Sickle Cell Disease

A single mutation causes sickle-cell disease. Which of the following statements best describes how this occurs?

A mutation in the beta-globin gene causes the normal glutamine amino acid to be replaced by a valine amino acid.

A method of genome editing that uses the Cas9 enzyme to identify and cut specific nucleotides from the genome is called __________.

CRISPR

Two parents with Type A and Type B blood have a child with Type AB blood. How is this possible?

Codominance occurs when two dominant alleles are expressed in the phenotype of an individual.

Which of the following statements best describes the structure of a hemoglobin molecule?

Each of the four polypeptide chains of the hemoglobin protein contains a heme group. This heme group contains iron, which readily interacts with oxygen.

Several different researchers contributed to the study of the structure of DNA. What did Rosalind Franklin contribute?

He used x-ray crystallography to examine the structure of DNA molecules.

Which of the following is the main difference between in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy?

In vivo gene therapy takes place inside the body, while ex vivo gene therapy takes place outside the body.

Which event (or events) occur in the anaphase II phase of meiosis II?

Sister chromatids are separated.

Sickle-cell disease is a disorder that results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. What is the result of this in terms of hemoglobin function?

The malformation prevents it from transporting oxygen to the tissues of the body.

The role of vectors in gene therapy is to

deliver the genetic material to the cells of interest.

In the human life cycle, gametes are formed through the process of ______, and all other cells are formed through the process of ______.

meiosis;mitosis

The decreased blood flow in the circulatory system can impact the immune and lymphatic systems. A decrease in function of these systems can cause an individual with sickle-cell disease to be more prone to __________.

viruses and bacterial infections

Meiosis is different from mitosis in that meiosis results in

4 haploid cells with variation in the daughter cells.

The F 1 generation results from the fertilization of __________.

P cells

PCR is important because it allows scientists to

The ability of the polymerase chain reaction to make millions of copies of a single gene has become an invaluable resource for the study of genetic diseases, as well as in the fields of forensics, studies of ancestry, and paternal testing.

Which of the following statements best describes the orientation of the two strands of DNA?

The left strand is orientated so that the 3' −OH is at the bottom, while the right strand has the 5' phosphate at the bottom. This is called an anti-parallel configuration

Which of the following best describes the characteristics of a genetic disease?

a mutation in the genetic information of an individual that can be passed from one generation to the next

Hemoglobin is not a good carrier of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is converted into ______ before it is transported to the alveoli.

carbonic acid

The hemoglobin molecule is a __________.

complex protein that consists of four polypeptide chains, called globins, each with its own heme group

If a person shows an intermediate phenotype, such as that observed in a person who is heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia, this indicates the pattern of inheritance to be __________.

incomplete dominance

Complete the following sentence: Hemoglobin functions in ______ cells and carries ______ to all cells of the body.

red blood;oxygen

DNA replication is considered to be ______ because the end product consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.

semiconservative

During translation, a polypeptide chain is created using an RNA template. What component is responsible for bringing amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain?

tRNA

DNA strands are complementary of each other. This means if one strand has an adenine the other has a __________, and if one strand has a guanine the other has a/an __________.

thyamine;cytosine

What is the name of the enzyme that fits new complementary DNA nucleotides to synthesize the new daughter strand?

DNA polymerase

Describe the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide during gas exchange.

Oxygen within alveoli diffuses into red blood cells, and the carbon dioxide within the red blood cells diffuses into the lungs to be exhaled.

Which event (or events) occur in the anaphase I phase of meiosis I?

Sister chromatids are pulled apart.

What differentiates spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

The process is slightly different than spermatogenesis in that the output of oogenesis will be a single haploid egg cell instead of four haploid spermatids.

Mutations can occur with a single nucleotide change. The misfolding of the hemoglobin protein results from

a single change in the sequence of amino acids. Proteins are three-dimensional structures whose shape (and function) are determined by the sequence of amino acids.

Which of the following best describes the definition of a gene?

contains information that produces a product which may include proteins or RNA

Which of the following best explains the role of transcription in a cell?

converts genetic information into mRNA

What are some traits considered to be inheritable?

eye color, blood type, and height

Sickle crisis requires immediate medical attention. This medical condition is characterized by __________.

pain, shortness of breath, high fever and low oxygen

In humans, male gametes are called ______, while female gametes are called ______.

sperm;eggs

The sickle-shaped red blood cells can block the capillaries of organs in multiple body systems. The _____ may become enlarged and that can result in abdominal pain and decreased recycling of red blood cells. The ______ can become blocked; this can decrease urine output and cause kidney failure.

spleen;kidneys

Erwin Chargaff's research determined the percentage of the nitrogen bases within a strand of DNA. His work determined that

the pairing of thymine with adenine and cytosine with guanine always occur in equal amounts.

What type of cells are used to collect DNA for genetic testing?

white blood cells

If the codon is CCA, what is the anticodon and what amino acid will be inserted?

GGU -

Images of unreplicated chromosomes that allow researchers to organize and identify each chromosome, as well as missing or extra chromosomes are called __________.

karyotypes

______ are the basic unit of inheritance that can be passed on from one generation to the next.

genes

The information contained in genes is expressed

when transcription converts information to mRNA, and translation interprets the information from mRNA into the structure of a protein.

The oxygen exchange between the red blood cells and the alveoli is driven by diffusion. This diffusion is due to the

lower pressure of oxygen in the red blood cells

Genes can be inserted into plasmid DNA and cloned into bacteria. This will produce bacteria that have recombinant DNA and will

make multiple copies of the bacteria.

The purpose of ______ is to pass a copy of a cell's gene to cells in the next generation. The purpose of ______ is to pass the parents' genes onto the next generation.

cell division;sexual reproduction

For the expression of a recessive trait, a person needs to inherit a

copy of the trait from both parents.

What is an example of a phenotype influenced by the environment?

melanin production

Sickle-cell disease is a recessive genetic disease. This means

that the trait must be present in two copies in order to be expressed in the phenotype of the individual.

_________ interprets the genetic information, from the mRNA, into a structural protein that is used by the cell.

Translation

Mendel crossed pea plants dominant for two different traits (tall and green pods) with pea plants recessive for those same two traits (short and yellow pods). This cross resulted in pea plants that had combinations of all four traits (tall with green pods, tall with yellow pods, short with green pods, and short with yellow pods). Which law of inheritance best describes why this happens?

Law of Independent Assortment

Mendel's experiments led him to the conclusion that individuals have two factors for each trait, which that separate during gamete formation, resulting in gametes with one factor for each trait. In addition, fertilization results in a new individual with two factors for each trait again. He referred to this as the __________.

Law of Segregation

Crossing-over produces genetic variation during prophase I of meiosis I. This occurs when

the alignment of homologous chromosome pairs indicates which set of homologous chromosomes will end up in the daughter cells.