Sensation and Perception

Sound waves

Air patterns

Structures through which sounds travels after entering the ear?

Auditory canal, eardrum, middle ear, cochlea (Aubrey Eats Mcdonald's Chicken)

light is transduces into neural impulses via signals from rods and cones..this activates?

Bipolar cells

What is the essence of perception?

Construction of useful and meaningful info.

output from bipolar cells then activate neighboring....

Ganglion Cells

Cornea

Thick transparent outer layer of the eye.

where does light first pass through in the eye?

Through the cornea

After the cornea, where does light go next?

To the pupil

Retinal disparity

a binocular cue for perceiving depth; by comparing images from the reinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance.

Where does visual info travel?

to the retina, thalamus, and then to the visual cortex

The process by which the lens changes its curvature is?

Accomodation

High frequency =

higher sound

Place theory

in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated.

Perceptual adaptation

in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field.

Top-down processing

info. processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.

What happens when the light enter the lens?

it gets bent farther inward and focused to form an image on retina.

Cones

less sensitive to low levels of light. Cones and Color.

What happens behind the iris?

muscles change shape of lens. they flatten it to focus on distant objects and thicken it to focus on closer objects.

Feature detectors

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.

what happens after voice stimulates receptors in ear?

neurons coordinate and extract essential features. then compare them to past experiences and identify stimulus.

Opponent-process theory

opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. Stimulated and inhibited

Perceptions

organizing and interpreting, Top-down processing

Rods

respond at extremely low levels of illumination and responsible primarily for night vision.

Kinesthesis

the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

Perceptual Set

A set of mental tendencies and assumptions that greatly affects (top-down) what we perceive.

Gate-control theory

A way to alleviate chronic pain would be to stimulate the SMALL nerve fibers that CLOSE the spinal gate.

Feature Detector

Cells in visual cortex respond to stimuli's specific features (edges, angles, and movement.)

Pupil

Dark circle at the center of the eye. small adjustable opening

Sensory Adapatation

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.

axons of ganglion cells gather into bundles to form?

Optic nerves

What do supercell clusters do?

Respond and process these more complex patterns

The transduction of light energy into nerve impulses takes place in the....

Retina

The principle that one sense may influence another is?

Sensory ineraction

Iris

an opaque, colored muscle, surrounds pupil and adjusts light intake

Gestalt

an organized whole

Bottom-up processing

analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory info.

monocular cues

depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone.

Sensations

detection and transmission, Bottom-up processing

Amplitude

determines loudness

Frequency

determines pitch

figure-ground

the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

Sensory interaction

the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste.

Define; Sensation

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.

Accommodation

the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.

Define; Perception

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory info, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

Young-Helmholtz theory

the retina contains three different color receptors-one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue-which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color

Vestibular

the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

Gate-control theory

the spinal cord contains the neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain.