SOC 101 Final Ch 1-10

The first social revolution, namely the domestication of animals and plants, occurred approximately ________ years ago.

10,000

Sexual harassment was not recognized as being a social problem until the ________.

1970s

What did Stanley Milgram's teacher-learner experiment demonstrate?

A substantial number of people will inflict pain on others if ordered to do so by a person in a position of authority.

People from all walks of life, races, religions, and ethnic groups participate in the U.S. legislative process. In view of this, which term best describes American society?

America is a pluralistic society.

What did Solomon Asch's experiment on group conformity demonstrate?

Because of group pressure, most people are willing to say things they know are not true.

"The last thing a fish would ever notice would be water." What does this imply about culture?

Culture is taken for granted by members of society who share it.

A group's way of thinking, including its beliefs, values, and other assumptions about the world, is classified as material culture.

False

Because of the power of peers and social institutions, we are all prisoners of socialization.

False

Biologists and anthropologists generally agree on a five-member classification system to universally distinguish one race from another.

False

By definition, subcultures are a threat to the mainstream culture.

False

Defining social class in America is an objective science because there are clear-cut, agreed-upon definitions of each class.

False

Everyone who shares a respective ethnic identity expresses that identity through the same ethnic work.

False

People in the capitalist class are more likely to experience mental health problems because of the excessive stress associated with managing high-powered jobs.

False

Racism has traditionally been the cause of slavery.

False

Reference groups are reserved for members of professional networks and are utilized almost exclusively by people with career aspirations.

False

Romantic love and its importance in marriage are a cultural universal.

False

Sexual harassment and rape in the military have become isolated events due, for the most part, to extensive training and severe penalties for convicted offenders.

False

Sociologically, an act cannot be classified as deviance if it does not cause physical or emotional harm to another individual.

False

Sociologists have always agreed that the most important goal of sociology is to generate social change.

False

Sociologists have clearly demonstrated that most emotions are universal and are "products of our genes."

False

The 1985 Vietnam veterans study clearly demonstrated that biology (in this case, testosterone) is the cause of male aggressiveness.

False

The Most Industrialized Nations are almost equally distributed between the Northern and Southern hemispheres of the world.

False

The Supreme Court has ruled that sexual harassment laws do not apply equally to homosexuals who are harassed by heterosexuals on the job.

False

The advent of the biotech society can be traced to the invention of the microchip in 1953.

False

The amount of personal space people require is a cultural universal that is consistent from one culture to the next.

False

The broadest framework that determines what kind of people we will become is social status.

False

The corners of life that people occupy such as jobs, income, education, gender, age, and race are referred to as the social imperative.

False

The research of the Harlows demonstrated that the key to mother-child bonding is the ability of the mother to provide food and other nutrition to the offspring.

False

The way in which race is determined is a universal cultural constant.

False

With the need for independence and greater opportunity, children are leaving home at an earlier age and less likely to return home after they leave.

False

There were much-publicized myths of the late 1800s that centered around the rags-to-riches exploits of fictional boy heroes. These myths were perpetuated by their author, ________.

Horatio Alger

Based on the accident that led to the sex change of a seven-month-old identical twin as well as the Vietnam veterans' study, which statement is MOST accurate regarding the effects of nature and nurture on behavior?

Human behavior is the result of nature and nurture working together.

Sociologically, why is gender especially significant?

It is a master status cutting across all aspects of social life.

The concept of the relativity of deviance is best illustrated by which of the following statements?

It is not the act itself, but the reaction of others to the act that makes it deviant.

The practice the South employed after the Civil War to segregate blacks from whites was called ________.

Jim Crow laws

While in the Peace Corps, Kristina enjoyed a delicious Cambodian dinner that included several entrees. Later that evening she was told that one of the entrees was roast dog, the same canine Kristina was playing with the day before. At this point Kristina became ill and swore she would be a vegetarian as long as she was in Cambodia. Which statement most applies to Kristina's experience?

Kristina experienced culture shock.

What state had the most extreme penalty for interracial marriage?

Mississippi

Which of the following statements is most accurate with respect to determining social prestige in modern society?

One's occupational title is the greatest influence in determining social prestige.

The notion that language determines our consciousness is the basic premise of which concept?

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

In politics, what distinction does Carol Moseley-Braun (or Carol Brown) hold?

She was the first African American woman elected to the U.S. Senate.

________ are the social ties that radiate outward from the self and link people together.

Social networks

In The Scarlet Letter, why was Hester Prynne required to wear a scarlet "A" on her dress?

Sociologically, this served as a negative sanction and an example of shaming.

Which of the following statements best describes how stereotypes affect our interaction with others when we first meet?

Stereotypes are the assumptions we make that can become self-fulfilling prophecies.

Which statement is LEAST accurate regarding sex and gender?

The terms "sex" and "gender" are sociologically and biologically interchangeable.

Jane is a 49-year-old woman of Irish-German descent. What do these characteristics have in common?

These are examples of her ascribed statuses.

Jim and Jan are working-class Americans making a combined income of $47,000. Today they won a $125 million lottery. How will this immediately impact their lives?

They will experience anomie.

A person receiving a positive sanction would be expected to maintain the behavior that he or she exhibited when receiving the sanction.

True

A society that prohibits interracial marriage by law is enforcing endogamy.

True

According to the principles of symbolic interactionism, symbols not only allow relationships to exist, they also allow society to exist.

True

As the size of a group decreases, the likelihood for diffusion of responsibility also decreases.

True

Ascribed status is involuntary and achieved status is voluntary.

True

Control theory relies on attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief to explain the social bonds people develop to their respective groups and society.

True

Crime "in the suites" (white collar crime) actually costs the American taxpayer more in terms of dollars lost than "crime in the streets."

True

Functionalists note the incest taboo serves to avoid role confusion in families.

True

Gender serves as the primary basis for social inequality.

True

Gender stratification refers to the ranking of males and females according to their access to power, property, and prestige based on their sex.

True

Herbert Spencer believed the most capable and intelligent members of a society would survive while the weak and "less fit" would die, thus improving society, in a master plan that he called "survival of the fittest."

True

Human sexuality illustrates how a group's definitions of an act, and not the act itself, determines whether or not it is considered deviant.

True

In a caste system, social stratification is based on ascribed status.

True

Jews are most accurately classified as an ethnic group because they share more cultural characteristics than biological ones.

True

Of nearly 1 billion adults worldwide who are illiterate, two-thirds are women.

True

People who are prejudiced against one racial or ethnic group tend to be prejudiced against other groups.

True

Studying the level of whiskey consumption in a "dry" town by counting the number of empty whiskey bottles in trashcans is an example of research that uses unobtrusive measures.

True

The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in 1765 when the steam engine was first used to run machinery.

True

The chances of receiving the death penalty are greatly affected by geography (where the murder took place), social class, and gender.

True

The sociological significance of social structure is that it guides our behavior.

True

The sociological significance of the various social revolutions is that the type of society in which we live determines the kind of people we become.

True

The term family is one difficult to define because of the many varieties of family displayed in the world's cultures.

True

There is nothing "natural" about material or nonmaterial culture.

True

To belong to a group is to yield to others the right to make certain decisions about our behavior.

True

Viewing bullfighting from its history, its folklore, its ideas of bravery, and its concepts about sex roles is an example of cultural relativism.

True

Without language there can be no culture, no shared way of life.

True

Sociologically, what is a family?

Two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption.

Mahatma is a member of India's Brahman caste. What is Mahatma's most likely occupation?

a Hindu priest

All of the following acts qualify as a white collar crime EXCEPT for which one?

a bank teller robbing the First National bank

Which phrase best describes Miss Rivers' Lodge?

a health care experiment at Tuskegee University

As a third grader, Henry is reading stories about the American Revolution and how the early Americans were willing to fight to gain their freedom. According to conflict theorists, Henry is not only learning to read, but is also absorbing lessons in patriotism and democracy. These lessons would be referred to by conflict theorists as ________.

a part of the hidden curriculum in U.S. schools

What is a group of people with inherited physical characteristics that distinguish it from another group?

a race

What term best applies to people who share a culture and a territory?

a society

Functionalists refer to how parts of a society fit together to form a whole as ________.

a structure

Which of the following topics would most likely be approached based on a macrosociological analysis?

a study of the impact of terrorism on the travel plans of business people

Another term used for the stage of development called transitional adulthood, which is between the ages of 18 and 29, is ________.

adultolescence

People and groups that influence our orientation to life - our self-concept, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors - are called ________.

agents of socialization

According to strain theory, the underlying cause of deviance is that people experience a sense of normlessness. This sense of normlessness is referred to as ________.

anomie

Prejudice describes ________ while discrimination describes ________.

attitudes; actions

Conflict theorists classify the few who own the means of production as ________ and those who sell their labor to these owners as ________.

capitalists; the working class

The crime with the highest increase among women between 1992 and 2005 was ________.

car theft

Language, beliefs, values, norms, behavior, material objects, and technology that are passed from one generation to the next by members of society describe ________.

culture

An approach to social interaction in which social life is analyzed in terms of the stage is called ________.

dramaturgy

In the United States and many other parts of the world, the common practice is for whites to marry whites, African Americans to marry African Americans, and members of specific social classes to marry within their class. This marital practice is called ________.

endogamy

The author of our textbook added three values to the original list of ten core values that Robin Williams identified as the most common in American society. Which of the following is NOT one of the three values added?

equality

While race might reflect our biological heritage, ________ reflects our cultural heritage.

ethnicity

"One's own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it." This statement is most aligned with the concept of ________.

ethnocentrism

In some tribal societies it is highly encouraged for the son or daughter of one tribe to marry the son or daughter of a neighboring or rival tribe to build camaraderie and form an alliance. This pattern of marital behavior is called ________.

exogamy

What is the philosophy that biology is not destiny, especially with regard to justifying gender stratification?

feminism

What two sociological perspectives are most linked to macrosociology?

functionalism and the conflict perspective

In every society, from the hunting and gathering society to the postindustrial society, the most common basis for social stratification has been ________.

gender

The Smiths are going Christmas shopping for their two children, Dick and Jane. They plan to buy Dick a Tonka truck and Jane a Barbie doll. Their selection of toys for their children is an example of ________ by parents.

gender socialization

The fact that 80 percent of engineering degrees are awarded to men while nearly 90 percent of library science degrees are awarded to women illustrates the phenomenon of ________.

gender tracking

The massacre of Native Americans in the 1800s, the extermination of the Jews in Nazi Germany, and the slaughter of the Tutsis in Rwanda are all examples of ________.

genocide

How would an organization minimize the occurrence of groupthink?

giving free rein to diverse opinions

People all over the world, including college students, are breaking down national boundaries because of advances in communication, trade, and travel. This is referred to as ________.

globalization

How groups influence individuals and how individuals affect groups is referred to as ________.

group dynamics

In Pakistan, Jordan, and Kurdistan, a woman who has brought disgrace to her family is killed by a male relative, usually her brother or husband. This practice is called ________.

honor killing

Frank, Jim, Martha and Louise occupy the same apartment, sharing routine chores such as cooking, cleaning and laundry. Each contributes a share of their earnings to pay utilities and food costs. Sociologists would describe this group as a ________.

household

Americans glorify academic progress and material success. However, most students do not graduate with honors and most citizens are not wealthy. This condition characterizes the difference between ________ and ________.

ideal culture; real culture

Pedro, a legal immigrant from Mexico, and George, a white male whose family has been in America for several generations, have each applied for a car loan at the local bank. Pedro's loan was turned down while George was granted a loan. In comparing their credit history, both men had good credit, and their debts and income were comparable. This is an example of ________ against Pedro.

institutional discrimination

Slavery and apartheid are both examples of the ways in which a country's dominant group exploits minority groups for its economic advantage. What do sociologists call this policy?

internal colonialism

The plow was to the second social revolution as the ________ was to the third social revolution.

invention of the steam engine

Functionalists and conflict theorists tend to focus on the ________, or large scale patterns of society, in conducting their analyses.

macro level

Jewelry, art, hairstyles, and clothing each represent examples of ________.

material culture

Expectations that guide our behavior are called ________.

norms

As described in the text, what are the two myths of race?

one race is superior to another; pure races exist

Jarod is conducting research on the homeless. For six weeks, he has lived among the homeless "24/7," sleeping on the street or at a shelter, and engaging in the same activities as the population he is studying. By doing so, Jarod has been able to gather a broad understanding of the homeless, their needs, and characteristics. In view of this, Jarod is using ________ as a method of gathering data.

participant observation

It is still customary in U.S. society for a bride to accept her husband's last name and for the bride's family to pay for the wedding. What is the line of authority this represents?

patriarchy

Hilda is studying at the library. She has placed her coat on the chair next to her and has spread books in front of the other chairs. Hilda is trying to extend her ________ so others do not invade it.

personal space

In Bongo Bongo, male members of the tribe may each legally have three wives. This is a family relationship defined as ________.

polygyny

Of the following groups, the ________ plays the most significant role in the development of the self.

primary group

The first wave of the women's movement had a radical branch and a conservative branch. What was the goal of the radical branch of the movement?

reforming all the institutions of society

When young people enter college as resident students, they must learn new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors. This is an example of ________.

resocialization

The feeling of sexual attraction and idealization of another is called ________.

romantic love

Edgar and Jayne are a couple in their 40s. They are busy raising a family of three children. They also spend considerable time each week at their parents' homes doing yard maintenance and running errands for their parents. Edgar and Jayne are members of the ________ generation.

sandwich

Our image of how others see us is called the ________.

self

Inner and outer controls that work against our tendencies to deviate is known as what theory?

self-control theory

The notion that only the fittest members of society deserve to survive and that social programs to help the poor will ultimately weaken the social order is a doctrine known as ________.

social Darwinism

Traditionally, statuses occupied by men (father, husband) are given greater prestige than those occupied by women (mother, wife). This awarding of privilege and prestige to one group while denying it to the other is called ________.

social inequality

The organized, usual, or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs are referred to as ________.

social institutions

When sociologists group people into categories based on their age, gender, educational level, job, and income, they are trying to determine ________.

social location

A group's usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend and on which they base their lives, is called ________.

social order

The division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative power, property, and prestige is referred to as ________.

social stratification

The typical patterns of a group, such as its usual relationships between men and women or students and teachers, are referred to as ________.

social structure

The sociological perspective emphasizes how the social context influences people's lives, particularly how people are influenced by ________.

society

Phil, a janitor for an expensive apartment-house complex in Chicago, is a union janitor who makes quite a bit more money than many of the tenants in the building he maintains. Lenski would note that Phil's high income but low occupational prestige demonstrates a condition of ________.

status inconsistency

Signs that identify a position in society that someone occupies are referred to as ________.

status symbols

When a group has a distinctive way of looking at life, but at the same time its values and norms reflect the dominant culture of its society, the group would be considered a(n) ________.

subculture

In psychoanalytic theory, the "culture within us" is represented by the ________.

superego

Which research method involves collecting data by having people answer a series of questions?

survey

The relativity of deviance is most aligned with which sociological perspective?

symbolic interactionism

Sociologists who analyze how social life depends on the ways that people define themselves and others are most likely ________.

symbolic interactionists

In which of the following societies might slavery MOST likely exist?

the agricultural society

Napoleon Chagnon's visit to the Yanomamö tribe, where he observed tribe members appearing naked in public, using hallucinogenic drugs, and letting mucus hang from their noses, is a good example of

the cultural relativity of deviance

Based on the textbook, what are two ways a group becomes a minority?

the expansion of political boundaries and migration

Agatha has worked for ten years in the public relations department of a large firm. She has been promoted to several higher paying managerial positions, but never to an executive position, even though she has directed several successful projects for the firm. Her lack of promotion most likely illustrates ________.

the glass ceiling

The spread of an economic system based on investing to make profits, which is becoming the world's dominant economic system, is referred to as ________.

the globalization of capitalism

Which society is characterized as being the most egalitarian and nomadic, consisting of 25 to 40 members?

the hunting and gathering society

What term applies to the stages that people pass through from birth to death, beginning with "childhood" and concluding with "the older years"?

the life course

Sociologically, what is the immediate family of husband, wife, and children called who live apart from other kin?

the nuclear family

In the "nature versus nurture" argument regarding socialization, the "nurture" component refers to ________.

the social environment

The concept that describes opening a window into unfamiliar worlds that allows us to understand human behavior by placing it within its broader social context is called

the sociological perspective (or imagination)

Which concept explains the rise of global stratification as including core nations, semiperiphery nations, periphery nations, and external areas?

world system theory