SEHS Option C

Define the term mood.

A state of emotional or affective arousal of varying, and not permanent, duration. Feelings of elation or happiness lasting several hours or even a few days are examples of mood.

Distinguish between acute and chronic injuries.

Acute injuries: These occur suddenly as a result of a specific injury mechanism (for example, fractured wrist, anterior cruciate ligament tear, concussion). Chronic injuries: These develop over a period of several weeks and are often caused by repetitive activity (for example, tennis elbow, shin splints).

Discuss the relationship between major societal changes and hypokinetic disease.

As society grows to adopt technology, we as humans need to achieve less and computers take over mundane tasks, resulting in laziness which leads to higher risks of hypokinetic disease.

Explain the role of exercise in reducing the effects of anxiety and depression.

• anxiety reduction—acute effects of exercise on state anxiety, compounding effect of intensity and duration of exercise, chronic effects of exercise on trait anxiety • depression reduction—note this is a clinical condition treated by medication. Exercise has been seen to play a significant role in alleviating depression although it is a correlational relationship; no causal link has been established. Include the nature of the exercise programme (enjoyable, aerobic or rhythmic, absence of interpersonal competition, closed and predictable environment, moderate intensity, 20-30 minutes several times a week).

Outline the health risks of diabetes.

• blindness • kidney disease • nerve damage • cardiovascular disease.

Outline the major health consequences of obesity.

• cardiovascular disease and hypertension • type 2 diabetes • osteoarthritis • respiratory problems • some cancers such as bowel cancer.

List the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

• cigarette smoking • high blood pressure (hypertension) • high cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol • low HDL-cholesterol • diabetes • obesity • physical inactivity • age • gender • ethnicity • family history.

Describe strategies for enhancing adherence to exercise.

• environmental approaches—prompts, contracting, perceived choice • reinforcement approaches—rewards for attendance and participation, external feedback, self-monitoring • goal-setting and cognitive approaches— associative versus dissociative focus during exercise • social support approaches—role of significant others (spouse, family members, friends), including joining in, adjusting routines, transportation, providing equipment.

Discuss the major risk factors for osteoporosis.

• lack of dietary calcium • cigarette smoking • slim build (ectomorphy) • lack of estrogen associated with early menopause and female triad (athletic amenorrhea) • physical inactivity.

Outline the longer- term consequences of osteoporotic fractures.

• loss of independence • development of secondary complications as a result of long-term hospitalization and pneumonia.

Outline the possible negative aspects of exercise adherence.

• negative addiction to exercise—life choices and relationship issues • symptoms of negative exercise— stereotyped pattern with a regular schedule of once or more daily, increased priority of exercise, negative mood affect with withdrawal, increased tolerance to exercise, subjective awareness of compulsion to exercise.

Discuss the major risk factors for type 2 diabetes.

• obesity • physical inactivity • a diet high in saturated fat • and family history.

Discuss potential personal and environmental barriers to physical activity.

• personal factors - demographic variables - cognitive variables - past behaviours • environmental factors - social environment - physical environment - time - characteristics of physical activity offered - leader qualities - social and cultural norms within various ethnic groups.

Outline how exercise enhances psychological well- being.

• physiological—increases in cerebral blood flow, changes in brain neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, endorphins, serotonin), increase in maximal oxygen consumption and delivery of oxygen to cerebral tissues, reductions in muscular tension, structural changes in the brain • psychological—distraction from daily hassles and routine, enhanced feeling of control, feeling of competency, positive social interactions, improved self-concept and self-esteem.

Outline the effects of exercise on changing mood states.

• research suggests exercise is one of the most effective methods of alleviating a bad mood • research supports the use of exercise in modifying fatigue, anger, anxiety, depression, and enhancing the positive moods of vigour, clear thinking, energy, alertness, increased sense of well-being.

Describe the aims of exercise in individuals with a hypokinetic disease.

• to make the most of limited functional capacities • to alleviate or provide relief from symptoms • to reduce the need for medication • to reduce the risk of disease reoccurrence (secondary prevention) • to help overcome social problems and psychological distress.

Discuss the potential barriers to physical activity.

• uncontrolled disease state (unstable angina, poorly controlled diabetes, uncontrolled hypertension) • hazards of exercise (for example, cycle and swimming accidents) • musculoskeletal injuries • triggering of other health issues (for example, heart attack, respiratory tract infections).

Outline how bone density changes from birth to old age.

Bone density increases until around age 35-45. Males usually reach a higher bone density than females. From age 45 onwards, bone density decreases.

Describe how obesity is determined.

By using defined measurements such as the BMI in order to determine what an unhealthy concentration of fat is.

Distinguish between compression, tension and shearing injuries.

Compression: Compact injury to a specific body part that causes bleeding, superficial or deep tissue bruising, broken bones or joint injuries (for example, colliding with another player or equipment). Tension: Injury that occurs when a tissue is stretched beyond its normal limits (for example, when landing from a jump). Shearing: Friction injury caused by two surfaces rubbing together (for example, contact between the skin and the ground), which can also affect other connective tissues, such as cartilage.

Outline the common causes of running-related injuries.

Consider running in a variety of sporting contexts. Injuries can be caused by impact and repetition of the same movement (overuse injury) but other factors might include: • rapid increase in training distance or intensity • running surface • footwear • previous injuries • running experience • biomechanical imbalance • twists and turns.

Outline the types of injuries common in different sports.

Consider the following. • Lower limb injuries represent the highest percentage of injuries to athletes in many sports, for example, football, running and skiing. • Types of lower limb injuries include meniscus tears, tendinosis, sport-induced osteoarthritis, muscle strains and ligament sprains. • Spinal injuries, including fractures, occur in sports such as diving, gymnastics and horse riding. • Head injuries such as concussion can occur in cycling and rugby.

Evaluate the benefits and hazards of exercise with regard to health.

Consider the following. • The risk associated by strenuous exercise may be outweighed by the benefits of physical activity. • There is evidence that habitual, moderate to vigorous exercise protects against CHD. • Some forms of moderate exercise, such as jogging, walking and cycling, also pose a risk of injury through collisions with vehicles and falls.

Outline the following hypokinetic diseases: coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, obesity, type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis.

Coronary Heart Disease: When the heart is damaged due to lack of proper blood and weak pumps. Stroke: When the heart or brain stop receiving blood Hypertension: High blood tension Obesity: High percentage of unsaturated body fat Type 2 diabetes: Resistance to insulin Osteoporosis: Weak bones

Discuss how a lifestyle of physical inactivity increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Doesn't exercise the muscles necessary to maintain healthy circulation. The couch-potato lifestyle also results in leftover fat.

Describe the risk of osteoporosis in males and females.

Due to the lower bone density, females are more prone to the risks of osteoporotic fractures.

Distinguish between the terms habitual physical activity, exercise, sports and physical fitness.

Habitual physical activity: Daily tasks such as walking Exercise: Workouts for leisure Sports: Competitive physical fitness Physical fitness: Exercise for results

Outline how chemical signals arising from the gut and from the adipose tissue affect appetite regulation.

Hormones are released by the stomach once food has been consumed, these let the brain know that enough food has been eaten.

Discuss the concept of energy balance.

How much energy a person has, changes through chemical processes in the body and food intake.

Define the term hypokinetic disease.

Hypokinetic disease is a diseased caused by the lack of physical activity.

Outline the use of population attributable risk (PAR) for prioritizing public health initiatives.

Knowing which factors are impacting your population the most will lead in a focus initiative so that the cause may be properly targeted and eliminated.

Outline the coronary circulation.

Left and right coronary arteries, circumflex artery and left anterior descending artery

Define musculoskeletal injuries.

Musculoskeletal injuries covers a range of disorders involving muscles, bones, tendons, blood vessels, nerves or related soft tissue including sprains, strains and inflammation.

Distinguish between non-communicable and communicable diseases.

Non-communicable diseases are not passed from person to person. They are usually of long duration and slow progression. Examples include cardiovascular diseases, skin cancer, some chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes. Communicable diseases are caused by an infectious agent or its toxins, which pass by direct or indirect transmission from person to person or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment. Examples include pneumonia, malaria and influenza.

Discuss how studies of different populations provide evidence of the link between physical activity and hypokinetic disease.

People in rural areas tend to have better physical health due to their need to complete daily physical activities.

Outline physical activity guidelines for the promotion of good health.

People should exercise for at least 30 mins a day, be it going for a short walk or riding a bicycle to school, any exercise can be extremely helpful.

Outline population attributable risk (PAR).

Population attributable risk (PAR) is a calculation of the percentage or proportion of public health burden that is caused by a particular risk factor, for example, smoking or physical inactivity. PAR indicates the proportion of deaths or illnesses that would not occur if the risk factor was removed. For example, a PAR for lung cancer deaths associated with moderate smoking calculated as 52% means that 52% of lung cancer deaths would not occur if people in the population did not smoke. The usefulness of the calculation is based on the assumption of a causal link between the risk factor and health problems.

Explain how risks and hazards of exercise can be reduced.

Risk and hazard prevention strategies are sports- specific and may differ according to the individual athlete. They include: • regular moderate exercise • protective equipment • regular health and wellness evaluations with a medical professional • injury prevention strategies (for example, correct warm-up and cool-down, and stretching routines) • injury prevention education for coaches, referees and athletes.

Outline the causes of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in athletes.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is related to: • underlying medical history (for example, genetic disorders such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)) • intensity of exercise • habitual weekly exercise.

Explain the concept of risk factors in cardiovascular disease.

These risk factors make it so that it is not only easier to develop a cardiovascular disease, but also make it so that if one is already developed, it is harder to cure it.

Compare type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Type I: Destruction of insulin producing cells Type II: Resistance to insulin

Explain the relationship between moderate exercise and health.

Walking is associated with lower risk of mortality, CHD/cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes owing to: - improved metabolic rates and VO2max - increased energy expenditure - improved plasma lipid profiles - decreased adiposity - decreased blood pressure - reduced risk of skeletal injuries.

Outline what is meant by the term atherosclerosis.

When the arteries are blocked by the unhealthy amount of fat in the body.

Discuss the relationship between physical activity and bone health.

While exercise is essential for building stronger bones, creating an exercise-intensive scenario can be dangerous, as it might give room to bad scenarios such as bone demineralisation