SECTION 7 - TRAUMA (CH 25-33)

The energy of a moving object is called: A. kinetic energy. B. converted energy. C. potential energy. D. latent energy.

A. kinetic energy.

During your assessment of a patient with a head injury, you note that he opens his eyes when you pinch his trapezius muscle, is mumbling, and has his arms curled in toward his chest. You should assign him a GCS score of: A.7. B.8. C.10. D.9.

A.7.

A person's ability to shiver is lost when his or her body temperature falls below: A.90°F (32°C). B.92°F (33°C). C.95°F (35°C). D.94°F (34°C).

A.90°F (32°C).

Which of the following scenarios is an example of a direct injury? A.A passenger fractures her patella after it strikes the dashboard. B.A person lands on his or her feet and fractures the lumbar spine. C.A skier dislocates his knee after a twisting injury to the ankle. D.A child dislocates his elbow after falling on his outstretched arm.

A.A passenger fractures her patella after it strikes the dashboard.

Which of the following statements regarding compartment syndrome is correct? A.Compartment syndrome typically develops within 6 to 12 hours after an injury. B.In most cases, compartment syndrome develops within a few minutes after an injury. C.Most cases of compartment syndrome occur following a severe fracture of the pelvis. D.Compartment syndrome occurs because of increased pressure within the bone cavity.

A.Compartment syndrome typically develops within 6 to 12 hours after an injury.

Following a stab wound to the left anterior chest, a 25-year-old male presents with a decreased level of consciousness and signs of shock. Which of the following additional assessment findings should increase your index of suspicion for a cardiac tamponade? A.Engorged jugular veins B.A rapid, irregular pulse C.Widening pulse pressure D.Diminished breath sounds

A.Engorged jugular veins

Which of the following statements regarding electrical burns is correct? A.Entrance wounds are small relative to the amount of internal tissue damage. B.Respiratory or cardiac arrest following an electrical burn is very uncommon. C.The size of the entry and exit wounds is a reliable indicator of internal damage. D.The exit wound caused by electrical burns is smaller than the entrance wound.

A.Entrance wounds are small relative to the amount of internal tissue damage.

Which of the following statements regarding penetrating injuries is correct? A.External bleeding might be minimal, but internal injuries can be extensive. B.The degree of internal injury can often be estimated by the external injury. C.It is important to distinguish between entrance and exit wounds in the field. D.The depth of a penetrating injury should be thoroughly assessed by the EMT.

A.External bleeding might be minimal, but internal injuries can be extensive.

A 40-year-old unrestrained female impacted the steering wheel of her vehicle with her chest when she hit a tree while traveling at 45 mph. She is conscious and alert, but is experiencing significant chest pain and shortness of breath. Which of the following injuries is the LEAST likely? A.Head injury B.Cardiac contusion C.Multiple rib fractures D.Pulmonary contusion

A.Head injury

What types of motor vehicle collisions present the greatest potential for multiple impacts? A.Rotational and rollover B.Frontal and rotational C.Lateral and rollover D.Rear-end and rotational

A.Rotational and rollover

Assuming that no obvious signs of intra-abdominal injury are present, which of the following injuries would most likely cause an injury to the liver or spleen to be overlooked? A.Shoulder fracture B.Pelvic fracture C.Femur fracture D.Lumbar spine fracture

A.Shoulder fracture

Which of the following organs can tolerate inadequate perfusion for two to three hours? A.Skeletal muscle B.Kidneys C.Heart D.Brain

A.Skeletal muscle

Which of the following statements regarding a basilar skull fracture is correct? A.The absence of raccoon eyes or Battle sign does not rule it out. B.They are typically the result of local, low-energy trauma to the head. C.Bloody cerebrospinal fluid commonly leaks from the nose. D.In most cases, mastoid bruising occurs.

A.The absence of raccoon eyes or Battle sign does not rule it out.

Which of the following findings would be the most significant when assessing a patient with possible internal bleeding? A.The patient takes rivaroxaban (Xarelto). B.The patient has not eaten in 24 hours. C.The patient had a stroke five years prior. D.The patient has a history of hypertension.

A.The patient takes rivaroxaban (Xarelto).

Which of the following statements regarding anterior nosebleeds is correct? A.They usually originate from the septum area and bleed slowly. B.They are usually severe and require aggressive treatment to control. C.They are usually caused by a fracture of the basilar skull. D.They cause blood to drain into the posterior pharynx.

A.They usually originate from the septum area and bleed slowly.

Subcutaneous emphysema is an indication that: A.air is escaping into the chest wall from a damaged lung. B.at least half of one lung has completely collapsed. C.your patient is experiencing a pericardial tamponade. D.blood is slowly accumulating within the tissue of the lung.

A.air is escaping into the chest wall from a damaged lung.

An open fracture is most accurately defined as a fracture in which: A.an external wound is present over the fracture site. B.fractured bone ends protrude through the skin. C.a bullet or other projectile shatters the underlying bone. D.the bone is broken but does not penetrate the skin.

A.an external wound is present over the fracture site.

When evaluating the mechanism of injury of a car versus pedestrian collision, you should first: A.approximate the speed of the vehicle that struck the pedestrian. B.determine if the patient was struck and pulled under the vehicle. C.determine if the patient was propelled away from the vehicle. D.evaluate the vehicle that struck the patient for structural damage.

A.approximate the speed of the vehicle that struck the pedestrian.

A young male sustained a gunshot wound to the abdomen during an altercation. As your partner is assessing and managing his airway, you should control the obvious bleeding and then: A.assess for an exit wound. B.obtain baseline vital signs. C.apply a cervical collar. D.auscultate bowel sounds.

A.assess for an exit wound.

An epidural hematoma is most accurately defined as: A.bleeding between the skull and dura mater. B.bleeding between the dura mater and brain. C.venous lacerations that occur within the brain. D.an injury caused by a damaged cerebral artery.

A.bleeding between the skull and dura mater.

Bone marrow produces: A.blood cells. B.electrolytes. C.platelets. D.lymphocytes.

A.blood cells.

All of the following should be addressed during the primary assessment except: A.capillary bleeding. B.slow, shallow breathing. C.severe hemorrhage. D.airway obstruction.

A.capillary bleeding.

The venom of a brown recluse spider is cytotoxic, meaning that it: A.causes severe local tissue damage. B.weakens the structure of the bones. C.suppresses the respiratory drive. D.destroys the body's red blood cells.

A.causes severe local tissue damage.

Common signs and symptoms of an airway burn include all of the following, except: A.chest pressure. B.hoarseness. C.singed nasal hair. D.soot around the mouth.

A.chest pressure.

A 30-year-old male experienced a crushing injury when his forearm was trapped between the back of a truck and a loading dock. Upon your arrival, the man's arm has been freed. Your assessment reveals that his arm is obviously deformed and swollen and is cold and pale. Further assessment reveals an absent radial pulse. You should be most concerned that this patient has: A.compartment syndrome. B.a severe closed fracture. C.internal hemorrhage. D.damage to the radial nerve.

A.compartment syndrome.

A 40-year-old male was in his woodworking shop when he felt a sudden, sharp pain in his left eye. Your assessment reveals a small splinter of wood embedded in his cornea. You should: A.cover both of his eyes and transport to the hospital. B.scrape the splinter away with moist, sterile gauze. C.cover his right eye and flush the left eye with saline. D.remove the object with a cotton-tipped applicator.

A.cover both of his eyes and transport to the hospital.

A partial-thickness burn involves the outer layer of skin and a portion of the: A.dermal layer. B.muscle fascia C.fatty layer. D.epidermis.

A.dermal layer.

The hormone responsible for the actions of the sympathetic nervous system is: A.epinephrine. B.thyroxine. C.aldosterone. D.insulin.

A.epinephrine.

A(n) __________ fracture occurs in the growth section of a child's bone and might lead to bone growth abnormalities. A.epiphyseal B.metaphyseal C.diaphyseal D.greenstick

A.epiphyseal

The eyeball itself is referred to as the: A.globe. B.orbit. C.sclera. D.cornea.

A.globe.

Contraction or tensing of the abdominal muscles to ease pain is called: A.guarding. B.referring. C.withdrawing. D.flexing.

A.guarding.

When placing a patient onto a long backboard, the EMT at the patient's _________ is in charge of all patient movements. A.head B.chest C.waist D.lower extremities

A.head

Evaluation of the interior of a crashed motor vehicle during extrication will allow the EMT to: A.identify contact points and predict potential injuries. B.determine the vehicle's speed at the time of impact. C.recognize if the driver hit the brakes before impact. D.assess the severity of the third collision of the crash.

A.identify contact points and predict potential injuries.

Functions of dressings and bandages include all of the following, except: A.immobilization of the injury. B.prevention of contamination. C.protection from further injury. D.control of external hemorrhage.

A.immobilization of the injury.

During your assessment of a patient who experienced blunt trauma to the abdomen, you notice bruising around the umbilicus. This is a sign of: A.intra-abdominal bleeding. B.rupture of a hollow organ. C.a severe liver laceration. D.a ruptured spleen.

A.intra-abdominal bleeding.

Bleeding within the brain tissue itself is called a(n): A.intracerebral hematoma. B.subarachnoid hemorrhage. C.subdural hematoma. D.epidural hematoma.

A.intracerebral hematoma.

A factory worker was splashed in the eyes with a strong acid chemical. He complains of intense pain and blurred vision. Your ambulance does not carry bottles of sterile saline or water. You should: A.irrigate both eyes continuously for 20 minutes with plain water. B.flush both eyes with an alcohol-based solution and transport. C.neutralize the acid chemical in his eye with an alkaline chemical. D.mix baking soda with water and irrigate his eyes with the solution.

A.irrigate both eyes continuously for 20 minutes with plain water.

Bleeding from the nose following head trauma: A.is a sign of a skull fracture and should not be stopped. B.should be assumed to be caused by a fractured septum. C.is usually due to hypertension caused by the head injury. D.should be controlled by packing the nostril with gauze.

A.is a sign of a skull fracture and should not be stopped.

Care for a patient with a fractured tibia and suspected compartment syndrome includes: A.keeping the leg at the level of the heart. B.immobilizing the leg with an air splint. C.applying traction to maintain distal pulses. D.applying chemical hot packs to the leg.

A.keeping the leg at the level of the heart.

A hematoma develops when: A.large blood vessels beneath the skin are damaged. B.cells and small vessels in the dermis are damaged. C.severe swelling compromises arterial circulation. D.small amounts of blood leak into the epidermis.

A.large blood vessels beneath the skin are damaged.

You are dispatched to a local high school track and field event for a 16-year-old male who fainted. The outside temperature is approximately 95°F (35°C) with high humidity. Upon your arrival, the patient is conscious, alert, and complains of nausea and a headache. His skin is cool, clammy, and pale. You should: A.move him into the cooled ambulance. B.give him a liquid salt solution to drink. C.apply chemical ice packs to his axillae. D.administer 100% supplemental oxygen.

A.move him into the cooled ambulance.

If a patient with a chest injury only inhales small amounts of air per breath, he or she: A.must increase his or her respiratory rate to maintain adequate minute volume. B.will maintain adequate minute volume if his or her respiratory rate stays the same. C.will eliminate more carbon dioxide than if he or she were breathing deeply. D.often breathes at a slower rate because of lung damage caused by the injury.

A.must increase his or her respiratory rate to maintain adequate minute volume.

An abdominal evisceration: A.occurs when organs protrude through an open wound. B.should be covered with bulky dry, sterile dressings. C.is most commonly the result of blunt force trauma. D.often causes severe hypothermia because of heat loss.

A.occurs when organs protrude through an open wound.

Facial injuries should be identified and treated as soon as possible because: A.of the risk for airway problems. B.swelling might mask hidden injuries. C.bleeding must be controlled early. D.the spine might be injured as well.

A.of the risk for airway problems.

Early signs and symptoms of intra-abdominal bleeding include: A.pain and distention. B.widespread ecchymosis. C.significant hypotension. D.bruising only.

A.pain and distention.

A 30-year-old male sustained a stab wound to the neck when he was attacked outside a nightclub. During your assessment, you should be MOST alert for: A.potential airway compromise. B.injury to the cervical spine. C.alterations in his mental status. D.damage to internal structures.

A.potential airway compromise.

A 28-year-old male was struck in the chest with a baseball bat during an altercation. He is conscious and alert and complains of severe chest pain. Your assessment reveals a large area of ecchymosis over the sternum and a rapid, irregular pulse. In addition to providing supplemental oxygen, you should: A.prepare for immediate transport. B.apply an AED and assess his BP. C.determine if he has cardiac problems. D.apply bulky dressings to the sternum.

A.prepare for immediate transport.

Because the depth of an open abdominal wound is often difficult to determine: A.prompt transport to the hospital is essential. B.the EMT must perform a thorough exam. C.the abdomen must be vigorously palpated. D.vital signs should be monitored frequently.

A.prompt transport to the hospital is essential.

When activated, the sympathetic nervous system produces all of the following effects, except: A.pupillary constriction. B.shunting of blood to vital organs. C.increase in heart rate. D.dilation of the bronchiole smooth muscle.

A.pupillary constriction.

When assessing a patient with a head injury, you note the presence of thin, bloody fluid draining from his right ear. This indicates: A.rupture of the tympanic membrane following diffuse impact to the head. B.a linear skull fracture and a significant increase in intracranial pressure. C.significant pressure and bleeding in between the skull and dura mater. D.fractures to the internal structures of the ear following direct trauma.

A.rupture of the tympanic membrane following diffuse impact to the head.

The spinal cord is encased in and protected by the: A.spinal canal. B.vertebral arch. C.vertebral body. D.intervertebral disc.

A.spinal canal.

Internal injuries caused by gunshot wounds are difficult to predict because: A.the bullet may tumble or ricochet within the body. B.exit wounds caused by the bullet are usually small. C.the caliber of the bullet is frequently unknown. D.the area of damage is usually smaller than the bullet.

A.the bullet may tumble or ricochet within the body.

Rough handling of a hypothermic patient with a pulse might cause: A.ventricular fibrillation. B.profound bradycardia. C.pulseless electrical activity. D.ventricular tachycardia.

A.ventricular fibrillation.

When caring for a patient with an open facial injury, the EMT's immediate priority should be to: A.wear gloves and facial protection. B.manually stabilize the patient's head. C.consider the mechanism of injury. D.closely assess the patient's airway.

A.wear gloves and facial protection.

During your assessment of a patient who experienced a blast injury, you note that he has a depressed area to the front of his skull. This injury MOST likely occurred: A.when the patient was hurled against a stationary object. B.by inhaling toxic gases. C.as a result of flying debris. D.as a direct result of the pressure wave.

A.when the patient was hurled against a stationary object.

The index of suspicion is MOST accurately defined as: A.your awareness and concern for potentially serious underlying injuries. B.a predictable pattern that leads to serious injuries. C.the way in which traumatic injuries occur. D.the detection of less obvious life-threatening injuries.

A.your awareness and concern for potentially serious underlying injuries.

Gastrointestinal bleeding should be suspected if a patient presents with: A.hematuria. B.hematemesis. C.dyspnea. D.hemoptysis.

B.hematemesis.

A 5-year-old female pulled a pot of boiling water from the stove. She has superficial and partial-thickness burns to her head, face, and anterior trunk. What percentage of her body surface area has been burned? A.36% B.30% C.27% D.18%

B.30%

Which of the following sets of vital signs depicts Cushing triad? A.Blood pressure, 80/40 mm Hg; pulse, 30 beats/min; respirations, 32 breaths/min B.Blood pressure, 190/110 mm Hg; pulse, 55 beats/min; respirations, 30 breaths/min C.Blood pressure, 200/100 mm Hg; pulse, 140 beats/min; respirations, 28 breaths/min D.Blood pressure, 90/50 mm Hg; pulse, 120 beats/min; respirations, 10 breaths/min

B.Blood pressure, 190/110 mm Hg; pulse, 55 beats/min; respirations, 30 breaths/min

A 66-year-old male presents with dark red rectal bleeding and abdominal pain. He is conscious and alert; however, his skin is cool and clammy and his pulse is rapid. Further assessment reveals that his blood pressure is 112/60 mm Hg. Which of the following questions would be most pertinent to ask him? A.Do you take any over-the-counter medications? B.Have you experienced recent abdominal trauma? C.Has blood soaked through your undergarments? D.What does your blood pressure normally run?

B.Have you experienced recent abdominal trauma?

Which of the following statements regarding rebound tenderness is correct? A.Rebound tenderness is a specific sign found with a spleen injury. B.It is often discovered when the patient is jarred or moved suddenly. C.The absence of rebound tenderness rules out intra-abdominal injury. D.It should be assessed for by vigorously palpating the abdomen.

B.It is often discovered when the patient is jarred or moved suddenly.

Heatstroke occurs when: A.a person becomes dehydrated secondary to excess water loss. B.the body's heat-eliminating mechanisms are overwhelmed. C.a person's core body temperature rises above 103°F (39°C). D.the ambient temperature exceeds 90°F (32°C) and the humidity is high.

B.the body's heat-eliminating mechanisms are overwhelmed.

You are dispatched to a residence for a young female who is sick. The patient complains of a rash to her lower extremities and truncal area. Your assessment reveals a small, painful blister on her inner thigh. As your partner is taking the patient's vital signs, she states that she and her family returned from a camping trip two days ago. On the basis of this patient's presentation, you should suspect: A.an allergic reaction. B.Lyme disease. C.Rocky Mountain spotted fever. D.exposure to poison ivy.

B.Lyme disease.

Which of the following fractures has the greatest potential for internal blood loss and shock? A.Femur B.Pelvis C.Hip D.Humerus

B.Pelvis

Which of the following interventions is the MOST critical to the outcome of a patient with multisystem trauma? A.Intravenous fluid administration B.Rapid transport to a trauma center C.Elevation of the lower extremities D.Early administration of oxygen

B.Rapid transport to a trauma center

Which of the following statements regarding low-energy penetrating injuries is correct? A.It is usually easy to differentiate between an entrance wound and an exit wound. B.The area of injury is usually close to the path the object took through the body. C.Internal injuries caused by low-velocity bullets are usually easy to predict. D.Exit wounds are typically easy to locate with low-energy penetrating injuries.

B.The area of injury is usually close to the path the object took through the body.

Abnormal variations in pupil size and reaction would most likely be observed in a patient with: A.contact lenses. B.a brain injury. C.retinitis. D.conjunctivitis.

B.a brain injury.

Compared to adults, infants and children are at higher risk for hypothermia for all of the following reasons, except: A.a smaller amount of body fat. B.a relatively small surface area. C.a smaller overall muscle mass. D.a decreased ability to shiver.

B.a relatively small surface area.

A 39-year-old male was struck in the head by a baseball during a game. He is confused and has slurred speech. He has a large hematoma in the center of his forehead and cannot remember the events preceding the injury. After manually stabilizing his head and assessing his airway, you should: A.perform a neurologic exam. B.administer high-flow oxygen. C.palpate his radial pulses. D.apply ice to the hematoma.

B.administer high-flow oxygen.

While jogging, a 19-year-old male experienced an acute onset of shortness of breath and pleuritic chest pain. He is conscious and alert with stable vital signs. Your assessment reveals that he has diminished breath sounds over the left side of the chest. You should: A.immediately perform a rapid head-to-toe exam. B.administer oxygen and transport to the hospital. C.circumferentially tape a dressing around his chest. D.recognize that he needs a needle decompression.

B.administer oxygen and transport to the hospital.

An unresponsive trauma patient has a large open abdominal wound with massive external bleeding. You should: A.open the patient's airway. B.apply direct pressure to the wound. C.ventilate the patient with a bag-mask device. D.apply oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask.

B.apply direct pressure to the wound.

A young male was shot in the abdomen by an unknown type of gun. Law enforcement personnel have ensured that the scene is safe. The patient is semiconscious, has shallow breathing, and is bleeding externally from the wound. As you control the external bleeding, your partner should: A.obtain baseline vital signs. B.assist the patient's ventilations. C.apply a nonrebreathing mask. D.perform a secondary assessment.

B.assist the patient's ventilations.

A 20-year-old male was accidentally shot in the right upper abdominal quadrant with an arrow during an archery contest. Prior to your arrival, the patient removed the arrow. Your assessment reveals that he is conscious and alert with stable vital signs. The entrance wound is bleeding minimally and appears to be superficial. You should: A.clean the wound and apply a dry, sterile dressing. B.assume that the arrow injured an internal organ C.transport only if signs of shock begin to develop. D.carefully probe the wound to determine its depth.

B.assume that the arrow injured an internal organ

A 38-year-old male was electrocuted while attempting to wire a house. Your assessment reveals that he is unresponsive, pulseless, and apneic. A coworker has shut off the power to the house. You should: A.assess for entry and exit wounds. B.begin CPR and apply the AED. C.begin CPR and transport at once. D.fully immobilize his spinal column.

B.begin CPR and apply the AED.

A 50-year-old male was splashed in the eyes with radiator fluid when he was working on his car. During your assessment, he tells you that he wears soft contact lenses. You should: A.remove the contact lenses and cover his eyes with a dry, sterile dressing. B.carefully remove the contact lenses and then irrigate his eyes with saline. C.leave the contact lenses in place and cover both eyes with a dry dressing. D.leave the contact lenses in place and flush his eyes with sterile water.

B.carefully remove the contact lenses and then irrigate his eyes with saline.

Hemoptysis is defined as: A.abnormal blood clotting. B.coughing up blood. C.vomiting blood. D.blood in the pleural space.

B.coughing up blood.

Common signs and symptoms of a sprain include all of the following, except: A.swelling. B.deformity. C.ecchymosis. D.guarding.

B.deformity.

The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by the: A.intercostal margin. B.diaphragm. C.costovertebral angle. D.anterior rib cage.

B.diaphragm.

Bleeding from soft-tissue injuries to the face is most effectively controlled with: A.ice packs and elevation of the patient's head. B.direct pressure using dry, sterile dressings. C.pressure dressings and chemical ice packs. D.digital pressure to an adjacent pulse point.

B.direct pressure using dry, sterile dressings.

The disruption of a joint in which the bone ends are no longer in contact is called a: A.fracture. B.dislocation. C.strain. D.sprain.

B.dislocation.

The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is used to assess: A.mental status, eye opening, and respiratory rate. B.eye opening, verbal response, and motor response. C.sensory response, pupil reaction, and heart rate. D.verbal response, eye opening, and mental status.

B.eye opening, verbal response, and motor response.

Peritonitis usually occurs when: A.solid abdominal organs bleed secondary to penetrating trauma. B.hollow abdominal organs are damaged and spill their contents. C.bacteria or viruses invade the walls of the gastrointestinal tract. D.the vessels that supply the abdominal organs become inflamed.

B.hollow abdominal organs are damaged and spill their contents.

A laceration: A.rarely penetrates through the subcutaneous tissue to the muscle. B.is a jagged cut caused by a sharp object or blunt force trauma. C.is a sharp, smooth cut that is made by a surgical scalpel. D.is an injury that separates various layers of soft tissue.

B.is a jagged cut caused by a sharp object or blunt force trauma.

A simple pneumothorax: A.often has a nontraumatic cause. B.is commonly caused by blunt chest trauma. C.is caused by penetrating chest trauma. D.heals on its own without any treatment.

B.is commonly caused by blunt chest trauma.

When opening the airway of a patient with a suspected spinal injury, you should use the: A.tongue-jaw lift maneuver. B.jaw-thrust maneuver. C.head tilt-chin lift maneuver. D.head tilt-neck lift maneuver.

B.jaw-thrust maneuver.

Hypovolemic shock occurs when: A.at least 10% of the patient's blood volume is lost. B.low fluid volume leads to inadequate perfusion. C.the clotting ability of the blood is enhanced. D.the patient's systolic BP is less than 100 mm Hg.

B.low fluid volume leads to inadequate perfusion.

The lower jawbone is called the: A.mastoid. B.mandible. C.maxillae. D.zygoma.

B.mandible.

Lacerations to the scalp: A.are most commonly associated with skull fractures. B.might be an indicator of deeper, more serious injuries. C.bleed minimally because the scalp has few vessels. D.uncommonly cause hypovolemic shock in the elderly.

B.might be an indicator of deeper, more serious injuries.

The venom of a black widow spider is toxic to the: A.renal system. B.nervous system. C.cardiovascular system. D.respiratory system.

B.nervous system.

A 77-year-old woman slipped and fell on a throw rug and landed on her left hip. She denies striking her head or losing consciousness. Assessment of her left leg reveals that it is shortened and externally rotated. Distal pulses, sensory, and motor functions are intact. You should: A.carefully slide a long backboard underneath her, keep her in a supine position, and apply a splint to her leg. B.place her onto a scoop stretcher, pad around her left hip with pillows, and secure her to the scoop with straps. C.bind both of her legs together with triangular bandages and carefully secure her onto the ambulance stretcher. D.manually stabilize her left leg, apply a traction splint, and then secure her to a long backboard or scoop.

B.place her onto a scoop stretcher, pad around her left hip with pillows, and secure her to the scoop with straps.

When immobilizing a child on a long backboard, you should: A.place the child's head in a slightly extended position. B.place padding under the child's shoulders as needed. C.defer cervical collar placement to avoid discomfort. D.secure the head prior to securing the torso and legs.

B.place padding under the child's shoulders as needed.

The EMT must assume that any unwitnessed water-related incident is accompanied by: A.alcohol intoxication. B.possible spinal injury. C.cold-water immersion. D.an air embolism.

B.possible spinal injury.

The primary purpose for splinting a musculoskeletal injury is to: A.make the patient comfortable. B.prevent further injury. C.maximize distal circulation. D.facilitate ambulance transport.

B.prevent further injury.

A man called EMS 12 hours after injuring his chest. Your assessment reveals a flail segment to the right side of the chest. The patient is experiencing respiratory distress, and his oxygen saturation is 78%. His breath sounds are equal bilaterally, and his jugular veins are normal. You should suspect: A.tension pneumothorax. B.pulmonary contusion. C.massive hemothorax. D.traumatic asphyxia.

B.pulmonary contusion.

The opening in the center of the iris, which allows light to move to the back of the eye, is called the: A.cornea. B.pupil. C.sclera. D.conjunctiva.

B.pupil.

An indicator of an expanding intracranial hematoma or rapidly progressing brain swelling is: A.a progressively lowering blood pressure. B.rapid deterioration of neurologic signs. C.an acute increase in the patient's pulse rate. D.acute unilateral paralysis following the injury.

B.rapid deterioration of neurologic signs.

The optic nerve endings are located within the: A.cornea. B.retina. C.pupil. D.sclera.

B.retina.

A patient who cannot remember the events that preceded his or her head injury is experiencing: A.posttraumatic amnesia. B.retrograde amnesia. C.prograde amnesia. D.anterograde amnesia.

B.retrograde amnesia.

The presence of tachycardia following a significant abdominal injury: A.indicates a state of decompensated shock. B.should be assumed to be a sign of shock. C.is most commonly caused by severe pain. D.is always accompanied by hypotension.

B.should be assumed to be a sign of shock.

A 30-year-old female was robbed and assaulted as she was leaving a nightclub. She has massive facial trauma and slow, gurgling respirations. As your partner manually stabilizes her head, you should: A.apply oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask. B.suction her oropharynx. C.visualize her mouth for obvious wounds. D.begin immediate ventilatory assistance.

B.suction her oropharynx.

During your primary assessment of a 19-year-old unconscious male who experienced severe head trauma, you note that his respirations are rapid, irregular, and shallow. He has bloody secretions draining from his mouth and nose. You should: A.immobilize his spine and transport immediately. B.suction his oropharynx for up to 15 seconds. C.assist his ventilations with a bag valve mask. D.pack his nostrils to stop the drainage of blood.

B.suction his oropharynx for up to 15 seconds.

A burn that is characterized by redness and pain is classified as a: A.partial-thickness burn. B.superficial burn. C.full-thickness burn. D.second-degree burn.

B.superficial burn.

Deformity caused by a fracture would most likely be masked by: A.crepitus. B.swelling. C.guarding. D.ecchymosis.

B.swelling.

In general, musculoskeletal injuries should be splinted before moving the patient unless: A.deformity and swelling are present. B.the patient is clinically unstable. C.the patient is in severe pain. D.transport time is less than 15 minutes.

B.the patient is clinically unstable.

Factors that should be considered when assessing a patient who has fallen include all of the following, EXCEPT: A.the primary impact point. B.the speed of the fall. C.the height of the fall. D.the surface struck.

B.the speed of the fall.

Most of the serious injuries associated with scuba diving are caused by: A.too rapid of a descent. B.too rapid of an ascent. C.alcohol consumption. D.cold water temperature.

B.too rapid of an ascent.

A 4-year-old female has a peanut lodged in the external auditory canal of her right ear. You should: A.remove the peanut with a cotton-tipped swab. B.transport her to the emergency department. C.use tweezers to try to remove the object. D.thoroughly flush her ear with sterile saline.

B.transport her to the emergency department.

In older patients, the first indicator of nontraumatic internal bleeding might be: A.a low blood pressure. B.weakness or dizziness. C.a heart rate over 120 beats/min. D.diaphoresis and pale skin.

B.weakness or dizziness.

In contrast to animal bites, the bite of a human: A. is usually less severe because the human mouth is cleaner. B. typically results in a minor infection that is slow-spreading. C. carries with it a wide variety of virulent bacteria and viruses. D. is associated with a much higher incidence of rabies infection.

C. carries with it a wide variety of virulent bacteria and viruses.

Atrophy is a condition that occurs when: A. increased use of skeletal muscle causes an increase in its strength. B. the tendons that attach muscle to bone become stretched or injured. C. muscle decreases in size and function because of disease or trauma. D. carbon dioxide, lactic acid, and other wastes accumulate in the muscle.

C. muscle decreases in size and function because of disease or trauma.

A 19-year-old male is unresponsive, apneic, and pulseless after being struck in the center of the chest with a softball. Based on the mechanism of injury, what MOST likely occurred? A. collapse of both lungs due to fractured ribs that perforated the lung tissue and caused cardiac arrest B. asystole secondary to massive intrathoracic hemorrhage due to traumatic rupture of the aorta C. ventricular fibrillation when the impact occurred during a critical portion of the cardiac cycle D. fracture of the sternum that caused a rupture of the myocardium and let to a cardiac dysrhythmia

C. ventricular fibrillation when the impact occurred during a critical portion of the cardiac cycle

A patient is bleeding severely from a severed femoral artery high in the groin region. Which of the following would most likely control the bleeding? A.Position the patient with his injured side down. B.Apply chemical ice packs to the wound and transport. C.Apply a topical hemostatic agent with direct pressure. D.Apply a pelvic binder device to stabilize the pelvis.

C.Apply a topical hemostatic agent with direct pressure.

The phrenic nerves control the diaphragm and exit the spinal cord at: A.C3 and C4. B.C1, C2, and C3. C.C3, C4, and C5. D.C1 and C2.

C.C3, C4, and C5.

If a person is standing near a building that explodes, which of the following injuries would he or she MOST likely experience as a result of the pressure wave? A.Fractured bones B.Impaled objects C.Eardrum rupture D.Severe burns

C.Eardrum rupture

Which of the following statements regarding lightning strikes is correct? A.Cervical spine fractures are the most common cause of lightning-related deaths. B.The tissue damage pathway caused by lightning usually occurs through the skin. C.Lightning strikes might cause cardiac dysrhythmias that spontaneously resolve. D.Victims who are struck by lightning often experience severe full-thickness burns.

C.Lightning strikes might cause cardiac dysrhythmias that spontaneously resolve.

Which of the following organs would most likely bleed profusely when injured? A.Bladder B.Intestine C.Liver D.Stomach

C.Liver

What part of the nervous system controls the body's voluntary activities? A.Autonomic B.Sensory C.Somatic D.Central

C.Somatic

A ____________ is a musculoskeletal injury in which there is partial or temporary separation of the bone ends as well as partial stretching or tearing of the supporting ligaments. A.Fracture B.Dislocation C.Sprain D.Strain

C.Sprain

Which of the following statements regarding abdominal trauma is correct? A.The liver is well protected and is rarely injured during a traumatic event. B.Most of the vital abdominal organs lie within the retroperitoneal space. C.The absence of abdominal pain does not rule out intra-abdominal bleeding. D.Hollow abdominal organs are vascular and bleed profusely when injured.

C.The absence of abdominal pain does not rule out intra-abdominal bleeding.

Which of the following statements regarding abdominal eviscerations is correct? A.The organs should be replaced carefully to avoid heat loss. B.Adherent material is preferred when covering an evisceration. C.The protruding organs should be kept warm and moist. D.Most eviscerations occur to the left upper quadrant.

C.The protruding organs should be kept warm and moist.

If direct pressure fails to immediately stop severe bleeding from an extremity, you should apply: A.a splint and elevate the extremity. B.additional sterile dressings. C.a tourniquet proximal to the injury. D.digital pressure to a proximal artery.

C.a tourniquet proximal to the injury.

Signs of late heatstroke include: A.a change in behavior. B.hot, moist skin. C.a weak, rapid pulse. D.nausea and vomiting.

C.a weak, rapid pulse.

Pneumothorax is defined as: A.blood collection within the lung tissue. B.accumulation of air between the lungs. C.accumulation of air in the pleural space. D.blood collection within the pleural space.

C.accumulation of air in the pleural space.

The most significant complication associated with facial injuries is: A.mandibular immobility. B.damage to the eyes. C.airway compromise. D.cervical spine injury.

C.airway compromise.

In addition to severe bleeding, the most life-threatening complication associated with an open neck injury is: A.an ischemic stroke. B.a spinal fracture. C.an air embolism. D.nerve fiber damage.

C.an air embolism.

After your partner assumes manual in-line stabilization of the patient's head, you should: A.thoroughly palpate the patient's head for deformities. B.use four people to log roll the patient onto a backboard. C.assess distal neurovascular status in the extremities. D.apply an appropriately sized rigid cervical collar.

C.assess distal neurovascular status in the extremities.

A football player was struck by another player in the right flank area just below the posterior rib cage. He complains of severe pain and point tenderness to the area. Your assessment reveals that there is a small amount of blood in his underwear. You should be most suspicious for: A.a lacerated liver or spleen. B.external genitalia injury. C.blunt injury to the kidney. D.a ruptured urinary bladder.

C.blunt injury to the kidney.

The diving reflex might allow a person to survive extended periods of submersion in cold water secondary to: A.laryngospasm that protects the lungs from water. B.increases in the metabolic rate and oxygen demand. C.bradycardia and a slowing of the metabolic rate. D.tachycardia and a lowering of the blood pressure.

C.bradycardia and a slowing of the metabolic rate.

Patients with rib fractures will commonly: A.develop a sucking chest wound. B.prefer to lie in a supine position. C.breathe rapidly and shallowly. D.take a series of deep breaths.

C.breathe rapidly and shallowly.

When caring for a patient whose arm is covered with a dry chemical, you should: A.quickly irrigate the arm with large amounts of water. B.use forceful streams of water to remove the chemical. C.brush away the chemical before flushing with water. D.deactivate the chemical with a 5% vinegar solution.

C.brush away the chemical before flushing with water.

In contrast to animal bites, the bite of a human: A.is usually less severe because the human mouth is cleaner. B.typically results in a minor infection that is slow-spreading. C.carries with it a wide variety of virulent bacteria and viruses. D.is associated with a much higher incidence of rabies infection.

C.carries with it a wide variety of virulent bacteria and viruses.

Perfusion is most accurately defined as the: A.effective transfer of oxygen from the venules across the systemic capillary membrane walls. B.ability of the systemic arteries to constrict as needed to maintain an adequate blood pressure. C.circulation of blood within an organ in adequate amounts to meet the body's metabolic needs. D.effective removal of carbon dioxide and other metabolic waste products from the body's cells.

C.circulation of blood within an organ in adequate amounts to meet the body's metabolic needs.

A 39-year-old female experienced a severe closed head injury. She is unresponsive with her eyes slightly open; her pupils are bilaterally dilated and slow to react. In addition to managing problems with airway, breathing, and circulation, you should: A.inspect her eyes and gently remove impaled objects. B.secure her eyes open so you can reassess her pupils. C.close her eyes and cover them with a moist dressing. D.irrigate her eyes with water to prevent mucosal drying.

C.close her eyes and cover them with a moist dressing.

A construction worker fell approximately 30 feet and landed in a pile of steel rods. Your assessment reveals that he is pulseless and apneic and has a 10-foot steel rod impaled in his left leg. You should: A.control the bleeding, carefully remove the steel rod, begin CPR, and transport as soon as possible. B.remove the steel rod, control the bleeding, apply an automated external defibrillator, begin CPR, and transport to a trauma center. C.control the bleeding, begin CPR, stabilize the steel rod, immobilize his spine, and transport immediately. D.stabilize the steel rod, control the bleeding, begin CPR, and rapidly transport to a trauma center.

C.control the bleeding, begin CPR, stabilize the steel rod, immobilize his spine, and transport immediately.

A closed soft-tissue injury characterized by swelling and ecchymosis is called a(n): A.abrasion. B.crush injury. C.contusion. D.hematoma.

C.contusion.

Signs of a pulmonary blast injury include: A.an irregular pulse. B.vomiting blood. C.coughing up blood. D.multiple rib fractures.

C.coughing up blood.

A man has a large laceration across his lower abdominal wall and a loop of bowel is protruding from the wound. He is conscious and alert and there is minimal bleeding from the wound. You should: A.cover the bowel with a dry sterile dressing, elevate his lower extremities, and cover him with a blanket. B.gently irrigate the exposed bowel with sterile saline and then cover the wound with a dry sterile dressing. C.cover the exposed bowel with a moist sterile dressing and then secure it in place with a dry bandage. D.make one attempt to replace the bowel back into the abdomen and then cover the wound with a sterile dressing.

C.cover the exposed bowel with a moist sterile dressing and then secure it in place with a dry bandage.

Drowning is most accurately defined as: A.death beyond 24 hours after submersion in water. B.water in the lungs following submersion in water. C.death from suffocation after submersion in water. D.temporary survival after submersion in water.

C.death from suffocation after submersion in water.

Airbags are designed to: A.prevent the driver from sustaining head trauma. B.prevent a second collision inside the car. C.decrease the severity of deceleration injuries. D.be used with or without a shoulder harness.

C.decrease the severity of deceleration injuries.

Traction splints primarily immobilize and secure fractures of the: A.humerus. B.pelvis. C.femur. D.hip.

C.femur.

In the setting of a head injury, hypertension, bradycardia, and Biot respirations indicate: A.an underlying skull fracture. B.internal bleeding in the chest. C.herniation of the brain stem. D.decreased cerebral blood flow.

C.herniation of the brain stem.

Shivering is a mechanism in which the body generates heat by: A.decreasing the use of oxygen. B.decreasing the metabolic rate. C.increasing the metabolic rate. D.retaining excess carbon dioxide.

C.increasing the metabolic rate.

Following a blunt injury to the head, a 22-year-old female is confused and complains of a severe headache and nausea. On the basis of these signs and symptoms, you should be MOST concerned with the possibility of: A.a fracture of the skull. B.spinal cord injury. C.intracranial bleeding. D.airway compromise.

C.intracranial bleeding.

Bones are connected to other bones by bands of tough fibrous tissues called: A.cartilage. B.tendons. C.ligaments. D.bursa.

C.ligaments.

Placing a pregnant patient in a supine position during the third trimester of pregnancy: A.is recommended if the patient has severe abdominal discomfort. B.results in spontaneous urinary incontinence if the bladder is full. C.might decrease the amount of blood that returns to the heart. D.often causes hypotension secondary to cardiac compression.

C.might decrease the amount of blood that returns to the heart.

If a person's tidal volume decreases, but his or her respiratory rate remains unchanged: A.minute volume will increase. B.minute volume will remain unchanged. C.minute volume will decrease. D.excess carbon dioxide will be eliminated.

C.minute volume will decrease.

A fracture caused by minimal force that is associated with diseases such as cancer and osteoporosis is called a __________ fracture. A.greenstick B.comminuted C.pathologic D.transverse

C.pathologic

Irritation or damage to the pleural surfaces that causes sharp chest pain during inhalation is called: A.pneumothorax. B.pneumonitis. C.pleurisy. D.dyspnea.

C.pleurisy.

Crepitus and false motion are: A.most common with dislocations. B.indicators of a severe sprain. C.positive indicators of a fracture. D.only seen with open fractures.

C.positive indicators of a fracture.

A "hip" fracture is actually a fracture of the: A.femoral shaft. B.pubic symphysis. C.proximal femur. D.pelvic girdle.

C.proximal femur.

When assessing a patient with a hemothorax, you will most likely find: A.jugular venous engorgement. B.ipsilateral tracheal deviation. C.signs and symptoms of shock. D.distant or muffled heart tones.

C.signs and symptoms of shock.

When the parasympathetic nervous system is activated: A.heart rate and blood pressure increase. B.hormones are released that prepare the body for stress. C.the heart rate decreases and the blood vessels dilate. D.blood is shunted away from the digestive organs.

C.the heart rate decreases and the blood vessels dilate.

Immediate death from blunt chest trauma following a motor vehicle crash is most often the result of: A.a tension pneumothorax. B.penetrating lung injuries. C.traumatic aortic rupture. D.a massive cardiac contusion.

C.traumatic aortic rupture.

A female patient with a suspected head injury has slow, shallow breathing. The most appropriate treatment for her includes: A.ventilation assistance to maintain an oxygen saturation of 90%. B.administering oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask. C.ventilation assistance to maintain an ETCO2 of 30 to 35 mm Hg. D.hyperventilating her at 30 breaths/min.

C.ventilation assistance to maintain an ETCO2 of 30 to 35 mm Hg.

The mesentery is: A. a layer of thick skeletal muscles that protects the abdominal organs B. the point of attachment between the small and large intestines. C. a complex network of blood vessels that supply blood to the liver. D. a membranous fold that attaches the intestines to the walls of the body.

D. a membranous fold that attaches the intestines to the walls of the body.

Following a head injury, a 20-year-old female opens her eyes spontaneously, is confused, and obeys your commands to move her extremities. You should assign her a GCS score of: A.13 B.12. C.15. D.14.

D.14.

Hypothermia occurs when the core body temperature falls below: A.90°F (32°C). B.98°F (37°C). C.88°F (31°C). D.95°F (35°C).

D.95°F (35°C).

A 33-year-old male sustained an abdominal evisceration to the left lower quadrant of his abdomen after he was cut with a large knife. After appropriately managing his ABCs and assessing him for other life-threatening injuries, how should you care for his wound? A.Carefully replace the exposed bowel into the abdomen and transport. B.Irrigate it with sterile water and cover it with a dry dressing. C.Cover the exposed bowel and keep his legs in a straight position. D.Cover it with moist, sterile gauze and secure with an occlusive dressing.

D.Cover it with moist, sterile gauze and secure with an occlusive dressing.

Which of the following breathing patterns is most indicative of increased intracranial pressure? A.Increased rate with a normal inspiratory time and a prolonged expiratory time B.Increased rate and depth with the distinct odor of acetone on the patient's breath C.Slow, shallow occasional gasps that progress to prolonged periods of apnea D.Irregular rate, pattern, and volume of breathing with intermittent periods of apnea

D.Irregular rate, pattern, and volume of breathing with intermittent periods of apnea

Which of the following is an early sign of pit viper envenomation? A.General weakness and diaphoresis B.Signs and symptoms of hypoperfusion C.Syncope and bleeding at distal sites D.Local swelling and ecchymosis

D.Local swelling and ecchymosis

Which of the following statements regarding hemophilia is correct? A.Hemophilia is defined as a total lack of platelets. B.Approximately 25% of the population has hemophilia. C.Hemophiliacs take aspirin to enhance blood clotting. D.Patients with hemophilia might bleed spontaneously.

D.Patients with hemophilia might bleed spontaneously.

Which of the following occurs after tissues are injured? A.Red blood cells become less sticky. B.Red blood cells separate from plasma. C.Local blood vessels begin to dilate. D.Platelets collect at the injury site.

D.Platelets collect at the injury site.

Which of the following body systems or components is the least critical for supplying and maintaining adequate blood flow to the body? A.An intact system of blood vessels B.An effectively pumping heart C.Adequate blood in the vasculature D.The filtering of blood cells in the spleen

D.The filtering of blood cells in the spleen

You are assessing a 33-year-old male who complains of severe abdominal pain, weakness, and nausea. He tells you that he was gathering wood to build a fire when he felt a sudden, sharp pain on the back of his hand. Your assessment reveals that the patient's abdomen is rigid and painful to palpation. You should suspect: A.Rocky Mountain spotted fever. B.envenomation from a pit viper. C.a brown recluse spider bite. D.a black widow spider bite.

D.a black widow spider bite.

Following blunt trauma to the face, a 21-year-old male complains of a severe headache and decreased ability to move his eyes. This patient's clinical presentation is most consistent with: A.optic vessel compression. B.a ruptured eyeball. C.a lacerated globe. D.a blow-out fracture.

D.a blow-out fracture.

A flail chest occurs when: A.more than three ribs are fractured on the same side of the chest. B.multiple ribs are fractured on both sides of the thoracic cage. C.a segment of fractured ribs bulges during the inhalation phase. D.a segment of the chest wall is detached from the thoracic cage.

D.a segment of the chest wall is detached from the thoracic cage.

Breath-holding syncope is caused by a decreased stimulus to breathe and occurs when: A.a diver holds his or her breath during a staged ascent. B.a diver holds his or her breath for a long period of time. C.a swimmer breathes shallowly before entering the water. D.a swimmer hyperventilates prior to entering the water.

D.a swimmer hyperventilates prior to entering the water.

A 37-year-old male was pinned between a flatbed truck and a loading dock. On exam, you find bruising to the chest, distended neck veins, bilaterally diminished breath sounds, and bilateral scleral hemorrhaging. You should: A.perform a secondary assessment. B.request a paramedic ambulance. C.suspect a severe hemopneumothorax. D.aggressively manage his airway.

D.aggressively manage his airway.

An open pneumothorax is: A.a fractured rib that perforates the tissue of the lung surface. B.extreme pleural pressure that causes the lung to rupture. C.the entry of air into the pleural space from a perforated lung. D.an open chest wound through which air moves during breathing.

D.an open chest wound through which air moves during breathing.

A 39-year-old male sustained a large laceration to his leg during an accident with a chainsaw and is experiencing signs and symptoms of shock. You should first: A.obtain baseline vital signs. B.cover the patient with a blanket. C.provide high-flow oxygen. D.apply direct pressure to the wound.

D.apply direct pressure to the wound.

A short backboard or vest-style immobilization device is indicated for patients who: A.are sitting in their car and are clinically unstable. B.require prompt extrication from an automobile. C.are found supine and have stable vital signs. D.are in a sitting position and are clinically stable.

D.are in a sitting position and are clinically stable.

While assessing a young male who was struck in the chest with a steel pipe, you note that his pulse is rapid and irregular. You should be MOST suspicious for: A.a lacerated coronary artery. B.traumatic rupture of the aorta. C.underlying cardiac disease. D.bruising of the heart muscle.

D.bruising of the heart muscle.

The five sections of the spinal column, in descending order, are the: A.thoracic, cervical, lumbar, coccygeal, and sacral. B.coccygeal, sacral, lumbar, thoracic, and cervical. C.cervical, coccygeal, thoracic, sacral, and lumbar. D.cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.

D.cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.

Accumulation of blood in the abdominal cavity will most likely cause: A.diffuse bruising. B.referred pain. C.nausea or vomiting. D.distention.

D.distention.

In nontrauma patients, an early indicator of internal bleeding is: A.a rapid, thready pulse. B.a decreasing blood pressure. C.rapid, shallow breathing. D.dizziness upon standing.

D.dizziness upon standing.

A 67-year-old male presents with weakness, dizziness, and melena that began approximately two days ago. He denies a history of trauma. His blood pressure is 90/50 mm Hg and his pulse is 120 beats/min and thready. You should be most suspicious that this patient is experiencing: A.an aortic aneurysm. B.intrathoracic hemorrhaging. C.acute appendicitis. D.gastrointestinal bleeding.

D.gastrointestinal bleeding.

A 40-year-old male presents with severe abdominal pain after blunt trauma. He is diaphoretic, intensely thirsty, and has a weak and rapid pulse. Appropriate treatment for this patient includes all of the following, except: A.administering supplemental oxygen. B.promptly transporting him to the hospital. C.covering him with a warm blanket. D.giving him small sips of plain water.

D.giving him small sips of plain water.

A sign of kidney damage after blunt trauma is: A.hematochezia. B.hematemesis. C.hemoptysis. D.hematuria.

D.hematuria.

When a light is shone into the pupil: A.it should become larger in size. B.both pupils should dilate together. C.the opposite pupil should dilate. D.it should become smaller in size.

D.it should become smaller in size.

You have sealed the open chest wound of a 40-year-old male who was stabbed in the anterior chest. Your reassessment reveals that he is experiencing increasing respiratory distress and tachycardia, and is developing cyanosis. You should: A.call for a paramedic ambulance. B.begin rapid transport at once. C.begin ventilatory assistance. D.partially remove the dressing.

D.partially remove the dressing.

A 22-year-old male was kicked in the abdomen multiple times during an assault. He is conscious but restless and his pulse is rapid. His skin is cold and moist. Your assessment reveals a large area of bruising to the right upper quadrant of his abdomen. The most appropriate treatment for this patient includes: A.performing a focused physical exam. B.applying oxygen via nasal cannula. C.a detailed assessment of his abdomen. D.preparing for immediate transport.

D.preparing for immediate transport.

When caring for an occupant inside a motor vehicle equipped with an airbag that did not deploy upon impact, you should: A.suspect that the patient may have experienced serious injuries. B.recognize that the force of impact was most likely not severe. C.realize that the airbag malfunctioned at the time of impact. D.remember that it could still deploy and seriously injure you.

D.remember that it could still deploy and seriously injure you.

The white portion of the eye is called the: A.iris. B.retina. C.cornea. D.sclera.

D.sclera.

Hypoperfusion is another name for: A.hypoxemia. B.cellular death. C.cyanosis. D.shock.

D.shock.

Significant trauma to the face should increase the EMT's index of suspicion for a(n): A.basilar skull fracture. B.displaced mandible. C.airway obstruction. D.spinal column injury.

D.spinal column injury.

A 22-year-old female was ejected from her car after striking a tree head-on. As you approach her, you note obvious closed deformities to both of her femurs. She is not moving and does not appear to be conscious. You should: A.apply manual stabilization to both of her femurs. B.assess for a carotid pulse and assist her ventilations. C.administer oxygen and perform a rapid assessment. D.stabilize her head and perform a primary assessment.

D.stabilize her head and perform a primary assessment.

Burns associated with lightning strikes are typically: A.third-degree. B.full-thickness. C.partial-thickness. D.superficial.

D.superficial.

If one or more occupants in the same vehicle are killed in a crash, the EMT should: A.allow the survivors to refuse transport if they have no obvious injuries. B.rapidly assess only the survivors who have experienced obvious trauma. C.transport the survivors only if they have injuries or complain of pain. D.suspect that all living occupants experienced the same serious trauma.

D.suspect that all living occupants experienced the same serious trauma.

Functions of the skin include all of the following, except: A.maintenance of water balance. B.sending information to the brain. C.regulation of body temperature. D.the production of key antibodies.

D.the production of key antibodies.

A 22-year-old male was kicked in the abdomen several times. You find him lying on his left side with his knees drawn up. He is conscious and alert and complains of increased pain and nausea when he tries to straighten his legs. His blood pressure is 142/82 mm Hg, his pulse rate is 110 beats/min and strong, and his respirations are 22 breaths/min and regular. In addition to administering high-flow oxygen, you should: A.apply full spinal motion restriction precautions. B.place him supine but allow him to keep his knees bent. C.keep him on his side but gently straighten his legs. D.transport him in the position in which you found him.

D.transport him in the position in which you found him.

Which of the following injuries would MOST likely occur as a direct result of the third collision in a motor vehicle crash? a. aortic rupture b. forehead lacerations c. extremity fractures d. flail chest

a. aortic rupture

Central Nervous System (CNS) is composed of the: a. brain and spinal cord b. cerebrum and meninges c. cerebellum and brain d. meninges and spinal cord

a. brain and spinal cord

Which of the following splinting devices would be most appropriate to use for a patient who has an open fracture of the forearm with external bleeding? a. cardboard splint b. sling and swathe c. air splint d. vacuum splint

a. cardboard splint

The body's natural protective mechanisms against heat loss are: a. constriction of blood vessels in the skid and shivering b. vasodilation and respiration c. respiration and constriction of blood vessels in the skin. d. shivering and vasodilation

a. constriction of blood vessels in the skid and shivering

The MOST significant hazard associated with splinting is: a. delayed transportation of a critically injured patient b. reduction in circulation distal to the injury site c. aggravation of the injury and worsened pain d. compression of nerves, tissues, and vasculature

a. delayed transportation of a critically injured patient

Burns are classified according to: a. depth and extent b. degree and location c. location and pain d. extent and location

a. depth and extent

In which of the following situations would external bleeding be the most difficult to control? a. femoral artery laceration and a blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg b. jugular vein laceration and a systolic blood pressure of 90 mm hg c. carotid artery laceration and a systolic blood pressure of 60 mm Hg d. antecubital vein laceration and a blood pressure of 138/92 mm Hg

a. femoral artery laceration and a blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg

Which of the following statements regarding secondary brain injury is correct? a. hypoxia and hypertension are the two most common causes of secondary brain injury b. it results from direct brain trauma following an impact to the head c. because cerebral edema develops quickly, it is considered to be a primary brain injury d. signs are often present immediately after an impact to the head

a. hypoxia and hypertension are the two most common causes of secondary brain injury

You are transporting a 42-year-old male who experienced blunt abdominal trauma. He is receiving oxygen at 12 L/min via a nonrebreathing mask and full spinal precautions have been applied. During your reassessment, you note his level of consciousness has decreased and his respirations have become shallow. You should: a. insert an airway adjunct if he will tolerate it and begin assisting his ventilations with a bvm b. reassess his vital signs and then notify the receiving hospital of the change in his clinical status c. suction his oropharynx to ensure it is clear of secretions and then increase the oxygen flow rate to 15 L/min d. perform a comprehensive secondary assessment to determine why his clinical status has changed

a. insert an airway adjunct if he will tolerate it and begin assisting his ventilations with a bvm

The cricoid cartilage: a. is the only complete circular cartilage of the trachea b. lies superior to the thyroid cartilage in the neck c. is easier to see and palpate than the thyroid cartilage d. lies superior to the cricothyroid membrane in the neck

a. is the only complete circular cartilage of the trachea

When splinting a possible fracture of the foot, it is MOST important for the EMT to: a. leave the toes exposed. b. observe for tissue swelling c. use a pillow as a splint d. apply pneumatic splint

a. leave the toes exposed.

A frostbitten foot can be identified by the presence of: a. mottling and blisters b. blanching of the skin c. gross deformity d. soft, smooth skin

a. mottling and blisters

Early signs and symptoms of intra-abdominal bleeding include: a. pain and distention b. significant hypotension c. bruising only d. widespread ecchymosis

a. pain and distention

Which of the following statements regarding drowning is correct? a. patients with a submersion injury might deteriorate rapidly because of pulmonary injury and cerebral hypoxia b. artificial ventilations can easily be performed in patients with laryngospasm c. large amounts of water enter the lungs in a small number of drowning victims d. hypoxia in the drowning victim initially occurs due to water in the lungs

a. patients with a submersion injury might deteriorate rapidly because of pulmonary injury and cerebral hypoxia

When a hollow organ is punctured during a penetrating injury to the abdomen: a. peritonitis might not develop for several hours b. it will bleed profusely and rapidly cause shock c. it commonly protrudes through the injury site d. the abdomen will become instantly distended

a. peritonitis might not develop for several hours

You are dispatched to a convenience store, where the clerk sustained a laceration to the side of his neck during a robbery attempt. During your assessment, your note bright red blood spurting from the laceration. You should: a. circumferentially wrap a dressing around his neck. b. apply direct pressure above and below the wound c. apply direct pressure below the lacerated vessel d. apply pressure to the closest arterial pressure point

b. apply direct pressure above and below the wound

During your assessment of a patient with blunt chest trauma, you note that the patient has shallow breathing and paradoxical movement of the left chest wall. You should: a. make note of it and continue your assessment b. assist ventilations with a bag valve mask c. apply high-flow oxygen via nonrebreathing mask d. request a paramedic to decompress the chest

b. assist ventilations with a bag valve mask

A young female experienced a laceration to her left eyeball from flying glass when her boyfriend broke a soda bottle against a wall. There is moderate bleeding and the patient states that she cannot see out of the injured eye. You should: a. apply firm direct pressure to the injured eye and cover the opposite eye b. avoid applying pressure to the globe when you are covering her eye c. carefully examine her eye and remove any foreign objects if needed d. ask her to move the injured eye to assess the integrity of the optic nerve

b. avoid applying pressure to the globe when you are covering her eye

Which of the following is a severe burn in a 35-year-old patient? a. partial-thickness burn to 20% of the body surface area b. circumferential partial-thickness burn to the chest c. full-thickness burn to 5% of the body surface area d. superficial burn covering 50% of the body surface area

b. circumferential partial-thickness burn to the chest

Signs and symptoms of a tension pneumothorax include all of the following except: a. profound cyanosis b. collapsed jugular veins c. unilaterally absent breath sounds d. altered mental status

b. collapsed jugular veins

In which of the following situations should the EMT splint an injured limb in the position of deformity? a. if a traction splint will be used to immobilize the injured extremity b. if resistance is encountered or the patient experiences severe pain c. if transport time to the hospital is greater than 20 to 30 minutes d. when distal circulation and neurological functions are absent

b. if resistance is encountered or the patient experiences severe pain

Approximately 25% of severe injuries to the aorta occur during: a. frontal collisions b. lateral collisions c. rear-end collisions d. rollover collisions

b. lateral collisions

Of the following musculoskeletal injuries, which is considered to be the LEAST severe?: a. multiple closed long bone fractures b. nondisplaced pelvic fracture c. an amputation of an extremity d. open fractures of along bone

b. nondisplaced pelvic fracture

High air temperatures reduces the body's ability to lose heat by: a. conduction b. radiation c. evaporation d. convection

b. radiation

The two MOST efficient ways for the body to eliminate excess heat are: a. respiration and bradycardia b. sweating and vasodilation c. perspiration and tachycardia d. hyperventilation and tachycardia

b. sweating and vasodilation

Which of the following statements regarding gunshot wounds is correct? a. the size of the bullet has the greatest impact on the injury produced b. the speed of a bullet has the greatest impact on the injury produced. c. low-velocity bullets will cause the greatest amount of trauma d. high-velocity bullets will cause less severe internal injuries

b. the speed of a bullet has the greatest impact on the injury produced.

The mastoid process is located approximately: a. 1 inch posterior to the angle of the mandible b. 1 inch inferior to the external opening of the ear c. 1 inch posterior to the external opening of the ear d. 1/2 inch anterior to the external opening of the ear

c. 1 inch posterior to the external opening of the ear

The MOST reliable sign of a head injury is: a. decreased sensation in the extremities b. an abnormally low blood pressure c. a decreased level of consciousness d. a pule that is rapid and thready

c. a decreased level of consciousness

In addition to severe bleeding, the MOST life-threatening complication associated with an open neck injury is: a. an ischemic stroke b. nerve fiber damage c. an air embolism d. a spinal fracture

c. an air embolism

You and your partner respond to a park where several people were reportedly struck by lightning. When you arrive, you find three patients. The first patient is lying supine on the ground; he is unresponsive and does not appear to be breathing. The second patient is ambulatory, appears confused, and is holding his arm against his chest. The third patient is sitting on the ground holding the sides of his head. After calling for backup, you should: a. focus your initial treatment efforts on the patients who are conscious because the unresponsive patient is likely in irreversible cardiac arrest b. recognize that the patients who are conscious are at high risk for developing cardiac arrest and quickly assess them for potentially life-threatening injuries c. assess the unresponsive patient's pulse, begin CPR starting with chest compressions if he is pulseless, and attach the AED as soon as possible. d. immediately begin CPR on the unresponsive patient, but cease resuscitation efforts if there is no response after five minutes of treatment

c. assess the unresponsive patient's pulse, begin CPR starting with chest compressions if he is pulseless, and attach the AED as soon as possible.

Coordination of balance and body movement is controlled by the: a. medulla b. cerebrum c. cerebellum d. brain stem

c. cerebellum

The MOST commonly fractured bone(s) in the body is the: a. radius and ulna b. scapula c. clavicle d. midshaft femur

c. clavicle

Rapid deceleration of the head, such as when it impacts the windshield, causes: a. compression injuries and contusions to the anterior, posterior, and lateral aspects of the brain b. stretching or tearing of the anterior aspect of the brain and compression injuries or bruising to the posterior aspect of the brain c. compression injuries or bruising to the anterior portion of the brain and stretching or tearing to the posterior portion of the brain d. primary impact to the posterior aspect of the brain, resulting in compression injuries, bruising, or torn blood vessels

c. compression injuries or bruising to the anterior portion of the brain and stretching or tearing to the posterior portion of the brain

You are transporting a stable patient with a possible pneumothorax. The patient is receiving high-flow oxygen and has an oxygen saturation of 95%. During your reassessment, you find that the patient is now confused, hypotensive, and profusely diaphoretic. What is most likely causing this patient's deterioration? a. blood accumulation in the pleural space b. hidden bleeding in the thoracic cavity c. compression of the aorta and vena cava d. a total collapse of the affected lung

c. compression of the aorta and vena cava

High humidity reduces the body's ability to lose heat through: a. radiation b. convection c. evaporation d. conduction

c. evaporation

A 67-year-old male presents with weakness, dizziness, and melena that began approximately 2 days ago. He denies a history of trauma. His blood pressure is 90/50 mm Hg and his pulse is 120 beats/min and thready. You should be MOST suspicious that this patient is experiencing: a. intrathoracic hemorrhaging b. an aortic aneurysm c. gastrointestinal bleeding d. acute appendicitis

c. gastrointestinal bleeding

In addition to external bleeding, the MOST significant risk that an open soft-tissue injury exposes a patient to is: a. hypothermia b. vessel damage c. infection d. nerve damage

c. infection

Once a cervical collar has been applied to a patient with a possible spinal injury, it should not be removed unless: a. the patient adamantly denies neck pain b. lateral immobilization has been applied c. it causes a problem managing the airway d. sensory and motor functions remain intact

c. it causes a problem managing the airway

Burns to pediatric patients are generally considered more serious than burns to adults because: a. pediatric patients are more prone to hypothermia b. pediatric patients have proportionately larger volume of blood c. pediatric patients have more surface area relative to total body mass d. most burns in children are the result of child abuse

c. pediatric patients have more surface area relative to total body mass

After applying a pressure dressing to a laceration on a patient's arm, you notice that blood is slowly beginning to saturate it. You should: a. replace the dressing with another dressing b. splint the arm and keep it below heart level c. place additional dressings over the wound d. apply a tourniquet proximal to the wound

c. place additional dressings over the wound

You are transporting a 28-year-old man with a frostbitten foot. The patient's vital signs are stable, and he denies any other injuries or symptoms. The weather is treacherous, and your transport time to the hospital is approximately 45 minutes. During the transport, you should: a. cover his foot with chemical heat compress b. administer oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask c. protect the affected part from further injury d. rewarm his foot in 102 degree F to 104 degree F water

c. protect the affected part from further injury

A 56-year-old male has an incomplete avulsion to his right forearm. After controlling any bleeding from the wound, you should: a. carefully probe the wound to determine if the bleeding is venous or arterial b. carefully remove the avulsed flap and wrap it in a moist, sterile trauma dressing c. replace the avulsed flap to its original position and cover it with a sterile dressing d. thoroughly irrigate the wound with sterile water and cover it with a sterile dressing

c. replace the avulsed flap to its original position and cover it with a sterile dressing

Which of the following types of muscle is under direct voluntary control of the brain? a. autonomic b. cardiac c. skeletal d. smooth

c. skeletal

Frequent reassessments of the patient with face or neck injuries are MOST important because: a. they lend credibility to your documentation b. rapid facial swelling might mask hidden injuries c. such injuries can affect the respiratory system d. hospital staff require frequent patient

c. such injuries can affect the respiratory system

The ideal procedure for moving an injured patient from the ground to a backboard is: a. the clothes drag b. the use of a scoop stretcher c. the four-person log roll d. the direct patient carry

c. the four-person log roll

You arrive at the home of a 50-year-old female with severe epistaxis. As you are treating her, it is MOST important to recall that: a. many medications interfere with blood clotting b. the patient might be significantly hypertensive c. the patient is at risk for vomiting and aspiration d. a detailed exam is needed to determine the cause

c. the patient is at risk for vomiting and aspiration

The act of pulling on a body structure in the direction of its normal alignment is called: a. stabilization b. immobilization c. traction d. reduction

c. traction

External bleeding from a vein is relatively easy to control because: a. veins hold smaller blood volume b. blood typically oozes from a vein c. veins are under a lower pressure d. veins carry deoxygenated blood

c. veins are under a lower pressure

You have applied a dressing and roller-gauze bandage to a laceration on the arm of a young female. During transport, she begins to complain of numbness and tingling in her hand. You should: a. remove the gauze bandage and replace it with an elastic one b. remove the bandage and dressing and apply another one c. carefully manipulate her arm until the symptoms subside d. assess distal circulation and readjust the bandage as needed

d. assess distal circulation and readjust the bandage as needed

When treating a partial-thickness burn, you should: a. rupture any blisters to prevent an infection b. cover the burn with a moist, sterile dressing c. immerse the affected part in warm water d. avoid the use of creams, lotions, or antiseptics

d. avoid the use of creams, lotions, or antiseptics

The term "hyphema" is defined as: a. compression of one or both option nerves b. an acute rupture of the globe of the eye c. inflammation of the iris, cornea, and lens d. blood in the anterior chamber of the eye

d. blood in the anterior chamber of the eye

Two of the most common mechanisms of injury for blunt trauma are: a. gunshot wounds and vehicle ejections b. motor vehicle collisions and stabbings. c. low caliber gunshot wounds and falls d. falls and motor vehicle collisions

d. falls and motor vehicle collisions

When a person is lying supine at the end of exhalation, the diaphragm: a. contracts and flattens inferiorly b. is less prone to penetrating trauma c. descends below the level of the navel d. might rise as high as the nipple line

d. might rise as high as the nipple line

A 43-year-old man is experiencing a severe nosebleed. His blood pressure is 190/110 mm Hg and his heart rate is 90 beats/min and bounding. Preferred treatment for this patient includes: a. packing both nostrils with gauze pads until the bleeding stops b. placing a rolled 4x4-inch dressing between his lower lip and gum c. having the patient pinch his own nostrils and then lie supine d. pinching the patients nostrils and having him lean forward

d. pinching the patients nostrils and having him lean forward

A utility worker was trimming branches and was electrocuted when he accidentally cut a high-power line. He fell approximately 20 feet and is lying unresponsive on the ground; the power line is lying across his chest. You should: a. quickly but carefully move the patient away from the power line b. manually stabilize his head as your partner assesses for breathing c.. apply insulated gloves and assume manual control of his cervical spine d. rapidly assess the patient after ensuring that the power line is not live

d. rapidly assess the patient after ensuring that the power line is not live

During your assessment of a patient who was shot in the abdomen, your notice a large entrance wound with multiple small puncture wounds surrounding it. This wound pattern is most consistent with a: a. .22-caliber pistol b. handgun c. .357 magnum d. shotgun

d. shotgun

Which of the following statements regarding the rule of nines is correct? a. the posterior of a child's leg is equal to 13.5% of the body surface area b. a child's head is equal to 14% of his or her total body surface area c. the anterior arm in the adult is equal to 9% of the total body surface area d. the anterior trunk of an adult is equal to 18% of the body surface area

d. the anterior trunk of an adult is equal to 18% of the body surface area

An air embolism associated with diving occurs when: a. high water pressure forces air into the mediastinum b. the diver hyperventilates prior to entering the water c. the alveoli completely collapse due to high pressure d. the diver holds his or her breath during a rapid ascent

d. the diver holds his or her breath during a rapid ascent