SCMH 1010 exam 2 (chapters 5-8)
What are the two components of every electric circuit?
1. source of energy (like a battery) 2. a closed path (usually made of metal wire) through which the current can flow
how does directional compass work?
A compass needle is a magnet that will align itself in the direction of the magnetic north and south poles of the earth. The compass will do this because the Earth itself is a giant magnet with a north pole in Canada and a south pole in Antarctica
Why is it no longer possible to start automobile engines with a hand crank?
Early cars required about 100 watts of power to start, which could be accomplished with a hand crank. modern engines are much more powerful and require much more starting power
How do Einstein's theories explain a black hole in space?
Gravity warps space; the mass of a black hole creates a larger warp in space
What is the difference between series and parallel circuits?
In series circuits, 2 or more loads are linked along a single loop of wire. In parallel circuits, different loads are situated on different wire loops. (christmas lights are linked by a single series circuit. if one light is burned out, the entire strand goes dark)
How would Newton and Einstein explain the movement of the solar system around the sun?
Newton would attribute the planetary motions to gravitational attraction between the bodies in a flat universe; Einstein would state that space warping in the vicinity of the Sun allows planets to follow the curvature of space
Can a magnetic monopole ever be created from ordinary magnets? why or why not?
No. The magnetism of a material is created from the cumulative effects of the paths taken by electrons around the nucleus of the individual atoms. Even if the material could be divided into parts the size of an atom, there would still be a dipole field from the electrons of that one atom. Dividing the material to the subatomic level destroys the magnetism and other traits intrinsic to the material.
How has Einstein's theory been misinterpreted to mean "everything is relative?"
Relativity references bak to a specific frame of reference rather than all frames of reference
Explain the operation of a car battery.
a battery is made of alternating plates of 2 kinds of material such as lead and lead oxide, immersed in a bath of sulfuric acid. When the battery is being discharged, the lead plate interacts with the acid, producing lead sulfate and some free electrons. The electrons move through an external wire to other plates where the process in repeated. The free electrons move from the battery to the ignition of the car
what are the advantages and disadvantages of a hybrid car to the average consumer?
a hybrid car combines both gasoline-powered engines and electric motors with batteries. they store energy when not accelerating and increase fuel efficiency to as much as 70 miles per gallon. the advantages are environmental and economic
What is fluorescence?
a phenomenon where energy contained in ultraviolet wavelength is absorbed by the atoms in some materials and then partially emitted as visible light
Which scientist believed that planets move in a straight line along the curved surface of space?
a. Einstein
In what way does Newton's Law of universal gravitation differ from Coulomb's law? a. Electrical forces can be either attractive or repulsive, while gravity is only attractive b. only Newton's law of gravity requires a universal constant c. only Coulomb's law addresses distance in describing the effect of one object one another d. all of the above represent differences e. they are identical
a. Electrical forces can be either attractive or repulsive, while gravity is only attractive
Mary Shelley's Frankenstein was based on some experiments and demonstrations in electricity from a. Galvani's research b. Voltaire's research c. the writings of Alessandro Volta d. Benjamin Franklin's research e. William Gilbert's compass
a. Galvani's research
Which of these is not a molecule? a. O b. O2 c. O3 d. CO2 e. COOH
a. O
Electrons in the Bohr atom shift to a higher energy level by a. absorbing the energy of light heat b. reflecting the energy of heat or light c. emitting a photon d. radiating and electromagnetic wave e. electrons in the Bohr atom cannot change energy states
a. absorbing the energy of light or heat
Predict what would happen if one of the six most dominant elements of life (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur) were absent and we still maintained life on earth. a. an element of similar chemical and physical properties would have to be substituted b. there would be absence of certain critical compounds c. atoms would be structured differently d. molecules would have to be larger and more complex e. none of these
a. an element of similar chemical and physical properties would have to be substituted
Einsteins's theories of relativity a. are a result of the contradiction between Newton's laws of motion and Maxwell's equations. b. proved the laws of nature are not universally applicable c. indicated that Maxwell's equations were in error d. showed that the speed of light is not always a constant
a. are a result of the contradiction between Newton's laws of motion and Maxwell's equations
the ability of microwave ovens to cook food depends partly upon the fact that microwaves a. are absorbed quickly by water molecules b. are repelled by water molecules c. are reflected by the interior of an oven d. in ovens are significantly different from microwaves used for communication e. are scattered by water molecules
a. are absorbed quickly by water molecules
the fundamental building block for all matter; the smallest representative sample of a substance that maintains chemical identity a. atom b. element c. molecule d. electron e. compound
a. atom
Physical principles predict that the solar system model of the atom cannot be viable because a. atoms would be constantly emitting energy b. atoms would be constantly absorbing energy c. compounds could not be easily formed d. atoms would not have symmetrical shapes e. the law of thermodynamics would not work
a. atoms would be constantly emitting energy
Electric fields and electric currents can be produced by a. changing magnetic fields b. radiation c. magnetic monopoles d. electric eels and sharks e. static electrical charges
a. changing magnetic fields
Which of the following appears to be contradicted by the theory of relativity? a. conservation of energy b. the Lorentz factor c. time dilation d. length contraction e. none of the above
a. conservation of energy
In the periodic table of the elements, the period refers to the a. energy level of the electron b. number of neutrons c. number of protons d. mass of the atom e. mass of the photon
a. energy level of the electrons
What is the difference between general and special relativity? a. general relativity aplies to accelerating frames of reference and special relativity does not b. special relativity is a special case for two frames of reference accelerating in opposite directions c. general relativity can only solve problems of time dilation and length contraction; special relativity can apply to problems of large mass and the speed of light d. special relativity is much more complex than general relativity, requiring rigorous mathematical calculations to explain e. two of the above choices are true
a. general relativity is a special case for two frames of reference and special relativity does not
An electron jump is analogous to (level 3) a. going up and down stairs b. surfing down a wave c. going up and down a roller coaster d. skating on ice e. swinging on a swing
a. going up and down stairs
compared to microwave radiation, infrared radiation a. has shorter wavelengths and higher energy b. has longer wavelengths and lower energy c. is neither felt nor absorbed by our skin d. has longer wavelengths and faster velocity e. is detected by all living things
a. has shorter wavelengths and higher energy
Albert Michelson was the first U.S. scientist to win the Nobel Prize for a. his studies of light b. his research into Greek history c. proving Maxwell's equations d. his discovery of the solar wind e. his work with radioactive particles
a. his studies of light
Which is not true of Maxwell's equations? a. like charges attract, unlike charges repel b. Coulomb's law c. there are no magnetic monopoles in nature d. magnetic phenomena can be produced by electrical effects e. electrical phenomena can be produced by magnetic effects
a. like charges attract, unlike charges repel
the frequency of a wave appears to change if there is motion between the wave source and the observer. This phenomenon is known as a. the Doppler effect b. the wavelength paradox c. electromagnetic radiation d. solar wind e. destructive interference
a. the Doppler effect
Mendeleev's periodic table was organized according to rules of scientific method. which statement below follows those rules? a. the periodic table made predictions that could be tested b. only scientists could understand the periodic table c. info. that refuted Mendeleev's hypothesis was ignored d. Mendeleev's listed the elements alphabetically e. the periodic table has not changed in 100 years
a. the periodic table make predictions that could be tested
Why is the speed of light special in Einstein's theories? a. the speed of light is a constant built into Maxwell's equations b. the speed of light is relative to the observer's frame of reference c. all scientists agree that the speed of light can never be exceeded d. in relativity the moving clocks slow down in time and light becomes dimmer e. none of the above
a. the speed of light is a constant built into Maxwell's equations
Which of the following is associated with 440 Hz? a. the tuning of a musical instrument to middle A b. an AM radio station c. broad ban television d. a car rental desk e. seismograph data
a. the tuning of a musical instrument to middle A
Which electromagnetic frequencies are used to irradiate fruit to kill the pests and their eggs that might by on the fruit? a. ultraviolet b. infrared c. radio waves d. microwaves e. all of these
a. ultraviolet
Voltage is to resistance as a. volt is to ohm b. volt is to amp c. volt is to watt d. volt is to flow rate e. volt is to power
a. volt is to ohm
In Star Trek, the starships travel faster than the speed of light. Is this possible?
according to Einstein this is impossible, since at the speed of light they would turn into an infinite mass (Newton's laws of motion)
what environmental problems associated with disposal of batteries
adding chemicals to the ground water, acids to flora, neutralize the acids and deal with heavy metals
compare alternating current with direct current. give examples of each type of current.
alternating current: reverses direction ex. all household appliances direct current: flows win one direction only. ex. chemical reaction in a battery
What is the main difference between an electric motor and an electric generator?
an electric motor converts electrical energy into kinetic energy of a spinning shaft. and electric generator does the opposite; it converts the kinetic energy of a spinning shaft into electrical energy
What controls that range and pitch of sound in the string section of an orchestra? Compare "string" sounds with the woodwinds and percussion. What do the origin of these sounds have in common? How do the differ?
answers will vary but should include the length of string and vibration per second; vibration of air, waveform differs
What is the velocity of a wave if the distance between the crests is 8 ft and 20 waves go by every 10 seconds? a. 32 ft/sec b. 16 ft/sec c. 8 ft/sec d. 4ft/sec 160 ft/sec
b. 16 ft/sec
How much electrical current will flow through a 250-watt stereo system to play compact disk in the United States a. 1.14 amps b. 2.17 amps c. 0.46 amps d. 28,750 amps e. you need more data to calculate the current
b. 2.17 amps
to a ground-based observer, what is the speed of a moving ball tossed backward at 30 km/hour on a train moving 90 km/hr a. 150 km/hr b. 60 km/hr c. 30 km/hr d. 90 km/hr e. none of the above
b. 60 km/hr
Static cling is an example of a. the fact that there are no magnetic monopoles b. Coulomb's Law c. changing magnetic fields d. alternating current e. electromagnetism
b. Coulomb's Law
Which of the following first proposed that an atom is indivisible a. Daniel Bernoulli b. john dalton c. dimitri mendeleev d. ernest rutherford e. albert einstein
b. John Dalton
Every electrical circuit contains a. an electromagnet b. a path through which the current can flow c. a switch d. a circuit breaker e. low-resistance wires
b. a path through which the current can flow
which statement best describes transverse waves? a. transverse waves are a special type of longitudinal wave b. a water ripple is a transverse wave c. the transverse wave moves floating particles in the direction the wave is moving d. the energy of the transverse wave moves perpendicular to the wave direction e. echoes are formed from transverse waves
b. a water ripple is a transverse wave
In which direction does the length contraction phenomenon apply? a. toward the center of the object b. alone the axis of motion c. perpendicular to the axis of motion d. in all directions simultaneously e. in concentric circles
b. along the axis of motion
an atom that becomes an ion always goes from having an equal number of protons and electrons to having a. more neutrons than protons b. an electrical charge, either positive or negative c. more electrons than protons d. more protons than electrons e. an equal number of protons, neutrons, and electrons
b. an electrical charge, either positive or negative
If you are standing in the path of a light moving toward you, the doppler effect predict that the light will be a. red shifted b. blue shifted c. shadowed d. transmitted e. radiated
b. blue shifted
The Doppler effect a. is used by birds to navigate at night b. describes sound wave frequency from a moving source c. describes sound wave frequency from a resting source d. is used to interpret the electromagnetic spectrum e. describes light wave refraction through a prism
b. describes sound wave frequency from a moving source
Materials made from a single type of atom that cannot be broken down any further are called a. atoms b. elements c. molecules d. solutions e. compounds
b. elements
Which instrument below emits photons that have wave crests in exact alignment a. electron microscope b. laser c. telescope d. spectroscope e. atomic ionizer
b. laser
Which of the following scientific instruments has been used to document time dilation? a. quartz crystals b. laser c. Hubble telescope d. NIMBUS satellite e. stopwatch
b. laser
How is the force of two charged particles related to their charges? a. proportional to the product of their charges divided by the cube of the distance between them b. proportional to the product of their charges divided by the square distance between them c. proportional to the ratio of their charges divided by the distance between them d. proportional to the ratio of their charges multiplied by the square of the distance between them e. no relation exists between charged particles and force
b. proportional to the product of their charges divided by the square distance between them
special relativity is applied to a. reference frames accelerating b. reference frames that do not accelerate c. very difficult mathematical problems d. general cases of relativity e. cases in which the object moves faster than the speed of light
b. reference frames that do not accelerate
Pick out the false statement, using relativity principles. a. the fact that mass and energy are equivalent can be verified in a nuclear power plant b. relativity states that nothing can travel faster than the speed of light c. an object accelerated to the speed of light will appear to contract d. Einstein's relativity principles encompass Newton's laws of motion rather than replace them e. All the above a true
b. relativity states that nothing can travel faster than the speed of light
The Lorentz factor is a number a. more than one b. showing the magnitude of change in time and scale c. comparing the relative speed of two atomic clocks d. representing the atomic mass of a type of oil e. that is used in Newtonian motion calculations
b. showing the magnitude of change in time and scale
Which is the same for all types of electromagnetic waves? a. amplitude b. speed c. frequency d. length e. energy
b. speed
Which of the following is the same for all kinds of electromagnetic waves? a. frequency b. speed c. energy d. wavelength e. transmission through the atmosphere
b. speed
What is an atom's spectrum? a. the total number of photons an atom can contain b. sum of photons an atom will emit c. the atomic mass of the atom d. the atom's place in the periodic table e. the allowed orbit closest to the nucleus
b. sum of photons an atom will emit
Coulomb's law states that force is dependent on all EXCEPT a. the Coulomb constant b. the difference in size between the two objects c. the charge of the smaller object d. the distance between the two objects e. the charge of the larger object
b. the difference in size between the two objects
which radiation can be used to sterilize equipment? a. microwave radiation b. ultraviolet radiation c. fluorescence d. infrared radiation e. radio waves
b. ultraviolet radiation
how are time dilation and length contraction related
both have been derived mathematically using the Lorentz factor and have been demonstrated by scientists working in particle physics
When you cut a magnet in half you get a. 2 north poles b. 2 south poles c. 2 north poles and 2 south poles d. one magnetic monopole e. 1 south pole and 1 north pole
c. 2 north poles and 2 south poles
the relationship between the atomic theories of Dalton and Democritus is a. both were based on observations in nature b. neither was based on observations in nature c. Dalton's theory depended upon observation; Democritus's theory did not d. Democritus's theory depended upon observation; Dalton's theory did not e. Dalton used the term atom; Democritus did not
c. Dalton's theory depended upon observation; Democritus's theory did not
Which scientist was most influential in Coulomb's work? a. benjamin franklin b. James Clerk Maxwell c. Sir Isaac Newton d. Thomas Edison e. Michael Faraday
c. Sir Isaac Newton
which wave does not move in a medium? a. ocean wave b. sound wave c. X-ray d. seismic wave e. all of the above require a medium for transfer
c. X-ray
if you flipped a coin while going up an escalator, a person observing the motion of the coins would describe the motion as a. a circle b. a straight line c. an arc d. random e. an ellipse
c. an arc
The functioning of an electric motor depends on the fact that a. like charges attract, unlike charges repel b. like magnetic poles attract, unlike magnetic poles repel c. an electrical current produces a magnetic field d. permanent magnets are always stronger than electromagnets e. all motors must have several electromagnets
c. an electrical current produces a magnetic field
Which of the following items would use only low resistance wires? a. a toaster b. a space heater c. an electrical transmission line d. a light bulb e. a hair dryer
c. an electrical transmission
In the periodic table of the elements, the heaviest element is located a. at the top right corner b. in the center of the chart c. at the lower right corner d. at the top left corner e. at the lower left corner
c. at the lower right corner
the apple is to Isaac Newton as the _____ is to Albert Einstein a orange b. speed of light c. clock d. patent office e. coin toss
c. clock
A force field surrounding a charged object is a a. gravitational field b. gravitational force c. electrical field d. electrical force e. magnetic field
c. electrical field
"allowed orbits" is a phrase applied to the a. electrons in Rutherford's model of the atom b. protons in dalton's model of the atom c. electrons in Bohr's model of the atom d. planets in Galileo's model of the solar system e. electrons in Mendeleev's periodic table of elements
c. electrons in Bohr's model of the atom
a light wave propagates itself through a. disturbances in the ether b. reflecting gamma radiation c. energy in shifting magnetic and electric fields d. the seismic energy of the sun e. all of the above
c. energy in shifting magnetic and electric fields
The newest version of hybrid cars a. use magnetic monopoles b. incorporate nuclear and electric motors c. get above 50 miles per gallon on the highway d. have lead-acid batteries e. has altered car manufacturers' attitudes
c. get above 50 miles per gallon on the highway
an element with an atomic number of 8 a. was the eighth element discovered b. contains atoms with four protons and four neutrons c. is made of atoms with eight protons d. has eight electrons in the outer shell of each atom e. is radioactive
c. is made of atoms with eight protons
Bats navigate by emitting high pitched sound waves and a. scattering all objects in their path b. attracting insects toward the sound c. listening for an echo d. calculating wave crests per second e. none of the above
c. listening for an echo
Two or more atoms chemically combined; the basic constituent of many different kinds of material a. salt b. element c. molecule d. electron e. gas
c. molecule
Which of the following can produce magnetic fields? a. gravitational force b. static electrical force c. moving electrical charges d. increasing entropy e. all of the above
c. moving electrical charges
A properly functioning neon light given off is caused by a. a chemical reaction between neon atoms b. neon atoms transitioning from a ground state to an excited state c. neon atoms transitioning from an excited state to a ground state d. a physical reaction between neon atoms e. electron jumping from neon atom to neon atom
c. neon atoms transitioning from an excited state to a ground state
Hans Christian Oersted discovered the relationship between the forces of magnetism and electricity by a. many long years of tedious research b. reading the writings of Galvani c. paying attention during a physics lecture d. interpreting his dreams e. replicating the experiments of Volta
c. paying attention during a physics lecture
light passing through a window is like a. an image seen in a mirror b. water being taken up by a sponge c. radio waves passing through the air d. a spectrum of colors in a glass pyramid e. the greenhouse effect
c. radio waves passing through the air
we know that atoms have a nucleus because a. scientists have photographed the nucleus of uranium b. einstein hypothesized its existence in 1915 c. some alpha particles were deflected by gold nuclei in Rutherford's experiment d. electrons must have a charge balance at an atom's center e. none of the above are evidence for the existence of the nucleus
c. some alpha particles were deflected by gold nuclei in rutherford's experiment
Which waves are outside the range of a human's ability to detect? a. AM and FM waves b. ocean waves c. sound waves with frequencies less than 20 Hz d. sound waves with wavelengths greater than 3 cm e. all of the above can be detected by humans
c. sound waves with frequencies less that 20 Hz
Which prediction of the theory of general relativity was the first to be tested by scientists? a. the earth will experience a solar eclipse in June 1919 b. Mercury will advance in its orbit by 43 seconds of arc c. the strong gravitational field of the sun will bend light coming from a distant star d. Newtonian physics applies only to large masses e. length contraction will occur in particle accelerators
c. the strong gravitational field of the sun will bend light coming from a distant star
How fast can light travel in one second, if it is moving through a vacuum? a. 186,000 ft b. 30,000 meters c. 18,600 miles d. 300,000 kilometers e. 3,000,000 miles
d. 300,000 kilometers
according to the theory of relativity, a. as the speed of light is approached, time slows down and approaches zero b. as the speed of light is approached, time speeds up and approaches infinity c. as the speed of light is approached, distance shrinks and approaches zero d. A and C e. none of the above
d. A and C
contracting interference is to destructive interference as a. a + a is to (-a) + (-a) b. a + a is to (+a) + (-a_ c. rough is to smooth d. b and c e. a and c
d. B and C
Evidence for the theory that an atom is mostly space was based on research by a. Joseph John Thomson b. Niels Bohr c. John Dalton d. Ernest Rutherford e. Daniel Bernoulli
d. Ernest Rutherford
The theory of relativity resolves the paradox between a. newton's laws of motion and gravity b. time dilation and electromagnetism c. maxwell's equations and time dilation d. newton's laws of motion and maxwell's equations e. gravity and time dilation
d. Newton's laws of motion and Maxwell's equations
Which of the following situations demonstrates an "experience" with the theory of relativity? a. feeling heavier then lighter as an elevator accelerates to the top floor of a building b. sensing that the parked car in which you are sitting is moving backward when the other car is just moving forward c. observing that atomic clocks in fast moving aircraft tick more slowly than clocks on the ground d. all the above e. relativity cannot be demonstrated with actual experiences
d. all of the above
Which of these follows from the theory of relativity? a. mass is relative to one's frame of reference b. time is relative to ones frame of reference c. distance is relative to ones frame of reference d. all of the above e. none of the above
d. all of the above
An electrically charged atom is known as a. a nucleus b. a proton c. an electron d. an ion e. a neutron
d. an ion
the fundamental difference between electromagnetic waves and other types of waves is that electromagnetic waves a. move more slowly than all other types of waves b. are radioactive c. are all invisible d. can transfer energy without transferring mass e. have the same wavelength
d. can transfer energy without transferring mass
William gilbert discovered many important properties of magnets. Which of the following was not among Gilbert's findings? a. Every magnet has at least 2 poles b. if magnetic poles are alike they repel each other c. steel rods can be magnetized by stroking them with a lodestone d. electric currents can be produced by changing magnetic fields e. iron's magnetism can be destroyed by heating
d. electric currents can be produced by changing magnetic fields
Newton's laws of motion fail a. when dealing with our everyday world b. at speeds significantly less than the speed of light c. in Lorentz's factor equals 1 d. for objects with mass large enough to warp space e. when using atomic clocks
d. for objects with mass large enough to warp space
All elements in a column in the periodic table of elements a. have very little in common b. form a compound known as salt c. are alkaline earth metals d. have similar chemical properties e. are noble gases
d. have similar chemical properties
The load in an electric blow dryer is a. where the dryer plugs into the electrical outlet b. where the electrical cord is attached to the dryer c. in the on/off switch d. in the heating element and fan e. where the heated air is exhausted
d. in the heating element and fan
In a famous experiment in the late 1700's, Charles Coulomb a. repeated Benjamin Franklin's kite and lightning demonstration b. measured electricity with a galvanometer c. proved Newton's three laws of motion d. measured the force of the electric charge in objects e. showed that muscle contractions are both electric and chemical
d. measured the force of the electric charge in objects
Approximately how many people today understand the special theory of relativity? a. a dozen b. hundreds c. thousands d. millions e. billions
d. millions
Which work established Einstein's international reputation? a. early work at the patent office b. publication of the special relativity theory c. calculations for the general relativity theory d. prediction of light bending during a solar eclipse e. establishing the time dilation principles
d. prediction of light bending during a solar eclipse
What causes an electromagnetic wave to be emitted? a. wind on the water b. earthquakes c. bat echoes d. the acceleration of an electric charge e. all of the above
d. the acceleration of an electric charge
One difference between the motion of electrons in an atom and the motion of planets in the solar system is that a. gravity holds the planets in orbit while centripetal force holds the electrons b. electron orbits are uniform, planetary orbits are not c. Bownian motion applies to planets but not electrons d. the orbit of a planet is constantly being accelerated d. the orbit of a planet is constantly being accelerated e. all of the above apply to both planets and electrons
d. the orbit of a planet is constantly being accelerated
The model of the Rutherford atom is best compared to a. a blueberry muffin b. a spiral galaxy c. a one-celled animal d. the solar system e. a beach ball
d. the solar system
what practical use has been found for gamma rays? a. detecting the speed of a traveling car b. controlling destructive interference c. cooking food d. treating cancerous tissues e. carrying radio signals
d. treating cancerous tissues
describe events at the atomic level when a thunderstorm results in the lightning strike of a tall tree
during the storm, wing and rain interrupt the neutral distribution of electrons in the clouds. when the charged cloud passes over the tall tree a violent electric discharge occurs. this discharge (lightning) results from the ground to meet the negative charges moving from the bottom of the clouds
Which of the following instances have the predictions of general relativity been confirmed? a. gravitational bending of light b. planetary orbits c. gravitational red shift d. a and c e. a b and c
e. A B and C
It is possible to make an electric current flow in a loop of wire by a. inserting a battery into the loop b. static electrical charges c. moving a magnet near the loop d. spinning the loop in a magnetic field e. A, C, D
e. A, C, D
If an electron moves from a higher energy level to a lower energy level a. a photon is emitted b. a photon is absorbed c. an observer will see light d. the electron disappears between levels e. a and c and d
e. a and c and d
an electrically neutral nuclear particle is a. a nucleus b. a proton c. an electron d. an ion e. a neutron
e. a neutron
Gravitational red shift, one prediction of general relativity a. has been confirmed by experiments using laser light b. states that light coming from the earth's surface to space will appear slightly redder in space than they do on earth c. states that light coming to the earth's surface from space will appear slightly bluer on earth than they do in space d. can be explained using the doppler effect e. all of the above
e. all of the above
In the periodic table, elements are arranged in order of a. atomic mass b. number of protons c. number of electrons d. reactivity e. all of the above
e. all of the above
In which of the objects below would you find an electromagnet? a. wall switch, buzzer, motors b. thermostats, electric drill, electric fan c. hair dryer, electric razor, power drill d. heater, food processor, CD player e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Which is associated with radio waves? a. amplitude modulation b. 530 to 1600 kHz c. wavelengths longer than Earth's radius d. frequency modulation e. all of the above
e. all of the above
sound waves with low frequency a. have large amplitudes if they are loud b. travel at the same speed as sound waves with high frequency c. have long wavelengths d. have low pitches e. all of the above
e. all of the above
what are some ways the Earth's magnetic field is used for navigation? a. sailors use compasses to direct their course b. some bacteria navigate down within pond ooze c. migratory birds are directed by the magnetic field d. australian silvereye can see the magnetic fields e. all of the above
e. all of the above
what is a practical use of infrared radiation detection? a. night vision for nocturnal animals b. to monitor volcanoes c. to find heat in homes d. to search for lost people e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Which of the following is the most realistic depiction of the modern model of a Helium atom with a nucleus of 1 millimeter? a. electron shell at a distance of 1 centimeter b. electron shell at a distance of 1 decimeter c. electron shell at a distance of 1 meter d. electron shell at a distance of 10 meter e. electron shell at a distance of 100 meters
e. electron shell at a distance of 100 meter
Each electron shell corresponds to a different a. electron b. element c. ion d. atom e. energy level
e. energy level
Which group of substances contains only elements a. hydrogen, plastics, carbon b. salt, copper, aluminum c. gold, silver, limestone d. steel, carbon, oxygen e. silicon, carbon, calcium
e. silicon, carbon, calcium
What is important practical device followed directly from Michael Faraday's work? a. the battery b. the thermostat c. the electromagnet d. the internal combustion engine e. the electric generator
e. the electric generator
How is the mass of an object related to its energy? a. the object's velocity is equal to the speed flight times the mass divided by the Lorentz number b. the object's rest mass is equal to the gravitational constant times the object's rest mass times the speed of light squared c. the object's rest energy is equal to the objects rest mass multiplied by the gravitational constant d. the objects rest mass is equal to the object's rest energy multiplied by the speed of light squared e. the object's rest energy is equal to the object's rest mass multiplied by the speed of light squared
e. the object's rest energy is equal to the object's rest mass multiplied by the speed of light squared
Democritus put forth the concept of an atom because a. experimental evidence b. older idea borrowed from Egyptians c. Observed rocks turning into pebbles tuning into sane d. his invention of the magnification glass let him to believe in smaller particles e. though it was philosophically satisfying that there would be ultimate particles
e. thought is was philosophically satisfying that there would be ultimate particles
what conditions must exist for the earth to have a magnetic field?
electrons have to be in uniform motion with a metallic core that is spinning
Brownian motion in a liquid is caused by tectonic pressures
false
Einstein demonstrated that moving yardsticks appear to be longer than stationary ones in the direction of motion
false
Events that appear simultaneous in one frame of reference will also be simultaneous in another frame of reference, according to principles of relativity
false
In a normal atom the electrical charges of the proton, balance the electrical charges of the neutron
false
Intuition is always correct when dealing with objects moving near the speed of light
false
Nobel gases are tightly reactive
false
Objects must be glowing in order to have a distinctive spectrum
false
Ohm's law shows a direct relationship between amps and volts
false
Rutherford's model of the atom is the definitive model continuing to the present day
false
a coil of wire is an optional component in every electrical generator
false
according to Einstein's principle of relativity, the laws of nature a person observes depend on that person's frame of reference
false
according to the theory of relativity, laws of nature are all relative to one's frame of reference
false
all of our evidence for the existence of atoms is intuitive because no one has actually seen an atom
false
an electrical device can be made more powerful by increasing the current flowing in the wire or decreasing the voltage
false
galvani invented the electromagnet
false
gamma rays have long wavelengths and high energy
false
in einstein's universe, objects move because they have been accelerated by a force
false
in maxwell's equations, the wavelength of radiation can vary but the sum of the wavelength and the wave frequency is always the speed of light
false
low frequency sound waves have high pitches
false
most atoms are electrically neutral because the number of protons equals the number of neutrons
false
nocturnal animals have learned to use microwave radiation
false
the faster an object travels, the smaller its mass and the easier it is to deflect from its course
false
the motion of waves depends upon the source from which they were generated
false
the properties of the electrical force arise from one type of charge called electromagnetism
false
the radio waves on the electromagnetic spectrum have the shortest wavelengths and the highest energy
false
the rows in the periodic table of elements are arranged by numbers of electrons in the innermost electron shells
false
the sun produces only visible electromagnetic radiation
false
under certain special circumstances the electron can become lodged between higher and lower energy shells
false
visible light occupies the majority of the electromagnetic spectrum
false
you can't see all wavelengths but you can hear all wavelengths
false
How does electricity differ from gravity?
gravitational force always pulls 2 objects together and electric force can attract some objects toward each other and repel others away from each other
Describe how the electromagnet operates.
if an electrical current flows in a loop of wire, then a magnetic field will be created around the wire
What does E=mc squared mean?
it states that all objects have a rest energy, as well as kinetic potential energy, which is equal to the rest mass of the object times the speed of light squared. moving objects become more massive than stationary ones. the formula also states that mass and energy can be exchanged
what material would absorb radio waves?
metal
Name two places where the equivalence of mass and energy has been verified experimentally
particle accelerators and nuclear reactors
How does a nerve carry an electrical signal?
positively and negatively charged ions move in response to an electrical stimulus, distorting the axon membrane and transmitting the signal to the end of the nerve. Neurotransmitters relay the signal across a gap (synapse) to the next nerve in position
explain why a rainbow always has the same colors in the same order
refraction of light is always the same- therefore the colors are bent in the same manner
Definition of the principle of relativity
states that all observers must see the universe operating according to the same laws; therefore, the speed of light is constant in all frames of reference
What all is force dependent on according to Coulomb's law?
the Coulomb constant, the charge of the smaller object, the distance between the two objects, and the charge of the larger object
Why are alkali metals so reactive?
the periods, the columns, the number of electrons in the outer shell, and ease of dissolution in water?
What is a frame of reference?
the physical surroundings from which you observe and measure the world around you. ex. a room, with all items and persons stationary; a train, where one observer is moving as another watches from outside; and a spaceship, where the observer is accelerating with respect to a person on Earth
Why do the predictions of relativity not match up with our everyday experiences?
the predictions apply to frames of reference moving at velocities much larger than our everyday experiences
what would absorb visible light?
the rods and cones in our eyes
compare the military radar jamming devices with strategies evolved by insects that protect them from bats
they are basically the same. both listen for signal then 'chirp' back at the same frequency- sonic camouflage
Why won't helium and neon form compounds?
they are both noble gases, which means that their outer shells are filled with electrons and there is not place for them to arrange a bond
explain how 'noise canceling' headphones might work in a noisy environment
they use destructive
in terms of wave mechanics, what is the nature of the tsunami's destructiveness?
transfer of energy is dissipated by the shore on which the wave breaks. If structures, plants, animals are on that shore, the energy is transferred to them- as energy is transferred from a train to a car left sitting on the tracks
whats the difference between a transverse and a longitudinal wave?
transverse waves have wave motion perpendicular to the motion of the medium on which the wave moves; (ex. pond ripples.) a longitudinal wave is a kind of wave where the motion of medium is in the same direction as the wave movement; (ex. pressure waves or sound waves)
Each chemical element emits a distinct set of photons which can be used to identify it
true
Fluorescence in a substance is caused by absorption of high-energy photons and emission of lower energy photons
true
In electron microscope images, the pictures have been converted from electrical charges to visible light
true
Muscle contractions are initiated by electrical signals?
true
Relativity says that objects approaching the speed of light are infinitely massive
true
Some materials glow when they are heated because the atoms in the material absorb energy and electrons are moved to a higher state of energy
true
Static electricity is more powerful than gravity?
true
The Pauli exclusion principle explains that no two electrons can occupy the same state at the same time
true
The concept of atoms has its origins in Greek philosophy
true
The speed of light is a constant across all reference frames.
true
The theory of relativity shows that our intuition and experience are wrong in explaining the universe
true
Time dilation has been demonstrated with atomic clocks on jet aircraft
true
a compressed or stretched spring has a greater mass because it has elastic potential energy
true
a wave carries energy but not matter across an intervening distance
true
according to the theory of relativity, some things in the universe must already be moving faster than the speed of light
true
all waves on the electromagnetic spectrum are the result of an accelerating electric charge
true
an electric force in a static charge does not move once it has been placed
true
an electromagnetic wave can travel through a vaccum
true
before lightning strikes, a victims hair will have a positive charge
true
for small velocities, time and distance problems can be solved either by using Newtonian laws of motion or relativity principles
true
in both longitudinal and transverse waves, the energy always moves in the direction of the wave
true
lightning rods on tops of buildings protect the structure by attracting the electric charges
true
magnetic fields can be created by the motion of electrical charges
true
scientists on Earth can determine the elements that occur in stars by use of spectroscopy
true
series circuits are likely to cause more trouble than parallel circuits to people looking for a burned out like in holiday decorations
true
signals are sent by the optic nerve to the brain by moving positively charged ions across membranes
true
some animals have magnets in their bodies to navigate up and down
true
television broadcasts usually split the visual sound signals, carrying pictures on AM and sound on FM
true
the AM radio stations can be heard over greater distances because frequencies between 530 and 1600 MHz are partially reflected off the layers of the atmosphere
true
the doppler effect describes a higher pitch sound for waves approaching an observer and a lower pitch sound for waves moving away from an observer
true
the ground state of the Bohr atom is the least excited state
true
the human eye can distinguish many wavelengths of red and blue, but only a few wavelengths of yellow
true
time measured on a clock is relative to one's physical surroundings, according to the phenomenon of time dilation
true
when electrical charges accelerate, electromagnetic waves are created
true
your body produces electromagnetic radiation while you are taking this exam
true
What is Ohm's law?
voltage (volts)= current(amps) X resistance(ohms)
what would absorb microwaves?
water
describe how popcorn pops in a microwave oven
water inside the kernel gets energized by the wave, which turns it to steam and causes the kernel to explode
how are velocity, frequency and length of each wave related?
wave velocity is equal to the length of each wave times the number of waves that pass by each second
How could you make an electromagnet? What would you have to do to make it stronger?
wrap wire around a central metal bar; increase wrap or increase voltage, change the diameter of wire and # wraps.
how do you make a compass on an island?
you have to find a lodestone, or beat or scrape a pin( piece of metal with iron) then suspend it by thread of float it in water