Smartbook Chapter 4

True or false: Once glucose, galactose, and fructose enter the absorptive cells, they are transported to the portal vein and then to the liver.

True

True or false: Studies have shown that nearly all individuals with decreased lactase production can tolerate ½ to 1 cup of milk with meals.

True

True or false: The Dietary Guidelines recommend increasing whole grain intake by replacing some refined grains with whole grains.

True

True or false: The liver and muscles are the major storage sites for glycogen.

True

True or false: The main function of glucose is to provide the body with a source of fuel.

True

True or false: The primary function of carbohydrates in the body is to provide energy.

True

True or false: To avoid constipation, adequate fiber and water should be consumed.

True

What type of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and often associated with obesity?

Type 2 diabetes

Name the major monosaccharide found in the body.

glucose

What is the major monosaccharide in the body?

glucose

Which of the following conditions may be present in a person with metabolic syndrome?

high fasting glucose large waist circumference high blood pressure low HDL cholesterol high blood triglycerides

Mel has diabetes and uses insulin for glucose management. If he takes more than his prescribed dose of insulin,

his blood sugar will be too low.

Anna's blood test showed that her fasting blood sugar was 150 mg/dl. According to these results, she is

hyperglycemic.

The key element that underlies all the conditions of the metabolic syndrome is

insulin resistance.

Lactose ___ is a condition in which significant symptoms, such as abdominal gas and bloating, appear after ingestion of foods containing lactose.

intolerance

The main form of carbohydrate found in dairy foods is

lactose.

Refined grains are ______ in fiber than whole grains.

lower

A high-fiber diet may improve blood cholesterol measurements because

soluble fiber binds to cholesterol in the GI tract, causing it to be excreted. fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber in the large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver.

The main function of glucose is to

supply energy.

The Dietary Guidelines urge Americans to

consume 3 or more ounces per day of whole grains. limit intake of added sugars.

Which of the following are subgroups of vegetables, according to MyPlate?

Dark green vegetables Beans and peas Red and orange vegetables Starchy vegetables

A whole grain includes three parts: bran, germ, and endosperm. Which part is left after the grain is refined?

Endosperm

Lactose is the main carbohydrate found in

dairy foods.

As intake of added sugars increases, dietary quality

decreases.

Match the form of diabetes with its correct definition. Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes Gestational diabetes

diabetes matches Choice, A form of diabetes characterized by total insulin deficiency due to destruction of insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. A form of diabetes characterized by total insulin deficiency due to destruction of insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. Type 2 diabetes matches Choice, A form of diabetes characterized by insulin resistance and often associated with obesity. A form of diabetes characterized by insulin resistance and often associated with obesity. Gestational diabetes matches Choice, Occurs in some pregnant women and resolves after delivery of the baby. Occurs in some pregnant women and resolves after delivery of the baby.

Foods in the Dairy group are rich sources of fiber.

False

There is not sufficient evidence to link intake of sugared-sweetened beverages to risk for obesity.

False

True or false: Vegetables must be consumed raw to enjoy their nutrient benefits.

False

Which macronutrient provides 9 kilocalories per gram?

Fat

Which regulatory agency in the United States determines the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) guidelines for alternative sweeteners?

Food and Drug Administration

True or false: Because of its branched structure that can be broken down quickly, glycogen is an ideal storage form of carbohydrate in the body.

True

True or false: Both fiber and starch are types of polysaccharides.

True

Which of the following types of fruit are great sources of dietary fiber?

whole cut-up

Grains containing the entire seed of the plant, including the bran, germ, and endosperm (starchy interior) are called

whole grains.

Whole cornmeal, brown rice, and oatmeal are all examples of Multiple choice question.

whole grains.

The World Health Organization suggests that added sugars provide no more than 10% of total daily intake. Based on a 2000 kcal diet, this is approximately

50 grams.

Which macronutrients provide 4 kilocalories per gram?

Carbohydrates

Which of the following is a sugar alcohol?

Sorbitol

Which of the following is a sugar alcohol?

Xylitol

Choose the food that will have the most fiber.

whole orange

Which of the following are examples of polysaccharides?

amylopectin amylose cellulose

In metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated?

blood pressure fasting glucose triglycerides

Soft drinks and dairy desserts are major sources of ______ in the American diet.

calories added sugars

Soluble fiber ______ the absorption of cholesterol from the small intestine into the blood.

decreases

Match the hormone with its effect on blood glucose. Insulin Glucagon

decreases blood glucose Increases blood glucose

The advantage of the branched structure of ______ is that it allows multiple enzymes to attach to its structure and break it apart quickly.

glycogen

What are some natural food sources of sucrose?

maple sugar sugar beets

For a person with insulin resistance, the pancreas

produces plenty of insulin, but cells cannot use it effectively.

Sugar alcohols are advantageous in food products because they

provide fewer calories than sugar. do not promote tooth decay

Whole cornmeal, brown rice, and oatmeal are all examples of

whole grains.

What is the guideline that is set at a level 100 times less than the level at which no harmful effects were noted in animal studies?

Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)

Which of the following food choices comply with the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines?

Add baked acorn squash as a side dish with dinner. Choose brown rice instead of white rice in a recipe. Choose frozen blueberries with with no added sugars instead of sweetened frozen berries.

True or false: To treat an episode of diverticulitis, individuals should increase their fiber intake.

False

Is milk a natural source of sucrose?

No

What is the purpose of the Whole Grain stamp that food manufacturers use on grain products?

To identify foods made with whole grains.

Which of the following are major sources of added sugars in American diets?

soft drinks dairy desserts cakes and cookies

What is the Adequate Intake level of dietary fiber for men?

38 grams

What are the important nutrients that milk and milk products provide?

vitamin D calcium

Match each term with its definition. Primary Lactose Maldigestion Secondary lactose maldigestion

-chronically decreased production of lactase with no apparent cause; may cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of large quantities of lactose -temporarily decreased production of lactase due to a specific cause, such as an intestinal virus; may cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of large quantities of lactose

The Dietary Guidelines recommend that ________ of our grains come from whole grains.

1/2

How much milk can most individuals with decreased lactase production tolerate?

1/2 to 1 cup

The World Health Organization recommends an upper limit of ______ of total kcal from added sugars.

10%

What is the adequate intake level for fiber in adult women?

25 grams

If a person consumes a large amount of fiber without adequate fluid, which of the following may happen?

Blockages in the intestine

What is the risk of not eating lactose-containing foods?

Calcium deficiency

What is the technical term for high blood sugar?

Hyperglycemia

What is the main health benefit of nonfermentable (insoluble) fiber?

Improves gastrointestinal health

Which of the following statements about fiber are true?

Is a complex carbohydrate Adds bulk to feces A substance found in plants

Once carbohydrates have been absorbed into the blood, where are they taken to first in the body?

Liver

Which of the following are major storage sites for glycogen?

Liver and muscle

What is the purpose of the Whole Grain stamp that food manufacturers use on grain products?

Look for the word "whole" as the first word on the list of ingredients.

______ are carbohydrates that are not well digested by human enzymes, but they can be fermented by beneficial bacteria in the large intestine.

Prebiotics

Which of the following are benefits of including some insoluble fiber in the diet?

Reduces constipation Reduces transit time of feces

Which of the following is a benefit of soluble fiber?

Reduces total serum cholesterol

Place in order the following four steps in the digestion and absorption process of carbohydrates (from top to bottom).

Salivary amylase Enzymes break down Soluble fiber Insoluble

Select all of the following that are nutritive sweeteners.

Sucrose High-fructose corn syrup Sorbitol

______ are used in some types of gum, breath mints, and candy because they are not readily metabolized by bacteria to acids in the mouth and thus do not promote tooth decay.

Sugar alcohols

Which of the following are true of polysaccharides?

They are sometimes called starches. They are found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruits. They are made of single-sugar units that are bonded together to form a chain. They are sometimes called complex carbohydrates.

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

To provide energy for the body

Which MyPlate food groups provide many high-fiber foods?

Vegetables Fruits Grains

An individual who is experiencing an episode of diverticulitis should

avoid fiber.

Which of the following are components of a whole grain?

bran endosperm germ

The monosaccharides and the disaccharides are designated as _____ because they provide calories.

nutritive sweeteners

Examples of whole grains include

oatmeal. whole wheat flour. bulgur (cracked wheat).

Fiber is a type of

polysaccharide

What are other names for complex carbohydrates?

polysaccharides starch

Monosaccharides are absorbed into intestinal cells and then enter the

portal vein for transport to the liver.