sensation and perception exam 3
A light of 485 nm is presented to a person's visual system. Which of the following is the best description of what happens next?
All three cone systems will respond at varying strengths. Color is perceived from the mix of those responses.
The principle of univariance refers to the fact that
An infinite set of different wavelength-intensity combinations can elicit the same response from a single type of photoreceptor.
Double-opponent cells are thought to be particularly useful for detecting
Color edges by enhancing color divisions at the edges of objects
Which photoreceptor are most active when looking at a beautiful sunset?
L-cones
Which photoreceptors are most active when looking at a green forest?
M-cones
________ describes an individual with no rods of any type?
a cone monochromat
_______ describes an individual with no cones of any type.
a rod monochromat
The inability to perceive colors due to damage to the central nervous system
achromatopsia
_______ is the inability to perceive colors due to damage to the central nervous system.
achromatopsia
What is the difference between additive and subtractive color mixing?
additive color mixing is what happens when we mix lights of different colors, whereas subtractive color mixing occurs when we mix paints or other colored materials.
When adding colors, blue and yellow create white through _______ color mixing and create green through _______ color mixing.
additive; subtractive
A(n) _______ is a visual image seen after the stimulus has been removed.
afterimage
Assumptions about _______ are not a physical constraint that makes perceiving color constancy possible.
afterimages
What is the term for an inability to name objects or colors despite being able to see and recognize them?
anomia
As Jules stares at the group of baseball players, his attention is drawn toward the one player not wearing a uniform. This is an example of
attentional capture
Which of the following correctly lists the color-opponent pairs coded by the visual system?
blue versus yellow; red versus green; black versus white
If a video game labels friendly characters as green and enemy characters as red, who might have a hard time seeing the difference between friendly and enemy characters?
both deuteranopes and protonopes
Which of the following is a related color?
brown
Peter is shown a photograph of a man standing in a garden holding an orange. He is then shown an identical photograph, except that the man is holding an apple, not an orange. Peter does not detect a difference. This type of experiment demonstrates which phenomenon?
change blindness
The difficulty we experience in detecting differences between two visual stimuli that are identical except for one or more changes to the image is known as
change blindness
An object appears red despite the fact that it is illuminated by a green light or a yellow light. This phenomenon is known as
color constancy
The tendency of a surface to appear the same color under a fairly wide range of illuminations is known as
color constancy
The distribution of wavelengths in sunlight changes across the day. Evening light has more long-wavelength light than light earlier in the day. This means
color constancy must correct for the change in the distribution of light
According to the principle of univariance, which genetic difference in color vision would cause someone to be truly color-blind?
cone monochromat
Neurons that respond best when they are excited by the input from one cone type in the center, but inhibited by the input from another cone type in the surround, are known as ______ cells.
cone-opponent
In an experiment in color matching, an observer is shown two patches of light. One is called the test patch, and the other is called the comparison patch. The test patch is a single wavelength of an unchanging illumination or brightness. The comparison patch is composed of three primary colors, such as red, green, and blue used in a television. The observer has control over the intensities of the three lights in the comparison patch. The observer should be able to
control the comparison patch so that it looks identical to the test patch in color
Loss of color vision caused by damage to the occipital lobe is known as
cortical achromatopsia
Suppose you are at a party, standing by yourself for a moment. The group next to you is having an interesting conversation, full of gossip, and you are listening in. If you do not give any external signs that you are paying attention to their conversation, what kind of attention are you using?
covert
In a probe detection experiment, an invalid cue is a
cue that signals the wrong location of the target
_______ is the idea that basic perceptual experiences may be determined in part by the cultural environment
cultural relativism
A(n) _______ is an individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of M-cones.
deuteranope
At a library circulation desk, Daniela checks out materials while answering the telephone. This example shows
divided attention
The process of attending to multiple sources of information is known as
divided attention
A metamer is a psychophysical color contrast between two patches of light that have identical sets of wavelengths but are perceived as different colors due to their surroundings.
false
Divided attention is the process of attention that allows us to focus on one source when many are present.
false
In their experiment, Simons and Chabris asked participants to watch a video that shows three young college-age adults wearing white t-shirts, passing a basketball, and three young college-age adults wearing black T-shirts, passing another basketball. They found that participants could not accurately track the passes when a person in a gorilla suit interrupted the game.
false
Visual attention cannot be covert--attention is synonymous with the direction of gaze.
false
In Posner (1980), valid cues were found to result in ______ reaction times than neutral cues, but neutral cues were found to result in ______ times than invalid cues.
faster; faster
In the hue cancellation experiments described in the textbook, if the starting color were too reddish, you would add
green
Suppose you have a red surface and want it to seem as red as possible. What sort of background should you put behind it, according to the color contrast effect?
green
Which color is "illegal" for our visual systems?
greenish red
Which of the following is an example of inattentional blindness?
haruto is so focused on a man juggling oranges that he fails to notice two people rushing past behind the juggler.
White light, consisting of many wavelengths, is known as ______, whereas light consisting of one wavelength is known as
heterochromatic; monochromatic
In the color circle, what dimension of color is represented by the perimeter of the circle?
hue
Hurvich and Jameson (1957) developed an experiment in which observers cancel out the perception of a particular color by adding light of the opponent color. This procedure is known as
hue canellation
What is the term for the light that shines onto a surface?
illuminant
_______ refers to the failure to notice—or at least to report—a stimulus that would be easily reportable if it were attended.
inattentional bias
In Simons and Chabris's (1999) experiment, participants are focused on a challenging perceptual task, counting the white team's basketball passes while ignoring the black team's basketball passes. Because of the challenging nature of the task,
inattentional blindness is more likely to occur
This image is known as a ______ and it serves to determine if a person is
ishihara plate; color deficient
Which of the following is an argument from the textbook about the usefulness of color vision?
it helps animals find food and mates
Which of the following is not a basic color term?
light blue
Which of the following is not a unique hue?
magenta
_______ are different mixtures of wavelengths that look identical.
metamers
Drew, Võ, and Wolfe (2013) used expert radiologists as their test participants. The stimuli were CT scans taken to determine if patients had dangerous nodules on their lungs. What happened in the study?
more than 80% of the radiologists failed to detect the image of a gorilla in the CT scan.
Simons and Chabris (1999) asked participants to watch a video that shows three people wearing white T-shirts, passing a basketball, and three people wearing black T-shirts, passing another basketball. They found that
nearly half of the participants failed to notice a person in a gorilla suit walking through the scene
Double-opponent cells are
neurons that have a center, which is excited by one color and inhibited by its opposite, while in the surround, the pattern is reversed
If you stare at a bright incandescent light bulb for even a short time and then close your eyes, you will continue to see an afterimage of that light bulb for a relatively brief period. But you will notice that even though the light bulb has a yellowish hue, your afterimage will appear somewhat blue. This phenomenon supports the ______ theory of color vision?
opponent-process
A green square surrounded by red looks more green than if surrounded by a neutral color. Similarly, a yellow square looks more yellow when surrounded by a blue background than a neutral background. These phenomena support which view of color perception?
opponent-process theory of color vision
What theory proposes that all colors on the color circle can be represented by the following pairs of opposing mechanisms: blue-yellow, red-green, and black-white?
opponent-process theory of color vision
In the Posner cueing paradigm, the participant maintains fixation at the central point. Cues indicate whether the target will appear on the left or the right. In most trials, the cue is valid; that is, the target appears on the indicated side. But in some trials, the cue is invalid; that is, the target appears on the opposite side of the cue. The experimenters measure the reaction time to indicate that the target is present. The results show that
participants are relatively faster when the cue is valid
What type of lighting conditions occurs during the daytime in full sunlight?
photopic
A(n) _______ is an individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of L-cones.
protanope
Two conditions lead to a red-green deficiency. One is _____, or a lack of L-cones, while the other is _______, or a lack of M-cones.
protanopia; deuteranopia
A unique blue is a blue that has no _______ or green tint
red
Suppose you are shown a red circle for a moment, and then shown two color choices and asked which of these colors you saw before. Which color pairing would present the most difficult choice?
red versus maroon
Which of the following is a more saturated/less saturated pair of colors?
red/pink
Which genetic difference in color vision would cause someone to see the most color metamers when doing a color-matching experiment?
rod monochromatism
Which of the following is the least common of the cones that are found in the retinae
s-cone
Which photoreceptors are most active when looking at a blue sky?
s-cones
_______ refers to the vividness of a stimulus relative to its neighbors.
salience
The processes of attention that allow us to focus on one source when many are present are known as
selective attention
Additive color mixing is used in which of the following technologies?
simulating a full range of colors on a smartphone screen
In the figure below, the two inner circles are identical physically. That the surroundings make them appear to have different colors is an example of
simultaneous color contrast
Blue objects absorb most wavelengths but reflect light at about 450 nm. This phenomenon relates to
spectral reflectance
According to the _______ theory, attention moves from point to point.
spotlight of attention
SOA refers to
stimulus onset asynchrony
The _______ is the period of time between the onset of one stimulus and the onset of another.
stimulus onset asynchrony
When a particularly odd image or striking sound captures our attention, that image or sound is said to have
stimulus salience
Mixing paints to create new colors is an example of _______ color mixing, while shining lights to create new colors is an example of _______ color mixing.
subtractive; additive
Suppose a new ethnic group is discovered and their language only has four color words. Which color is least likely to be one of the color terms in that language?
tan
Which of the following is an example of zero stimulus onset asynchrony?
the cue occurs at the same time as the target
A phenomenon whereby an intensely lit black object appears to be gray or white in a homogeneously dark space is known as
the gleb effect
What physical feature of the human eye lends important support to the trichromatic theory of color vision?
the various types of cones in the retina
What primarily differentiates the three types of cone photoreceptors in the retina?
the wavelength of light they are sensitive too
Which of the following is true about rod monochromats?
they see the world only in black, white and grays
How many lights (of the correct type) are required to match any color that humans can see?
three
When measuring reaction time (RT), we measure the
time from the onset of a stimulus to a response
According to the _______ theory, the color of any light is defined in our visual system by the relationships among three numbers of a set.
trichromacy
A(n) _______ is an individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of S-cones
tritanope
A lack of s-cones is known as
tritanopia
Additive color mixing is the creation of a new color by a process that adds one set of wavelengths to another set of wavelengths.
true
Change blindness is the difficulty we experience in detecting differences between two visual stimuli that are identical except for one or more changes to the image.
true
Cone-opponent cells are found in the lateral-geniculate nucleus, but color-opponent cells are found in V1 of the cerebral cortex.
true
People with protanopia and deuteranopia are both considered red-green color-deficient
true
Spectral reflectance is the ratio of light reflected by an object at each wavelength
true
The principle whereby any single cone system is colorblind, in the sense that different combinations of wavelength and intensity can result in the same response from the cone system, is known as
univariance
The band of wavelengths from 400 to 700 nm that people with normal vision can detect is known as the
visible spectrum
Suppose you are the lighting director for a theater production. The current spotlight on the stage is too blue and you want to make it whiter. What colored spotlight would you shine on the same area to cancel out the blue?
yellow
