Sensation and Perception
Sound waves
Air patterns
Structures through which sounds travels after entering the ear?
Auditory canal, eardrum, middle ear, cochlea (Aubrey Eats Mcdonald's Chicken)
light is transduces into neural impulses via signals from rods and cones..this activates?
Bipolar cells
What is the essence of perception?
Construction of useful and meaningful info.
output from bipolar cells then activate neighboring....
Ganglion Cells
Cornea
Thick transparent outer layer of the eye.
where does light first pass through in the eye?
Through the cornea
After the cornea, where does light go next?
To the pupil
Retinal disparity
a binocular cue for perceiving depth; by comparing images from the reinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance.
Where does visual info travel?
to the retina, thalamus, and then to the visual cortex
The process by which the lens changes its curvature is?
Accomodation
High frequency =
higher sound
Place theory
in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated.
Perceptual adaptation
in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field.
Top-down processing
info. processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.
What happens when the light enter the lens?
it gets bent farther inward and focused to form an image on retina.
Cones
less sensitive to low levels of light. Cones and Color.
What happens behind the iris?
muscles change shape of lens. they flatten it to focus on distant objects and thicken it to focus on closer objects.
Feature detectors
nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.
what happens after voice stimulates receptors in ear?
neurons coordinate and extract essential features. then compare them to past experiences and identify stimulus.
Opponent-process theory
opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. Stimulated and inhibited
Perceptions
organizing and interpreting, Top-down processing
Rods
respond at extremely low levels of illumination and responsible primarily for night vision.
Kinesthesis
the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts
Perceptual Set
A set of mental tendencies and assumptions that greatly affects (top-down) what we perceive.
Gate-control theory
A way to alleviate chronic pain would be to stimulate the SMALL nerve fibers that CLOSE the spinal gate.
Feature Detector
Cells in visual cortex respond to stimuli's specific features (edges, angles, and movement.)
Pupil
Dark circle at the center of the eye. small adjustable opening
Sensory Adapatation
Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.
axons of ganglion cells gather into bundles to form?
Optic nerves
What do supercell clusters do?
Respond and process these more complex patterns
The transduction of light energy into nerve impulses takes place in the....
Retina
The principle that one sense may influence another is?
Sensory ineraction
Iris
an opaque, colored muscle, surrounds pupil and adjusts light intake
Gestalt
an organized whole
Bottom-up processing
analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory info.
monocular cues
depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone.
Sensations
detection and transmission, Bottom-up processing
Amplitude
determines loudness
Frequency
determines pitch
figure-ground
the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings
Sensory interaction
the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste.
Define; Sensation
the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.
Accommodation
the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.
Define; Perception
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory info, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
Young-Helmholtz theory
the retina contains three different color receptors-one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue-which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color
Vestibular
the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance
Gate-control theory
the spinal cord contains the neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain.