SHS 222 - Quizzes

When someone observes a signer signing Black ASL and "feels like it is different" from ASL, what they are probably noticing, even though they may not be able to put their finger on it, is a combination of (check all that apply):

- differences in two-handed versus one-handedness of signs - location of signs on the forehead in ASL that are lowered to another place in BASL - incorporation of African American English into Black ASL, where African American English influence is not particularly prominent in ASL - vocabulary differences between ASL and BASL

In 1980 at the National Association of the Deaf (NAD) Convention in Cincinnati, OH, Black Deaf leaders presented a list of concerns to convention delegates, including (choose all that apply):

- lack of attentiveness by the NAD to the concerns of Black Deaf Americans - lack of representation of Black Deaf individuals as delegates

Discourse focuses on (check all that apply)**

- sound as the typical unit of study - the flow of communication - the construction of a single word - the range of registers in which languages are utilized to address the needs of specific audiences.

Less than __________________ of deaf students at age sixteen can read at a 4th grade level compared to hearing students who have already developed sophisticated linguistic skills that transfer to reading.

12 percent

Linguists estimate that the percentage of cognates between ASL and FSL is as great as

58 percent

American Sign Language, Pidgin Sign English, and Signed Exact English are all signed mediums of communication, although, as you have learned, they are not considered linguistically (or socially) equal. In terms of efficiency of communication, rank the signing styles from shortest to longest duration when all are used to describe the same thing:

ASL, PSE, SEE

____________ is the discrimination experienced by people with disabilities.

Abelism

Two types of De'VIA art include Resistance and _________.

Affirmation

Although speakers of African American English experience discrimination,

Although speakers of African American English experience discrimination,

There are many solutions to the challenges of being Deaf that are specific to the United States, including a prevalence of ASL classes. Which best summarizes this solution?

An increasing number of high schools and colleges are approving ASL to meet their foreign language requirements

Many of Clayton Valli's poems point to which opposition?

Art vs. Nature; Artificial vs. Natural

Like Black and white hearing speakers of American English,

Black and white signers of the American Deaf community feel that there is a standard variety of their language.

Which poet's combination of the vernacular with modern symbolism led him to be called the "Deaf Robert Frost"?

Clayton Valli

According to Stapleton, _______________________ centers issues of audism as a socially constructed phenomenon and assumes that audism is endemic (regularly occurring). It is a framework in which d/Deaf Identity is centered, and it can be considered a branch of Critical Race Theory.

Critical Deaf Theory

What was the slogan of the National Association of the Deaf during the mid 20th century?

Deaf People Are Good Workers!

Research over the years shows that

Deaf babies of Deaf parents have a rather ordinary upbringing

Video relay service is available 24/7, allowing:

Deaf people to make personal and professional phone calls using trained interpreters to facilitate communication

The Deaf solution of Creating Opportunities for Congregation allows:

Deaf people to share solutions for effective living, making it possible for deaf people to progress along their Deafhood journey and become self-actualized

The first Deaf African American alumnus of Gallaudet to earn a doctorate was _______________ in 1982.

Dr. Glenn B. Anderson

According to Greenwald, Bell was a key player in the eugenics movement and advocated for programs that would limit the rights of deaf people to marry other deaf people.

False

Communicative competence is the idea that, when someone knows a language, they know how to use the forms of the language, and nothing more.

False

Deaf children born into hearing families tend to be ranked superior to those from Deaf families in all areas of development, including academics, personal and social development, language acquisition in both ASL and English, communication skills, and career aspirations.

False

Deaf people do not have high expectations for their educational outcomes to equal those of hearing people. True or False.

False

Deaf people have been proud of ASL since its inception

False

Historically, deaf children did not have Deaf language models and could not learn ASL at residential schools because sign language was banned in classrooms with young children from the late 1800s to the early 1970s.

False

One reason that Deaf people value cochlear implants so highly has to do with their own experiences with being 'rehabilitated' without their consent in order for them to be 'normal'

False

Signing space in PST is not particularly important.

False

Signs in Plains Sign Talk usually avoid the central area in front of the chest

False

Something important that the disability rights movement is striving to do that is different from what the Deaf community is striving to do is shift the dominant culture's view that disabled/deaf people are objects of pity that need to be fixed.

False

The linguistic definition of a dialect is the same as society's definition of a dialect

False

True or False: Viewers should be able to immediately grasp the meaning of Graybill's ASL poem "Liberation."

False

What makes ASL different from English is that English possesses grammar, whereas ASL has no grammar.

False

The concerns of the African American Deaf community were of utmost importance to larger African American cultural and community leadership groups such as the NAACP and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.

False, the African American Deaf community was not a priority to national civil rights organizations

The sign for YOU TELL ME is exactly the same as the sign for I TELL YOU in Plains Sign Talk

False. The sign TELL moves directionally from the teller to the person who is told, and so these two utterances are the reverse of each other.

Which is NOT a group that has had similar struggles to Deaf Americans in their fight for equality?

Heteronormative White Males

Generally in De'VIA art, which of the following tends to be exaggerated?

Human body parts

An important piece of federal legislation, IDEA stands for

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

What makes a Deaf translocal community appealing?

It is human nature for human beings, regardless of their hearing status, to seek others with whom they can relate and easily communicate

Englished ASL has also been called:

Modern ASL

What was Bell's reason for stating that the expansion of the deaf population could be stopped?

Oralism would teach speech and speechreading, allowing deaf people to mainstream and marry hearing people

George W. Veditz, president of the National Association of the Deaf, protested against the Civil Service law that

Prohibited deaf people from working for the government

This can be defined as a room at a regular public school with a special teacher who periodically pulls and works with the student in areas of special need.

Resource room

Deaf plays tend to elicit what type of response?

Strong emotional

According to Hairston, is there a Black Sign Language?

The authors say no, but maintain that there is a "Black way of signing" among family and friends. The authors also use the term "Black sign language" as though they believe it exists.

What is Deaf culture?

The culture of people who do not hear and who use ASL and partake in a society comprised of people who also use ASL and are proud of their deafness.

Many sentences in ASL employ topic-comment structure. Which of the following sentences from spoken English in the New York/New Jersey area of the US would fall into this category?

The subway? My wallet they stole on the subway! And you wanna take the subway...

A typical 5-year-old hearing child has already (more or less) acquired their native language (in the US this is often English) and therefore by kindergarten already know the language they are learning to read (often English).

True

Despite the fact that AAE has been shown to be a legitimate language variety, it is still perceived negatively in the US in social media, mass media, and entertainment media.

True

Even after segregation became illegal, Black children's contact with white children was limited just to school settings.

True

For hearing Plains Indians, the use of sign can be an appropriate alternative to speech.

True

Hearing Plains Indians use Plains Sign Talk amongst themselves.

True

Parents who choose cochlear implant surgery for their children are more often than not left vulnerable to rely on the professionals involved in the implantation process.

True

Parrots can make speech sounds, but do not have underlying language skills. This exemplifies the idea that children whose learning focus is production of speech sounds with no development of cognitive and linguistic skills may very well not attain a sufficient level of cognition and linguistic potential.

True

Residential schools have been considered a fundamental component of the Deaf experience.

True

Signing space in PST is important.

True

Stapleton defines audiocentric teaching styles as those that cater to the way hearing students take in information as well as not considering cultural sensitivities when choosing and presenting the material used in the class.

True

True or False: Many ASL poems have "lyrics."

True

True or False: Straight Talk includes information sharing through a direct communication style, which seems to be a worldwide solution for Deaf people. This stems from their daily frustration with the ambiguities and misunderstandings that arise when communicating with non signers.

True

When writing down oral poetry, the person writing it may overlook:

When writing down oral poetry, the person writing it may overlook:

Do signed languages have all types of variation: social, ethnic, gender, age, as well as linguistic variation, like phonological, morphological, lexical, and so on?

Yes

Is the IEP a legally binding document?

Yes, it is a legally binding document

Phonology is traditionally known as the study of sound in specific environments. Does sign language have this?

Yes. It is still called phonology. ASL 'sounds' are not sounds you can hear, but are instead represented visually by handshape, location, movement, and palm orientation.

According to Greenwald, Bell did not advocate to limit the rights of deaf people because

a and b only - he was familiar with deaf individuals - he respected deaf individuals

In 2012, the National Association of the Deaf formally apologized to

a and b only (Deaf women & Black Deaf individuals)

Different rhythmic quality and use of higher signing space are qualities of

a hearing signer's accent in ASL

Language usage in the Deaf community is marked by:

a wide variety of signing, from more English-based signing to more traditional ASL.

Alexander Graham Bell

a, b, and c - made considerable scientific contributions to society - was an American hero - is seen as a tyrant by the Deaf community

The concept of the rally began with

alumni

Holcomb cites the proposal by Lane et al. (2011) that the Deaf community should be considered

an ethnic/linguistic minority

According to Kermit, a ___________________ program that recognizes signing and spoken languages to be of equal value can provide students with the best possibility of fulfilling their potential.

bilingual

Signed performances in Plains Sign Talk at public events such as powwows use the full extent of the signing space, with signs reaching the periphery

both options are correct - of the circular sign space - to be clearly visible to an audience at a distance

According to Gannon, the rally on Gallaudet's campus

both options are correct - succeeded - failed

The Assiniboine religion deems that since kind spirits prefer quiet behavior and silence,

both options are correct - using Plains Sign Talk is one way to avoid the noise of the voice and therefore contribute to the quiet aesthetic - it is preferable to noticeably lower the volume of conversation when speaking Nakota

The Separate but Equal decision of the Supreme Court in 1896

caused deaf and blind students of color who had been in the same classroom as white children but who had separate sleeping and eating quarters to be removed from the classroom

Professional Deaf musicians are passionate about:

creating a bridge between music and Deaf people

George W. Veditz was one of the first

deaf filmmakers

___________________ is the linguistic term for a word whose meaning is semantically fixed but which can only be understood through context. An example of this is the word "I", which means "Laura" when Laura is referring to herself as a subject, but which means "Tom" when Tom is referring to himself as a subject. The meaning of the words is therefore context-dependent and are often relative to the perception or location of the speaker.

deixis

According to Hairston, the future of Black signs

does not look promising

Dr. Shirley Allen was the first Black Deaf woman to ________________ in 1993.

earn a doctorate

1964 Deaf telephone Robert Weitbrecht invented the

first teletypewriter

Traditional oral poetry was almost always recited to a(n) ________ on a particular occasion.

group

Most educational systems for deaf children, worldwide, are designed by:

hearing people who have not experienced being deaf themselves

According to Holcomb, the hearing public

is still fairly ignorant about the abilities of Deaf people, and for this reason legal protection is needed to allow Deaf people equal opportunity for education, employment, and services

The area of visual focus for conversations is

larger in PST

Why is it hard for deaf children to learn English? Wilbur claims that

many deaf young adults have less cognitive and linguistic competence with syntactic structures due to a lack of cognitive and linguistic input as young children

Bilingualism, according to Wilbur,

means that a second language is learned either simultaneously with, or sequentially dependent on, knowledge of the first language

The practice of capitalizing the D in Deaf has been utilized since the 1980s and refers to

people who do not hear and who choose to use ASL, participate in the Deaf community, and embrace Deaf culture

Martha's Vineyard is an example of a strong and flourishing Deaf community and

provides evidence of an indigenous sign language being used on the island

Deaf children attending residential schools get their curriculum directly through ASL, have no communication barriers socially or with teachers, and are part of a community in which they can easily thrive. Keeping this in mind, Deaf residential schools are seen by proponents of IDEA as

r

The landmark case of Plessy vs. Fergusun in 1896 said:

segregation is not discrimination and is constitutional

Wilbur asserts that the early learning of sign language plays a major role in linguistic and educational achievement, as evidenced by children whose deaf parents use sign language in the home. These children

show exceptional academic accomplishments

Black Deaf students at the Kentucky School for the Deaf received their diplomas

sixty years late, due to racial discrimination

The study of the interrelationship of language and social structure, including language variation, language contact, language planning and policy, language attitudes, and conversation analysis, is called

sociolinguistics

Fun fact: Language tests given to Deaf children whose first language is ASL show that

the Deaf children with ASL perform similarly to immigrant hearing children whose first language is not English

Stapleton argues that faculty can find ways to work within the system and challenge the integrity of the system at the same time. The system she is referring to is

the educational system

IDEA is viewed by the Deaf community as

the most destructive law in the history of Deaf education

In the Growing Multihandicapped Community Scenario, ultimately:

the only remaining deaf children will be those who suffer from difficult prenatal or perinatal circumstances resulting in life-threatening or life-altering disabilities

Residential school experience, use of ASL as the primary form of communication, and participation in the wider Deaf community are visible markers of

traditional facets of Deaf culture

As cited in Stapleton, Williams found that Black d/Deaf students

valued education

100% access via _________ means such as sign language makes much more sense to Deaf people

visual