Self in social context - 9 - Self-monitoring (SM)
ability to manage conflicting expectations (agentic vs submissive women), high SM
"self-presentational dilemmas " women face in masculine-typed settings, [low/high] SM can deal better with this dilemma
lower skin conductance, lower frontal and parietal activation; less than low SM
Hofmann - high SM for an impromptu speech task: physiological reactivity(2), distress
high SM
[low/high] SM are seen as more helpful by coworkers and tend to occupy central positions in social networks at work
low
[low/high] SM couples had greater trust and were more likely to see the relationships developing into marriage
low, their SC has to fit with their behaviors
[low/high] SM displays more priming effects on self-judgement and behaviors because ...
high
[low/high] SM had more sexual partners and were more likely to have engaged in sex with someone on only one occasion
high, low
[low/high] SM indicate a greater range of behaviors than did [low/high] SM
low SM
[low/high] SM might be best to deal with ethical issues in organizations
high SM tend
[low/high] SM tend to express and evoke more positive affect and less negative affect in dyadic interactions
distractor
alcohol with ... permits escape from self
in line with inner thoughts/feelings, consistency between attitudes and behaviors; attitude tied to situation, present themselves in way that is appropriate
attitude: low SM(2), high SM(2)
binge eating
bulimia aka ...
modern Western
bulimia seem to be a characteristic of ... culture
how they physically appear to others
bulimics are generally very preoccupied with ...
unrealistic expectations for success, excessive needs for external approval, too high standards, remain unsatisfied with their performance
bulimics seem to have ...(4)
depression, anxiety; feelings
bulimics show high rates of ...(2) and so may us binge eating as a way of escaping their ...
removal of inhibitions, linked with drug abuse/attempted suicide/sex, removal of emotion
consequences of bulimia
little bit more SM for boys
consistent gender trend of SM
image-based, image-based, influenced
consumer behavior of high SM: prefer [image/quality]-based ads, [image/performance] strategy and [not/influenced] by packaging attractiveness
quality-based, performance-based, not influenced
consumer behavior of low SM: prefer [image/quality]-based ads, [image/performance]-based strategy and [not/influenced] by packaging attractiveness
satisfaction, pleasure; flexible, rewarding; charm
contrary to socially anxious people, high SM seek ...(2) from social interaction and will engage in more ...(2) self-presentation. The high SM will try to have a "social ..."
higher
culture differences: independent self as [lower/higher] SM than interdependent self
focus on personal attributes; focus on appearance
dating preferences of men: low SM, high SM
unclear, numerous
developmental factors of SM are ...(2)
individualistic have higher score than collectivistic
difference across cultures for mean SM scores
focuses on
emotional effects of alcohol depend on what the mind ...
focus on developing the self, excessive focus on self-presentation
escaping the self theory: advantages, disadvantages
increasing focus on the self as unique, Baumeister
escaping the self theory: definition, author
accepted other's behavior at face value without motivational context, based judgement on other's behavior and motivational context
evaluation of others in dyadic interactions: low SM, high SM
structure of the SM items
evidence for a common latent variable
Machiavellian person who assimilates others to his/her own goals
example of assimilative individual
professional actors have higher SM scores
example of differences across SM samples in research
play the introvert/extrovert, express emotions
expressive behavior: high SM are better able to ...(2)
not meeting own expectations, does meeting others' expectations
feels depressed/distressed when ...: low SM, high SM
social relationships, self-esteem
for boys, SM was positively correlated with ...(2), but correlation was found for girls
rejection of meaning, shrinking of time, focus on details, rigid thinking
forms of escape from self: 4 examples of mental narrowing
influences
genetics [not/influences] whether a person is low/high on SM
adaptive person who fits their expressive behavior with contexts, situational influences
give pragmatic self-definition of high SM, they attribute their own behavior to ...
person who values consistency between who they are and what they do, dispositional influences
give pragmatic self-definition of low SM, they attribute their own behavior to ...
increase change of behavior when making predictions about not/doing normative behavior, low
give self-prophecy effect definition, [low/high] SM shows it more
friendly, outgoing, extraverted; worried, anxious, nervous
high SM appear to others as more ...(3) and less ...(3)
better
high SM are [worst/better] at perceiving exchange relationships
rewards, avoiding rejection
high SM are best at seeking out ...(acquisitive), their main motivation is not about ...(self-protective)
avoiding rejection, appeasing others
high SM are different from socially anxious people who engage in self-presentation with goal of ....(2)
social comparison
high SM pay more attention to ... information
physical appearance
high SM think that partners are more compatible if they are similar in ...
attractive, gender typing
high SM were more willing to hire ... candidates and applicants whose gender matched the ... of the job
psychologically close and emotionally intense, social game
how they view love: low SM, high SM
the self
if attention is maintained on ..., then it is unlikely that there would be a binge
remember information, infer traits
in a study in which one observes another, high SM better ...(2) concerning another person they expect to meet
extreme
in research, individuals that have ... scores, on the SM scale, are compared
public images; genuine, sincere
low SM are concerned with their ...; they want to cultivate the image of being ...(2)
perceived more, more by avoiding asymmetrical relationships
low SM in romantic relationships: power equality, relationship quality, relationship satisfaction
perceived less, less by avoiding less asymmetrical relationships
low SM in romantic relationships: power equality, relationship satisfaction
personality
low SM think that partners are more compatible if they are similar in ...
escape from the self
major component of alcohol abuse
low, high; gender, age
marital satisfaction is greater for [low/high] SM, divorce rate is greater for [low/high] SM, and findings on marriage/divorce holds across ...(2)
not related, positively related
moderation effect between person's attractiveness and person's own self-evaluations: low SM, high SM
role of selling book back to bookstore or role of bookstore employee; high SM planned more before interaction, high SM better able to reach their negotiation goals
negotiation behavior study: procedure, findings(2)
more, less, same, more
organizational behavior of high SM (compared to low SM): job involvement, commitment to job, job satisfaction, performance ratings
identify emotions of others, interpret nonverbal behaviors, pay more attention to others they expect to interact with
paying attention to others: high SM are better able to ...(3)
self-consciousness
people who are high in private ... will drink a lot more alcohol after failure than after success
one who is the most typical or usual for a certain situation
prototypic person
takes external situation to construct self-presentation
prototypical high SM
takes internal attitude to guide behavior
prototypical low SM
who am I and how can I be me in this situation?, who does situation wants me to be and how can I be that person?
question they ask themselves when deciding how to express and present themselves in social situations: low SM, high SM
react more to image ads, react more to quality ads, react negatively to ad with weak arguments
reaction to image/quality of advertising: low SM, high SM, both
self-images, images of prototypic person
type of richer/articulated images they have in a social situation: low SM, high SM
in time crisis, to relieve chronic stress of maintaining a too-good sense of self
when does bulimia happens, and why
young white single university-educated women
who is most at risk of bulimia
social relationships, SE
there are gender differences in childhood in how SM relates to ...(2)
psychologically close partner, whoever
they are more likely to have sex with ...: low SM, high SM
alcohol, eating
to escape from self, ... is a strategy of choice for men, for women it is more strategies involve ...
avoid negative thoughts about self (when crisis occurred), temporary relief from too-good self-image pressure, transcendence
3 reasons why "escape the self" (and when)
reduced self-focused attention, interferes with ability to think meaningfully, broad
3 ways alcohol permits escape from the self
shared values, deep long-term, unrestricted in nurturance, generalize friendships across contexts; shared activities, utilitarian interactions, superficial short-term, restricted nurturance
3/4 characteristics of their friendships: low SM, high SM
most escapes focus attention on body and physical feelings, focus on immediate present and short-term sensations, it is not necessarily bad, not the same as escaping by watching TV
4 points of "escaping the self theory"
more consensus on important matters, more display of affection, more commitment, more marital satisfaction; more likely to have been divorced
4 points regarding low SM in relation to marriage, 1 point regarding high SM
passivity, suppression of emotion, impulsivity, instability, irrationality
5 consequences of escape from self
mental narrowing, narrowed time frame, emotional effects, disinhibition
6 effects of alcohol on the self
crisis, trauma
2 causal factors of alcohol abuse
mental narrowing, sense of loss of control
2 states of mind of bulimics
immediate focus on body, mental narrowing
2 steps of maladaptive forms of escape
very sensitive to others' public behavior, use others' behaviors as guidelines, regulates own public behavior according to guidelines
3 characteristics of high SM
own public behavior in line with private attitude/feeling, not as skilled at controlling public behaviors, not attending to how others behave
3 characteristics of low SM
cosmetic surgery, eating disorders, fashion
3 examples of excessive focus on self-presentation (high SM)
acting, extraversion, other-directedness
3 factors that have been identified for the 25-item measure of SM
learn quickly what is socially appropriate, can control their emotional expression, can create impression
3 points about high SM and peer ratings
more compartmentalization, prefer highly structured situations, more initiation in social interactions (talk first)
3 points about structure of the social world of high SM vs low SM
adjust behavior in presence of others, interact in ways that show taking others into account; self-focused, seems less interested in others' pov
Ickes report that high SM are accommodative in that they ...(2). In contrast, assimilative person is ...(2)
high SM more prone to mimicry, motivated by social status
SM and mimicry: proneness to do it, condition for it to happen
stable
SM scores for children are [not/stable] over time
is no
there [not/is] assortative mating with respect to SM?
unified construct
research suggest that SM scale is measuring a [unified construct/combination of different features]
regulation of one's behavior in line with situational requirements
self-monitoring
6-7
stable differences in SM can be seen at ... age
little attention from caregiver
suggestion about caregiving in childhood that may encourage a child to become a high SM
external characteristics (membership), internal characteristics (feelings)
their self-definition relies on ...: high SM, low SM
behavior is stable across time and situation, behavior is specific to different situations (changes) and may be stable across time
theory on stability across time and situations: low SM, high SM