aspect of a Himalayan rabbit? rate of genetic mutations sex genotype alleles phenotype

phenotype

The process of ________ transforms solar energy into chemical energy. reproduction photosynthesis homeostasis metabolism respiration

photosynthesis

Two species are said to be closely related if they can interbreed but not produce fertile offspring. possess a common ancestor. are reproductively isolated from each other. have a shared gene pool. can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

possess a common ancestor.

Which of the following is not thought to have contributed to the many mass extinction events that have occurred throughout Earth's history? continental drift meteorite impacts punctuated equilibrium plate tectonics habitat loss

punctuated equilibrium

Microevolution is the term that applies to which of the following? any evolution at any scale small-scale changes over a short period of time small-scale changes over a long period of time large-scale changes over a long period of time changes of any scale within microorganisms

small-scale changes over a short period of time

Which of the following correctly lists the classification categories from least to most inclusive? kingdom, phylum, domain, class, order family, genus, species species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain species, genus, family, class, order, domain, phylum, kingdom domain, kingdom, class, order, family, phylum, genus, species phylum, species, genus, kingdom, domain, order, class, family

species, genus, family, class, order, domain, phylum, kingdom

Linked genes always assort independently. are found on homologous chromosomes. never cross over during prophase I. tend to be close together on a single chromosome. undergo crossing-over of sister chromatids at a high rate.

tend to be close together on a single chromosome.

During meiosis, each pair of alleles on the homologous chromosomes sorts independently from all other pairs of alleles. This statement corresponds to the law of segregation. the rule of multiplication. gene theory. the law of independent assortment. the law of probability.

the law of independent assortment.

The presence of vestigial organs supports evidence of evolution because the vestigial organ could not have been passed down from an ancestor. both the vestigial organ and the functional organ perform the same function. the vestigial organ is similar to a functional organ in a related species, having been passed down from a common ancestor. the vestigial organ is unique to one species. the vestigial organs represent variation in a species.

the vestigial organ is similar to a functional organ in a related species, having been passed down from a common ancestor

Which of the following would be considered analogous structures? the wings of a fly and the wings of a sparrow the flipper of a dolphin and the arm of a human the forelimb of a bat and the forelimb of a horse the pelvis of a human and the pelvis of a whale the wings of a bird and the forelimbs of a reptile Which of the following would be considered analogous structures? the wings of a fly and the wings of a sparrow the flipper of a dolphin and the arm of a human the forelimb of a bat and the forelimb of a horse the pelvis of a human and the pelvis of a whale the wings of a bird and the forelimbs of a reptile

the wings of a fly and the wings of a sparrow

Tortoises in the Galápagos possessed neck lengths unique to each island. Neck lengths appear to be an adaptation to which selective agent? type of vegetation available to eat reproductive barriers used to produce offspring defense against predators male competition for females ease in finding pools of drinking water

type o type of vegetation available to eat

The fermentation capabilities of ________ are used to produce bread and alcoholic beverages. mycorrhizal fungi chytrids yeasts molds lichens

yeasts