SOC 134 TExtbook questions
13. A settlement located near agricultural fields consisting of dilapidated shacks, low-cost housing, and inhabited primarily by U.S. citizens and migrant farm workers is an example of a: a. colonia b. bracero c. barrio d. reservation
A
37. Over the entire span of U.S. history, 1,895 people have been elected to the Senate. Of these senators, only what percent were nonwhite? a. 1 b. 5 c. 10 d. 15
A
39. Which institution is most likely to rely on affirmative action admission policies? a. Harvard University b. Iowa State University c. Borough of Manhattan Community College d. Everest Public High School
A
4. One of the fundamental tenets of the _________________________ is that history does not structure our experiences and that these experiences can either compound as advantages—or privileges—or increase barriers to opportunities. What type of fallacy best describes such thinking? a. ahistorical fallacy b. legalistic fallacy c. tokenistic fallacy d. individualistic fallacy
A
30. The majority of whites are registered members of which political party? a. Green b. Republican c. Independent d. Democrat
B
8. The textbook authors find both Booker T. Washington's and W. E. B. Du Bois's platforms lacking what? a. the support of white masses b. means to organize for civil rights c. adequate policy recommendations d. motivation for African Americans to work harder
B
20. What was one result of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 and the 1980 Refugee Act? a. European immigrants surged to the United States in record numbers. b. Refugees, asylum seekers, and undocumented immigrants were no longer permitted entry to the United States. c. Tens of thousands of Vietnamese refugees relocated to the United States in the mid-1970s. d. Mexican immigrants became one of the wealthiest immigration groups, with just a 2 percent poverty rate for first-generation children.
C
27. Which of the following groups of workers might company executives refer to as "strike insurance"? a. workers who never initiate strikes because they receive high pay and good benefits b. women workers who are too passive to initiate strikes c. African American workers who replace striking workers d. managers who strong-arm their employees into not striking
C
38. Who benefits from environmental racism? a. Native Americans living on reservations b. small business owners located in rural areas c. those that have enough wealth to live away from polluting sites d. those that live in sparsely populated counties
C
4. Which best describes the relationship between the educational policies applied to African Americans and American Indians during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? a. exclusion /assimilation b. assimilation/ reeducation c. exclusion/ reeducation d. inclusion/ exclusion
C
15. When it comes to poverty in America: a. Though many Americans live in poverty, the rates are lower than in other industrialized nations. b. Poverty levels in white communities and in communities of color are about the same in the United States. c. Poverty levels are higher among senior citizens than among children. d. Nearly one third of American "breadwinners" are among the nation's working poor
D
3. In which year was the first American-Indian-controlled school established on the Navajo res-ervation? a. 1870 b. 1920 c. 1955 d. 1966
D
31. Comparisons across ________________ reveal variation in racial categorization between countries, highlighting the importance of _______________ in making race. a. countries; time b. time; place c. homogenizing headings; culture d. families; place
D
33. According to the figure below, "Electoral Shifts in 2011," which state experienced the most dramatic increase in Republican voting since the 2004 election? a. Arkansas b. Texas c. New York d. California
A
42. What is the social force driving the transformation of the racial makeup of many majority-white small towns? a. immigration b. deindustrialization c. environmental racism d. whites moving into city centers
A
15. What did Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth have in common? a. They were rare examples of black slave owners. b. They were former slaves turned abolitionists. c. They worked closely with feminists to highlight the gendered aspects of race. d. They were leaders of armed slave rebellions.
B
16. Unlike serfs from European countries such as Germany, France, and England, when African slaves were emancipated they _____________. a. were given a small piece of the land they worked while they were enslaved. b. were denied definite rights in the land. c. were forced to continue to work in agriculture. d. were denied the right to marry.
B
22. Little Italy in New York City, where a number of Italian Americans have lived and owned businesses for generations, is an example of what? a. an immigrant consortium b. an ethnic enclave c. a cosmopolitan canopy d. an assimilation district
B
6. Patricia, a young white woman, and Daniel, a young black man, are both struggling to get by. However, Patricia was able to pay off her student loans when she inherited money from her grandmother. This is an example of racial disparities in: a. income b. wealth c. life expectancy d. credit
B
33. As of 2010, which racial/ethnic group had the biggest percentage of its members living in the suburbs? a. blacks b. Asians c. whites d. Hispanics
C
39. According to the historian Mae Ngai, laws and policies that made ethnic or racial identity a determining factor in the opportunity to immigrate during the 1920s resulted in: a. decreasing racial identification for white immigrants b. decreasing racial identification for Latino/a immigrants c. decreasing racial identification for Caribbean islanders d. decreasing racial identification for Asian immigrants
A
1. Which of the five fallacies or misconceptions about racism best describes this example? "Your friend does not believe that racial segregation in schools is a problem today. After all, she argues, the courts ruled segregated education unconstitutional many decades ago." a. tokenistic fallacy b. legalistic fallacy c. ahistorical fallacy d. individualistic fallacy
B
10. In what years were the percentages of black students in U.S. public schools roughly equal? a. 1900 and 1970 b. 1970, 1980, and 2000 c. 1960 and 1990 d. 1990 and 2010
B
11. Institutional racism is facilitated by different types of power. Which of the following is one of these modes of power? a. cultural power b. political power c. military power d. physical power
B
12. Which of the following life experiences has been linked to job loss, depression, residential instability, and relocating to poorer, more violent neighborhoods and is twice as likely to happen to women as men? a. marriage b. eviction c. divorce d. incarceration
B
13. The term "white trash"—a derogatory term for rural, impoverished whites—began circulating in newspapers and books during what time period? a. 1770s b. 1850s c. 1910s d. 1970s
B
30. Racial categories are bound to their specific social and ___________ contexts, meaning that such boundaries are not the same in India as in South Africa. a. economic b. historical c. tribal d. familial
B
35. Consider the following scenario: "A qualified applicant is rejected from a top university because the spot was reserved for another type of student." What is the most likely reason the seat was reserved for the second applicant? a. affirmative action b. legacy admit c. athletic recruitment d. STEM recruitment
B
36. The U.S. government program that ran from 1942 through 1964 to recruit Mexican nationals and has been referred to as "legalized slavery" was called what? a. the Temporary Worker program b. the Bracero program c. the Migrant Worker program d. the Colonias program
B
4. Which of the following terms pertains to neighborhoods marked by severe spatial and social segregation and by an amputation from America's economic prosperity, national security, col-lective imagination and memory, and state services? a. spatial assimilation thesis b. advanced marginality c. ethnic community thesis d. degree of segregation
B
8. According to the textbook, Mexican immigrants who work in Nebraskan meatpacking plants primarily contend for jobs with: a. semiskilled African Americans b. immigrants from Somalia c. poor whites d. Native Americans
B
1. Which of the following statements is true? a. In U.S. cities, the typical white person lives in a neighborhood that is 45 percent white. b. Hispanics are twice as likely as blacks and Asians to be isolated from other racial groups. c. African Americans in many metropolitan areas live in a condition of hypersegregation. d. The segregation levels of Asian ethnic groups vary by skin tone.
C
24. In 2013, the unemployment rate for whites was 6.4 percent. What was the unemployment rate for blacks? a. 3.4 percent b. 6.7 percent c. 13.2 percent d. 20.5 percent
C
32. Racial categories are ________________ when symbolic groupings, the products of specific historical contexts, are mistakenly considered natural and immutable. a. legal b. undermined c. naturalized d. erased
C
14. In a June 2015 news clip, media commentator Bill O'Reilly said Americans needed to "get ready for the underclass." According to sociologists, what is wrong with using the term "underclass" to refer to people in poverty? a. Liberal politicians use the term to criticize poor conservative whites. b. It overemphasizes the role of education in economic outcomes. c. The term is almost always used to refer to poor, uneducated rural whites. d. It implies that a group should be kept low and ostracized from the rest of society.
D
14. Why did Harriet Jacobs, author of Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, say that slavery "is terrible for men; but it is far more terrible for women"? a. Women were forced to work longer hours in the field than men. b. Male slaves were more likely to escape from their masters than female slaves were. c. Women were forced to work in plantation houses alongside their owners. d. Since slave children increased a master's wealth, slave women were often the victims of rape.
D
9. With the weakening of the NAACP, the Civil Rights Movement shifted its focus from legal action to which kind of action? a. subversive action b. apolitical action c. religious action d. direct action
D
16. Ella Baker referred to the nitty-gritty, tiresome, and unglamorous labor of chipping away at the white power structure day by day and door to door as what? a. direct action b. spadework c. mass protest d. armed struggle
B
11. What served as the institutional hub of the Civil Rights Movement? a. the church b. the town hall c. the home d. the library
A
6. In 1895, Booker T. Washington gave a speech known as "the Atlanta compromise." In it, he suggested that appropriate race relations were comparable to the relationship between: a. the fingers and the hand b. a lifeboat and a battleship c. children and parents d. a governor and his or her constituents
A
1. Which group prospered most following World War II? a. African Americans b. white Americans c. Latino Americans d. Native Americans
B
16. Today white families are, on average, ________ times more wealthy than black and Hispanic families. a. three b. six c. two d. ten
B
26. Familism is a variant of _____________ having to do with one's attachment to, and reliance on, family-based relationships. a. cultural capital b. social capital c. economic capital d. symbolic capital
B
26. How much has public housing inventory fallen since 1991? a. 40 percent b. 20 percent c. None; public housing inventory has remained stable d. None; public housing inventory has actually increased since 1991
B
41. Which of the following best exemplifies the advice offered by the textbook authors on how whites can contribute to fighting racial injustice? a. Promote colorblindness by refusing to provide one's race on the census. b. Accept guilt for the crimes committed by other whites. c. Join an antiracist group on campus to suggest improvements that would make residential life more inclusive. d. Protest affirmative action in admissions.
C
42. While blacks were granted the right of citizenship in 1870 as part of the Reconstruction Amendments after the Civil War, other nonwhites were denied citizenship until: a. the 1890s b. the 1920s c. the 1940s d. the 1960s
C
43. What is a result of cases like Shaw v. Reno (1993) and Miller v. Johnson (1995), which outlaw only race-based gerrymandering? a. The Court provides minority populations with an unfair electoral advantage. b. The Court equalizes the electoral playing field. c. The Court fails to recognize white majority districts as white districts, and whiteness is rendered invisible. d. Minority politicians have a better chance of being elected.
C
44. Consider the following scenario: School board members are debating a policy change that would increase the police presence at the local high school. What course of action might a sociologist recommend before making a decision? a. assigning police to schools based on the per pupil percentage of disciplinary infractions b. letting the principal decide based on what he thought worked at the high school he attended c. analyzing the factors that are of concern, including social and historical patterns d. letting the students vote
C
45. In a National Election Study, 90 percent of blacks thought the U.S. government should ensure fair treatment of blacks. What percentage of whites thought the same thing? a. 13 b. 25 c. 46 d. 72
C
18. What is the unemployment rate on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation? a. 20 percent b. 45 percent c. 60 percent d. 75 percent
D
12. What is the significance of the fact that the Women's Political Council had first conceived of the Montgomery Bus Boycott and had been planning it for months? a. It undermined the efforts of other leaders like Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. b. In popular historical accounts, the faces of the Civil Rights Movement typically belong to men. c. The council was the first to politically align black and Latin American women. d. It popularized the teachings of Malcolm X.
B
18. A _____________________ is a social and symbolic hierarchical system of classification and social division that organizes people into rigid groups. a. racial hierarchy b. caste system c. phenotypical classification d. genetic variation
B
34. What has been a consequence of cities renovating central-city areas to entice upper-class individuals and families? a. the ability of more lower-income families to live in the suburbs and raise their standard of living b. poor families being pushed to the suburbs, cut off from employment opportunities and services c. upper-class individuals and families seeing a decrease in their standard of living d. suburbs growing at the fastest rate since in the 1950s
B
35. In the United States, __________ often creates distinctions and identities within _____________. For instance, four people may be considered white, yet they may each have ancestry and cultural traditions originating from different countries, including Poland, Ireland, England, and Norway. a. racial identity; ethnic groups b. ethnicity; racial groups c. culture; ethnic groups d. racial groups; cultures
B
35. The white voting population grows by _____ percent each year, and the Hispanic voting population grows by ______ percent each year. a. 3 percent; 0.5 percent b. 0.5 percent; 3 percent c. 5 percent; 10 percent d. 10 percent; 5 percent
B
36. George's father is an African American, and his mother is white American. Mike's father is a white Italian, and his mother is a white American. Why does Mike have a higher degree of fluidity and freedom when self-identifying ethnically? a. because Mike's father is from a different country b. because George's black identity is stigmatized c. because whites are better at "performing" ethnic identity d. because of Mike's personal values
B
38. Assuming that President Barack Obama would advocate exclusively for the interests of people of color simply because he is a person of color is an example of what? a. the Southern Strategy b. the tokenistic fallacy c. affirmative action d. reverse discrimination
B
21. The American Indian movement attempted to organize against federal "Indian Termination" policies. What was the effect of these policies? a. When tribes lost federal recognition, they also lost federal aid and land rights. b. The policies afforded Native Americans extensive federal benefits by lumping them together with other minorities. c. Federal administrators were allowed to jail Native Americans who politically organized. d. Ninety percent of tribes were relocated to North and South Dakota.
A
21. What is an "ethnic enclave"? a. a semiautonomous economy, large or small, that is owned, operated, and managed by members of the same immigrant or ethnic community b. a group of immigrants who are forcibly contained in one place c. an urban center where people of various nationalities interact and participate in local commerce d. a group of recent immigrants who participate in collective child raising and caregiving
A
22. What roadblock strategy was responsible for slowing the pace of desegregation? a. legislative acts known as "public placement" b. activism by the League of Latin American Citizens c. a strike by school bus drivers d. private, all-black schools
A
23. Aside from the structure of the economy, the class privileges (or lack thereof) of immigrants, and ethnic enclaves, what else does the textbook say impacts how well immigrants fare in America? a. racial privileges b. luck c. mathematical ability d. number of children
A
6. According to the textbook, what are two key forms of racial domination? a. institutional racism and white privilege b. institutional racism and political domination c. institutional racism and interpersonal racism d. interpersonal racism and white privilege
C
7. A stark critic of Booker T. Washington's "compromise," W. E. B. Du Bois argued that Washington perpetuated what by not opposing white supremacy? a. civil rights b. intellectualism c. symbolic violence d. de jure segregation
C
12. According to the figure below, "The African Slave Trade 1501-1867," the greatest number of African slaves were taken where? a. the United States b. Cuba c. Jamaica d. Brazil
D
10. In the mid-1950s, civil rights organizing shifted away from a ______ organization and toward a focus on _________ groups? a. religious; secular b. grassroots; political c. bureaucratic; community-based d. loose; hierarchical
A
11. Textbook writers describing the penning of the Declaration of Independence without acknowledging the influence of the governance of the Iroquois Nation is one example of what? a. racial domination b. segregated education c. multicultural curricula d. historic distortion
A
12. According to the textbook, in 2013 the poverty threshold for a single person under the age of 65 was $11,490; it was $23,550 for a family made up of a couple and their two children. What proportion of Hispanics, African Americans, and Native Americans are living below the poverty line? a. 10 percent b. 35 percent c. 50 percent d. 75 percent
B
13. Which of the following statements about institutional racism and interpersonal racism is accurate? a. Institutional racism is overt, while interpersonal racism is embedded in social practices at work in schools, politics, and law enforcement. b. Institutional racism often quietly privileges some groups (for example, by highlighting the accomplishments of the dominant group in school curricula), while interpersonal racism is more overt. c. Neither institutional nor interpersonal racism is necessarily overt; both forms of racism often operate in the habitual commonsense and largely unconscious practices of daily life. d. Both institutional and interpersonal racism are consciously chosen ways of acting in social settings and in creating social order.
C
15. The cartoon below offers us an insightful look at how ________________ can take form in everyday interactions. a. interpersonal racism b. institutional racism c. symbolic violence d. legalistic fallacy
C
28. A group of students argue with their professor that their assigned history text is inadequate because it ignores the influence of slave revolts in achieving emancipation. According to Prudence Carter, how should we understand their behavior? a. This is an example of how some groups do not value education. b. The students exhibit behavior consistent with oppositional culture theory. c. The students are resistant to a curriculum that does not adequately represent their heritage. d. These students should be considered at risk for dropping out.
C
29. What is the only group in the history of the United States that has experienced ghettoization, as defined by Massey and Denton? a. Latinos b. Asians c. African Americans d. Polish
C
9. Which of the following directly contributed to white flight out of urban centers and into the suburbs? a. industrialization b. the Civil Rights Movement c. federal government loan programs d. the Great Depression
C
39. For which racial/ethnic group is environmental racism one of the most pressing issues? a. Hispanics b. Asians c. whites d. Native Americans
D
4. Following the recent economic recession that began in 2008, many Tea Party Republican poli-ticians proposed cutting taxes for the wealthy as a way to boost the economy. In doing so, which tradition are they following? a. the Taft-Hartley Act b. the New Deal c. the War on Poverty d. Reaganomics
D
40. Similar to poor blacks living in urban ghettos, poor whites living in rural trailer parks often suffer from what? a. the "redneck stigma" b. the "stigma of the poor" c. the "blemish of poverty" d. the "blemish of place"
D
40. The courts have played an important role in adjudicating racial categorization processes. Understanding court decisions around racial categorization processes further underscores how race and ethnicity are _____________ and ______________ constructs. a. economic; material b. geographic; cultural c. biological; genetic d. social; historical
D
22. The 1969 occupation of Alcatraz Island, in which protestors demanded the island be released for the explicit development of Indian education, lasted how long? a. Five days b. Seven months c. Nineteen months d. Four years
C
29. According to the textbook, in 2013, if black women were paid as much as white men with similar credentials they would earn an average of how much more per year? a. $500 b. $2,000 c. $5,000 d. $7,000
D
29. President Kennedy coined the phrase "a rising tide lifts all boats" to refer to political preference of universal, rather than race-based, policies as a strategy to eradicate inequality. Which policy most closely reflects that strategy? a. the Voting Rights Act, which prohibited voter discrimination b. proposals to ban the growth of the private prison industry c. attempts by right-wing politicians to build a wall between the United States and Mexico d. President Obama's advocating universal health care to combat race-based health disparities
D
3. Sometimes speakers invoke examples of individuals—say, Madame C. J. Walker, Oprah Winfrey, or Barack Obama—to suggest that if these individuals were able to triumph over ra-cial barriers, the path is clear for everyone. What type of fallacy best describes such thinking? a. fixed fallacy b. legalistic fallacy c. ahistorical fallacy d. tokenistic fallacy
D
30. How did the "hyperghetto" form? a. Legalized segregation forced all blacks into one geographical area. b. Urban renewal created overcrowded slums full of only low-income families. c. Redlining prevented ghettos from any type of urban renewal, so the low-income areas just kept declining. d. Middle- and upper-class blacks fled the ghetto after legal segregation was overturned, leaving only low-income families.
D
31. Which of the following racial-ethnic groups is most likely to vote Republican? a. Puerto Rican Americans b. African Americans c. Mexican Americans d. Cuban Americans
D
32. As the children of Jewish shopkeepers assimilated into whiteness and took leave of their families' shops in the inner city, what immigrant group has often stepped in to take their place, particularly in black ghettos? a. Japanese b. Filipinos c. Vietnamese d. Koreans
D
32. Jarrod is a 48-year-old wealthy, African American CEO. Which political party is he most likely to vote for? a. Independent b. Republican c. Green d. Democrat
D
33. Although many people think of Tiger Woods as African American, he considers himself multiracial and as a child invented the term "Calabanasian" to describe himself. This example helps us understand the complex relationship between _______________. a. ancestry and culture b. culture and tribal membership c. phenotype and culture d. ancestry and phenotype
D
35. Where have almost half of all new immigrants since the 1990s settled? a. rejuvenated city centers b. an integrated urban neighborhood c. urban ethnic enclaves d. the suburbs
D
36. What is one factor that might complicate the assumption that the percentage of Hispanic voters will grow in direct proportion to their population growth? a. Latinos typically turn out to vote at higher rates than most other groups. b. The Latino population is relatively old, and older populations are less likely to vote. c. Political parties tend to remain stagnant over time. d. Hispanics may increasingly consider themselves white, which would increase the percentage of white voters
D
38. According to social scientists, what is one result of affirmative action? a. Most women and blacks feel that affirmative action has played a major role in their employment opportunities. b. The self-esteem of women and people of color has been impacted negatively, especially with regard to self-efficacy at work. c. Most women and people of color feel that their coworkers doubt their abilities because of affirmative action. d. People hired through affirmative action policies do just as well as those not hired through affirmative action policies.
D
40. What is the definition of "substantive representation"? a. the nitty-gritty, tiresome, and unglamorous labor of chipping away at the white power structure day by day and door to door b. the set of processes by which elected politicians redraw and manipulate the borders of political districts to secure political advantage c. appointing to political positions nonwhites disconnected from the needs and problems of most nonwhite citizens d. correspondence between the goals of nonwhite representatives and those of nonwhite citizens
D
41. What does Chapter 5 identify as a "new tactic of white fight?" a. flying the Confederate flag b. moving into renewed urban centers c. creating new sundown towns d. passing English-only ordinances
D
42. Who has attempted to secure political advantage through gerrymandering? a. Republicans b. Democrats c. Libertarians d. all political parties
D
43. The authors of the textbook invite you to understand race and ethnicity through a sociological lens. C. Wright Mills coined the term "_________________," which means understanding and interpreting everyday life not only through one's own personal experience but also through the exploration of ________________ that structure and direct our social world. a. sociological lens; cultural influences b. interpretative analysis; broader economic forces c. aggregated analysis; variables d. sociological imagination; broader historical forces
D
48. Hillary Clinton's remarks during the 2008 presidential primaries, in which she stated that "hardworking" "white Americans" were supporting her and not Senator Obama, are an example of which of the following concepts? a. color-blind politics b. felon disenfranchisement c. tokenistic fallacy d. racial dog whistling
D
5. What do Emmett Till, Charlie Lang, Ernest Green, and Henry Bedford all have in common? a. They all were involved the Democratic Party. b. They all went to desegregated schools. c. They all lobbied for the right to vote. d. They were all victims of white terrorism.
D
6. Facing high levels of environmental hazards, being isolated from economic opportunities, ne-glected by political leaders, and feeling stigmatized by a "blemish of place" are common expe-riences by residents of what two types of neighborhoods? a. renovated city centers and the suburbs b. poor, rural white areas and the suburbs c. the suburbs and the ghetto d. the ghetto and poor, rural white areas
D
7. What conclusion is shown in the figure below, "2009 Median Household Income by Race"? a. Whites inherit less wealth than other racial/ethnic groups. b. Whites inherit more wealth than other racial/ethnic groups. c. Whites make more money than other racial/ethnic groups, but only because they work more hours. d. Whites make more money than other racial/ethnic groups, even when they work the same hours.
D
8. The NAACP was banned in several Southern states after refusing to release the contact information of its members. What was the effect of the weakening of the NAACP? a. The Civil Rights Movement stalled. b. Activists and leaders decided that electoral politics were the solution to racial inequality. c. Most blacks who had previously identified as Republicans began to identify as Democrats. d. The movement grew to include people like sharecroppers, teachers, students, and even children.
D
1. Though often forced to attend boarding schools run by Christian missionaries and later the federal government, American Indian students regularly resisted this "indoctrination into whiteness." Which of the following, as described in Chapter 7, is an example of such re-sistance? a. performing important ceremonies in secret b. organizing a walk-out c. starting a letter writing campaign d. using physical violence
A
24. Child psychologists Hart and Risley examined speech patterns across families of different social class backgrounds. Which of the following best describes their findings? a. Poor children are more likely to be spoken to in high-pitched voices. b. Middle-class children are more likely to receive explicit instructions. c. Middle-class children receive more praise and hear more utterances than poor children. d. Poor children hear more praise than middle-class children but are less likely to have as many words spoken in their homes.
C
25. Annette Laureau, author of Unequal Childhoods, argues that class differences in parenting are: a. more about race than class b. mostly related to differences in material goods c. mostly about language, attitudes, and behaviors d. mostly pertain to the geographic environment of the child's upbringing
C
10. Juliana, whose parents are immigrants from the Dominican Republic, was the first person in her family to go to college. Her parents, who recently retired after years of work as domestic servants, like to tell their friends that the family is wealthy now that their daughter has graduated from medical school. Why is their boast about their family wealth not quite accurate? a. They forget that most wealth is passed down through family generations and that having a high income is not the same thing as having wealth. b. They naively place their faith in a woman as a breadwinner. c. They ignore the power of government programs in helping families get out of poverty. d. They forget that doctors' incomes will decline because of the Affordable Care Act.
A
11. Banks that are more likely to lend money to whites than to nonwhites and banks that charge higher mortgage rates to nonwhites are examples of: a. present-day institutional racism b. why there is persistent income inequality between whites and nonwhites c. institutional racism that, while no longer practiced, has created wealth inequalities d. the effects of past and present-day wage inequalities
A
11. Which of the following represents a symbolic cost of segregation? a. Segregation creates the appearance that racial divisions are real, natural, and unchanging. b. Politicians neglect nonwhite neighborhoods. c. Nonwhite areas are often far from normal institutions such as hospitals, banks, and grocery stores. d. Low income areas have much smaller education budgets.
A
12. As it relates to racial domination, symbolic power is best described as: a. the power to define and classify groups as normal or aberrant b. the power to legally withhold basic rights from certain groups c. the power to privilege whites over others in terms of access to employment and the accumulation of wealth d. the power to deny people of color membership in desirable associations
A
12. Research shows that students of color are about 10 percent more likely to experience what in college classrooms compared to their white peers? a. harassment and feelings of being unwelcome b. differential treatment and inflated grades c. anxiety about future employment d. harassment but achievement of more positions of leadership
A
13. While books that are often held up as classics in the U.S. educational system—such as Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn—are widely regarded as being universally applicable, writing by marginalized groups—such as Maya Angelou's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings—is often considered: a. a particular perspective b. inferior to white writing c. superior to white writing d. unbiased and objective
A
14. What part of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) was Ella Baker critical of? a. the style of charismatic (masculine) leadership b. the presence of whites c. the lack of young people d. the prevalence of powerful business leaders
A
15. In what way might Margaret Mead's classic ethnographic study, Coming of Age in Samoa: A Psychological Study of Primitive Youth for Western Civilization, illustrate the whiteness in education? a. by describing the people in the study as uniform and homogenous b. by being taught to white students only c. by attempting to understand the complexity of lived experience d. by reflecting on her own position as a white ethnographer
A
16. Historically, racial oppression has been justified through explanations grounded in scientific language. Modern scientists tell us that we share _________ percent of the same genes with other humans and there is much greater genetic variation within traditionally defined racial groups than among them. a. 99.9 b. 88.7 c. 79.9 d. 65.0
A
16. In what ways did housing segregation help reinforce racial inequality in the middle of the twentieth century? a. Blacks had lower wages than whites but higher average rent, making it difficult to accumulate wealth. b. Blacks had lower average rent and lower wages than whites, which stigmatized them. c. Blacks were isolated out in the suburbs, making it difficult to get to work. d. Whites were in the suburbs with a higher cost of living but access to much better-paying jobs.
A
17. In most U.S. public universities, the fact that Muslim students are required to attend classes during Ramadan is an example of what? a. privileging of certain groups' history, culture, and needs over others' b. commitment to equity in higher education c. the separation of church and state d. growth of an oppositional culture
A
17. The H-2A guest worker program brings tens of thousands of people to the United States to work in manual labor sectors. But because these workers are bound to the companies that request them, some critics have called this practice an example of modern-day _________. a. indentured servitude b. homesteading c. black codes d. immigration acts
A
17. What were the two goals of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee's (SNCC's) 1964 Freedom Summer? a. voter registration and quality education b. gender equality and sexual liberation c. religious freedom and economic opportunity d. immigrant rights and fair labor practices
A
19. Maryland's 1904 law that required all railroad companies to provide separate train cars for black and white passengers is an example of what? a. Jim Crow laws b. de facto segregation c. the Three-Fifths compromise d. Manifest Destiny
A
19. ___________ is best described as the argument that social and economic differences between races are the result of immutable, inherited, and inborn distinctions. a. Biological determinism b. Social constructivism c. Institutional racism d. Interpersonal racism
A
2. Well into the mid-twentieth century, white planters gave blacks a small piece of land on which to grow crops and live (often in squalid shacks). In return, blacks gave white planters a por-tion of their crops. This process was called what? a. sharecropping b. unionizing c. indentured servitude d. grandfather clauses
A
2. Which of the five fallacies or misconceptions about racism best describes this example? "You read a newspaper article on changing racial attitudes declaring that young adults ages eighteen to twenty-four are the least racist in American history. While you hope this is true, you are worried that the research is using a static definition of 'racism.'" a. fixed fallacy b. legalistic fallacy c. tokenistic fallacy d. individualistic fallacy
A
22. Which event effectively ended the 350-year-old Indian Wars? a. the Wounded Knee Massacre b. the Indian Allotment Act c. the Indian Reservation Act d. the Trail of Tears
A
22. Which explanation for why are whites less likely than people of color to identify themselves in racial terms is discussed in the textbook? a. Whites often do not think of themselves as belonging to a racial category. b. Whites are less concerned with racism than other groups. c. Whites think of race in biological, not cultural, terms. d. Whites worry that drawing attention to race is impolite.
A
23. Based on the chart below, "Diversity Experiences in Each Group's Typical Neighborhood, 2010," which racial/ethnic group is most likely to live in a segregated neighborhood? a. whites b. blacks c. Hispanics d. Asians
A
23. Which of the following is most likely to work as a form of "cultural capital"? a. ability to distinguish between works of classical music b. expertise in skateboarding c. ability to distinguish between subgenres of graphic novels d. ability to prepare an array of vegan specialty dishes
A
23. __________ is the collection of unearned cultural, political, economic, and social advantages and privileges possessed by people of Anglo-European descent or those who pass as such. a. White privilege b. Racial domination c. Institutional racism d. Caste hierarchy
A
24. A realtor that shows an upper-class black family homes in only black neighborhoods is guilty of what practice? a. steering b. redlining c. covenant deeds d. blockbusting
A
24. What was the name of the multiracial organization founded on the campuses of the University of California-Berkeley and San Francisco State College, which challenged these campuses' Eurocentric curricula? a. Third World Liberation Front b. American Indian movement c. Rainbow Coalition d. Students United Across Colors
A
25. In 2015, thirteen students were arrested at the University of Minnesota when they conducted a sit-in at the president's office in an attempt to protest the lack of diversity in the faculty. These protestors most clearly followed in the tradition of which group? a. Third World Liberation Front b. American Indian movement c. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People d. United Farm Workers
A
25. Those who argue that employment disparities can be improved by simply providing people of color with better work training promote their belief in: a. impersonal market forces b. institutional racism c. interpersonal racism d. affirmative action
A
25. Which of the following is an example of a homogenizing heading? a. Native American b. Irish American c. Korean American d. Italian American
A
26. In order to determine if and how discrimination affects hiring decisions, sociologists conduct studies in which they send paired actors to apply for real jobs. The actors are equal in every way aside from race. What are these studies called? a. audit studies b. ethnography c. survey studies d. conversation analysis
A
28. Contemporary welfare programs tend to focus on changing individual behavior—teaching clients to be more responsible, productive workers—rather than on addressing systemic inequality. In what tradition do such programs follow? a. Daniel Patrick Moynihan's report, The Negro Family b. the Southern Strategy c. nonviolent resistance d. affirmative action
A
29. Consider the figure below, "Effects of Stereotype Threat." What should we understand from this graph? a. When students are made to feel that their performance must counter stereotypes, they are less likely to perform to the best of their ability. b. When students are made to feel that their performance will be judged differently by racist teachers, they are less likely to do well. c. When students are made to feel that their performance must counter stereotypes, they are more likely to perform to the best of their ability. d. Minority students are more likely to do well on material that is culturally relevant to them.
A
29. The _____________________ of race organizes people into bounded groupings based on their phenotype, ______________, or both. a. symbolic category; ancestry b. historical development; culture c. visibility; symbolic category d. political history; culture
A
3. In 1960, what percentage of Mississippi's black adults was registered to vote? a. less than 2 percent b. less than 5 percent c. less than 20 percent d. less than 40 percent
A
30. Which of the following suggestions do the textbook authors provide as a potential way to encourage equity in secondary education? a. provide incentives for highly experienced teachers with the best qualifications to teach in disadvantaged schools b. provide more funding for Head Start and early intervention programs c. equalize education funding across all school districts d. increase the role of standardized testing in determining school funding
A
31. What does Massey's spatial assimilation thesis say about ethnic enclaves? a. They are used by new immigrants to get economically established and improve their English skills before moving to a place with a higher standard of living. b. They are sought out by new and old immigrants to create a self-segregated community in the United States, celebrating the same holidays, eating the same food, and speaking their native language. c. Immigrants are forced into ethnic enclaves due to a lack of affordable housing opportunities, and these enclaves prevent new immigrants from ever getting ahead and moving out. d. Immigrants self-select into enclaves and exhibit no interest in leaving these underprivileged neighborhoods because the enclaves feel like their native country.
A
32. What is one way that racism is embedded in the structure of schools, as described in the textbook? a. Students are tracked such that whites and Asians have disproportionate access to the most intellectually stimulating classes. b. White students are more likely than other students to be busy with after-school activities. c. Schools spend the most money on the wealthiest students. d. Some parents are more likely to volunteer in the school than others.
A
33. Which features of affirmative action do most Americans overestimate? a. prevalence and power b. legality c. applicability to particular organizational types d. impact on women
A
35. ______________ women are more likely to return to welfare than white women for many reasons, including the fact that ____________. a. Black and Hispanic; women of color face more obstacles in the labor market b. White; women of color tend to have a stronger "private safety net" than white women do c. Black and Hispanic; white women who receive welfare are less likely to be married than women of color are d. White; there are more white women in the United States than there are black and Hispanic women
A
37. Federally mandated affirmative action rules apply only to companies that conduct a fair amount of business with the federal government, which is about what percentage of American firms? a. 3 percent b. 15 percent c. 30 percent d. 59 percent
A
37. In an attempt to resist stigma, some people of color, especially new immigrants, may highlight their ethnicity and resist American _________________. a. racial categories b. state classification c. tribal categories d. cultural categories
A
37. What is one consequence of environmental racism? a. disproportionately high rates of health problems such as cancer and lung disease b. lack of access to good jobs requiring an advanced education and providing benefits c. lack of opportunity for cultural enrichment d. access to only poor quality homes with unsafe structures
A
38. The Johnson-Reed Act of 1924, with its imposition of national quotas and racial restrictions, contributed to the U.S. racial order by: a. distinguishing all Europeans as part of a white race, distinct from all those considered nonwhite b. blaming immigrants for the rise of urban poverty and class conflict c. creating a symbolic boundary between ancestry and phenotype in racial classification d. Producing rigid immigration controls that gave rise to illegal border-crossing
A
38. Which of the following has been identified as a potential problem for the efficacy of affirmative action policies? a. Sociologist William Julius Wilson argues that minority students from the most privileged families reap the lion's share of the benefits afforded by affirmative action. b. Sociologist Prudence Carter argues that affirmative action policies increase the risk of students' feeling pressured to "act white." c. Policymakers have argued that higher-education enrollment is not a state concern. d. Universities have not been encouraged to also use affirmative action policies in faculty hiring.
A
39. President George H. W. Bush's nomination of Clarence Thomas, an African American who served on the U.S. Supreme Court and opposed many policies committed to racial equality, is an example of what? a. superficial representation b. substantive representation c. gerrymandering d. reverse discrimination
A
40. In the case Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, Abigail Fisher, a white woman, challenged the admissions process at the University of Texas at Austin after being denied admission to the school, claiming the denial was the result of affirmative action. Her case is indicative of which pattern? a. When asked who was most likely to face discrimination at work, survey respondents picked whites over blacks by two to one. b. Qualified white applicants have been denied admission at countless universities, creating a new achievement gap. c. When denied employment or admission at one institution, white applicants are unlikely to find employment or admission at another institution. d. White women have been the least likely group to benefit from affirmative action policies.
A
44. Postville, Iowa, has seen a rapid influx of Latino residents in recent years. The "threat hypothesis" would predict that Postville's white residents may react to this change in which of the following ways? a. opposing bilingual education b. promoting self-defense c. revisiting their own European heritage d. working with Latino residents to detract additional newcomers
A
45. Two friends are arguing over the results of a recent NBA draft. Alex tells Jorge that his favorite team should have picked more black players because they naturally have more athletic skill and everyone knows "white men can't jump." Jorge calls Alex out for basing his argument on: a. biological determinism b. social constructivism c. institutional racism d. interpersonal racism
A
5. What was the result of Reaganomics on the poorest fifth of Americans? a. Their income dropped an average of 10 percent. b. Their income increased an average of 15 percent. c. Their employment rate increased an average of 20 percent. d. Their employment rate decreased an average of 2 percent.
A
7. What is one way the Federal Housing Administration contributed to the exclusion of nonwhites from the private housing market? a. loan denial to nonwhites b. increased rent in city apartments c. property deeds d. urban renewal projects
A
7. Which of the following is a key feature of symbolic power? a. the ability to categorize and name b. the ability to determine salaries and wages c. the ability to draw upon social networks d. brute force
A
8. Which of the following were findings of the Detroit Area Survey? a. The majority of black respondents said their ideal neighborhood was 50 percent black and 50 percent white, while 84 percent of white respondents said they would not enter such a neighborhood. b. The majority of black respondents said their ideal neighborhood was 75 percent black and 25 percent white, and white respondents preferred a neighborhood that was 50 percent white and 50 percent black. c. The majority of white respondents said their ideal neighborhood was one with 50 percent black and 50 percent white residents, and a majority of black respondents said they would not feel comfortable entering such a neighborhood. d. The majority of black respondents would move away from a neighborhood that was 50 percent white and 50 percent black, while whites would prefer to move to this type of neighborhood.
A
9. Raul is an African American, but he has many other social identities in addition to his racial identity. He is also a young, middle-class college student who identifies as bisexual. Rather than thinking of any particular racial group as a monolithic category, scholars who take an in-tersectional approach pay attention to: a. how multiple dimensions in individual lives intersect b. prioritizing identities and social locations by economic importance c. how individuals manage narratives about their lives d. understanding which type of oppression is more important than others
A
25. From the end of the nineteenth century to the 1970s, thousands of Native Americans and African Americans, as well as people deemed mentally retarded or criminal, were sterilized against their will. This phenomenon was an example of what? a. eugenics b. Jim Crow laws c. assimilation d. polarization
A1030?
1. Schools in Yazoo City, Mississippi, dedicated $245 per white child for educational expenses and only $3 per black child in the late 1950s, illustrating what? a. White students were more needy than black students. b. Separate schools were anything but equal. c. There were higher expectations among white parents. d. Both races had equal access to education.
B
13. What is one reason most rebellions aboard slave ships were unsuccessful? a. Passengers had little reason to rebel. b. Slaves were often too undernourished to fight. c. Slaves were often from different regions of Africa. d. Sailors outnumbered slaves.
B
15. What were the aims of U.S. government relocation programs targeted at Native Americans following World War II? a. The government wanted to move Native Americans back to tribal land because whites felt economically threatened. b. The government wanted to move Native Americans to urban centers to advance assimilation and tribal dissolution. c. The government wanted to move Native Americans off of tribal lands and onto rural farmland to stimulate agricultural production and facilitate tribal dissolution. d. The government wanted to move Native Americans back to tribal land to allow them to reclaim their tribal traditions and identity.
B
16. What is one way that progressive intellectual movements, such as feminism, are dominated by a white framework? a. centering women of color's unique experiences b. attempting to speak for women of color c. publishing memoirs rather than statistical research d. committing to electoral politics as a method for social change
B
17. A banker that refused to give financially qualified buyers a mortgage because their desired home was in a nonwhite area marked as too risky for a loan was engaged in what discriminatory practice? a. property covenants b. redlining c. blockbusting d. gatekeeping
B
17. Shelley and Sam, an African American married couple, have a new home in a middle-class neighborhood. Though they are both lawyers and have experienced economic success, they continue to be troubled by the amount of daily discrimination they and their children face. In Black Bourgeoisie, Sociologist E. Franklin Frazier would describe their predicament as a kind of: a. physical isolation b. spiritual suffering c. economic deprivation d. first world problem
B
18. How did urban development projects immediately following World War II affect housing opportunities for nonwhites? a. It gave them the opportunity to live in new, quality housing in the urban center. b. It evicted many from their homes, forcing them into overcrowded slums. c. It pushed them to the suburbs, but without access to public transportation. d. It pushed them into white neighborhoods, resulting in integration.
B
18. What gave black men—but not other nonwhites or women—the right to vote? a. the Fourteenth Amendment b. the Fifteenth Amendment c. the New Law d. the Emancipation Proclamation
B
19. Bobby makes fun of Ralph, whose family is American Indian, for being poor. According to Bobby, all American Indians should be "rich" from casino money. What is one thing that Bobby should know to reassess his assumption? a. The majority of American Indian income comes from agriculture. b. A small group of American Indian tribes profit from casinos. c. American Indian gaming dividends for specific tribal individuals and families are subject to such high taxes that they do not benefit families. d. The U.S. government, rather than Native American tribes, profits most from American Indian casino money.
B
2. What was one outcome of the New Deal? a. It created greater income equality by almost eliminating segregation in public schools. b. Because many jobs and industries that predominantly employed people of color were ex-cluded from its programs, the benefits of the New Deal were disproportionately applied to whites. c. It allowed people of color greater access to mortgage loans and desegregated neighborhoods, which in turn provided opportunities for them to build household wealth. d. Southern Republicans celebrated the legislation, which outlawed Jim Crow policies.
B
6. The collection of organizations and people who carried out political acts aimed at abolishing racial segregation, nonwhite disenfranchisement, and economic exploitation is called what? a. Black Lives Matter b. the Civil Rights Movement c. second-wave feminism d. abolition
B
20. From where did the term "Jim Crow" originate? a. Congressman James Crow, who implemented a series of laws regulating the segregation of blacks and whites b. a song called "Jump Jim Crow" by a white man who popularized minstrel shows c. an escaped slave named Jim who was known for using crows as a method of delivering messages to other slaves d. the author Jim Crow, whose famous children's novel laid the groundwork for the Montgomery Bus Boycott
B
20. What was the name of the policy that prohibited voter discrimination, outlawed literacy tests, and gave the federal government power to oversee voter registration? a. Civil Rights Act of 1964 b. Voting Rights Act of 1965 c. the Southern Strategy d. the Moynihan Report
B
21. In the United States, whiteness is the _______________ racial category, that with which all other categories are compared and contrasted. a. normal b. dominant c. exclusionary d. cultural
B
23. Boarding schools that attempted to strip Native Americans of their culture and tradition by requiring them to speak English can be considered an example of what type of infliction brought by colonialism? a. an infliction of their bodies b. an infliction of their spirits c. an infliction of their land d. an infliction of their laws
B
23. César Chávez, one of the most important Mexican American activists, led the 1965 Delano grape strike. What was the purpose of this action? a. eliminating grapes grown in Mexico from the American market b. gaining better wages for grape workers c. raising awareness about the dangers of pesticide use d. gaining technological advances in farming that would reduce the need for migrant labor
B
24. Which group proved most influential in solidifying racial taxonomies? a. Philosophers, precursors to modern-day public intellectuals b. Natural historians, precursors to modern-day biologists c. Political scribes, precursors to modern-day journalists d. Solicitors, precursors to modern-day lawyers
B
27. The textbook authors use the example that Latina/o teens are more likely than Anglo teens to "make fun of people who try to do well in school" to illustrate which concept? a. defiant disorder b. oppositional culture c. involuntary minority d. model minority
B
30. While numerous groups such as Black Girls Code have tried to encourage women of color to enter industries traditionally dominated by white males, such women continue to be underrepresented in top levels of employment in these industries. What term do sociologists use to describe this phenomenon? a. the split labor market b. the glass ceiling c. the cement wall d. the glass escalator
B
34. Which of the following best describes how colleges and universities do affirmative action? a. through quota systems b. by selecting a woman or nonwhite applicant from a pool of equally qualified applicants whose application is slightly weaker than the rest of the pool c. It is impossible to summarize because each college is able to determine its own affirmative action policy. d. by selecting a woman or nonwhite applicant from a pool of less-qualified applicants whose application is weaker than the rest of the pool
B
36. What is the umbrella term referring to a collection of policies and practices designed to address past wrongs, institutional racism, and sexism by offering people of color and women both employment and educational opportunities? a. equal employment opportunity b. affirmative action c. reverse discrimination d. SNAP
B
39. According to social scientific evidence, what has been the impact of affirmative action policies on white men? a. Employers regularly pass over equally or better qualified whites to hire people of color. b. It can help white men in cases where qualified white men are given more of a chance against candidates who would have landed a job through old-boy networks and cronyism. c. Companies often hire unqualified people of color or women over qualified white men. d. White men regularly file formal complaints citing "reverse discrimination."
B
40. What usually happens to the very small number of qualified white and Asian applicants who are denied admission to a particular university due to affirmative action policies? a. They are denied admission to most institutions to which they apply. b. They are admitted to other institutions of equal stature. c. They are unlikely to attend college. d. They are more at risk for drug abuse and incarceration.
B
41. The term "gerrymandering," which is the set of processes by which elected politicians redraw and manipulate the borders of political districts to secure political advantage, is derived from which two terms? a. Mandy + gerontology b. Gerry + salamander c. Gertrude + mandatory d. Gerry + pandering
B
43. According to the textbook authors, why might urban and suburban Americans be so quick to stereotype all rural, white Americans as intolerant and racist zealots? a. They have witnessed the racist comments and actions firsthand. b. It prevents them from having to face their own racist attitudes. c. It helps them feel safe by putting down people with less than themselves. d. They hope that it will motivate rural residents to change their behavior.
B
46. Most white Americans consistently have accepted the principle of racial inclusion while rejecting many of the policy measures designed to carry it out. What is this phenomenon called? a. gerrymandering b. the principle-implementation gap c. the threat hypothesis d. the tokenistic fallacy
B
49. In his book Dog Whistle Politics, Ian Haney López describes three important "moves" of racial dog whistling. Newt Gingrich's denial that his frequent references to President Obama as the "food stamp president" had any racial basis is an example of which of these three moves? a. a punch that jabs race into the conversation through thinly veiled references to threatening nonwhites b. a parry that slaps away charges of racial pandering c. a whistle that calls out minorities for being overly sensitive d. a lurch that redirects the conversation away from race
B
5. In An American Dilemma, Gunnar Myrdal argued that segregation was furthered by which group's sense of status competition? a. Irish Americans b. poor whites c. African Americans d. American Indians
B
5. Which of the following best summarizes the process by which systemic white domination of people of color occurs? a. racial domination b. institutional racism c. white privilege d. symbolic violence
B
7. Which dominant black protest organization, which preceded the modern Civil Rights Movement and was founded in 1909 by black and white intellectuals, primarily battled racial domination in the courts? a. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) b. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) c. Black Panther Party (BPP) d. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
B
8. According to the textbook, which of the following best defines "racial domination"? a. Racial domination is characterized by overt coercion and violence. b. Racial domination is an organizing force in society that disproportionately offers benefits to some groups and not others. c. Racial domination is often necessarily the conscious intention of those who benefit from it. d. none of these
B
9. Which of the following best describes the legal strategy of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) campaign to end school segregation? a. challenged that segregated schools were in fact separate b. challenged that segregated schools were in fact not equal c. challenged that segregated schools caused employment discrimination for teachers d. challenged that integrated schools were discriminatory
B
19. What are two reasons that black urban neighborhoods were more decayed than white neighborhoods? a. There were often lower standards for care in the neighborhood; homeowners had a lack of resources. b. Residents often had less knowledge about home-ownership; they were less concerned about their homes. c. Black neighborhoods often had the oldest housing stock in need of most repair; homeowners could not receive loans to improve their properties. d. Homeowners could not receive loans to improve their properties; they were less concerned about their homes.
C
21. How did the United States acquire the land that today is New Mexico, California, Utah, Nevada, parts of Arizona, and disputed areas of Texas? a. the Monroe Doctrine b. Manifest Destiny c. the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo d. the Thirteenth Amendment
C
2. What was the primary objective of cultural reeducation of American Indians? a. educate them on the cultural practices of their ancestors b. expose them to a variety of social norms and values c. force them to assimilate into Anglo-American society and culture d. provide them space to explore their own needs and desires
C
20. Stephen Jay Gould argues that ________________ reappears, even when disproven, during eras of political retrenchment or during times when elites are fearful of changes to their status. a. social constructivism b. institutional racism c. biological determinism d. interpersonal racism
C
13. What was one of the outcomes of the Montgomery Bus Boycott? a. It helped bring about a 1985 Supreme Court ban on busing. b. It trained hundreds of activists in violent resistance. c. It organized the black clergy as a political force. d. It led to the development of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
C
14. In the 1920s and 1930s, why did some recent immigrants, such as Germans and Irish, leave the slum and assimilate into the American mainstream but others, such as the Chinese, did not? a. Chinese immigrants had their businesses near the slums. b. Chinese immigrants did not work as hard as the Germans and Irish to move out of the slums. c. Laws and customs, based on the "racial uniform" did not allow the Chinese to live anywhere else. d. Chinese immigrants preferred to live in the slums with their extended families.
C
14. In what way does whiteness impact the field of anthropology? a. Most anthropologists are white. b. Only white students are interested in the subject. c. Marginalized populations are treated as exotic objects of study. d. Ethnography has been used as a method of governance and social control.
C
14. Prejudice surrounds us, and people of color may internalize negative attitudes aimed at their own racial group. Psychologists describe this as "internalized oppression," while sociologist Pierre Bourdieu labels it: a. unconscious oppression b. internalized racism c. symbolic violence d. interpersonal racism
C
15. What is one thing that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed? a. antimiscegenation laws in southern states b. the funding of public schools with local property taxes c. discrimination on the basis of race in restaurants d. discrimination on the basis of physical disability in schools
C
18. By the end of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee's (SNCC's) 1964 Freedom Summer, many volunteers had been violently attacked, arrested, and even killed, indicating what? a. Violent tactics were more effective than nonviolent ones. b. The Civil Rights Movement was over. c. Mississippi was still a very dangerous place for black Americans in 1964. d. SNCC's young leaders were not prepared for the harsh realities of political organizing.
C
19. In one research experiment, teachers were asked to examine the definitions students attached to words and to evaluate those students' verbal skills. Researchers did not vary the definitions but did vary the race of the students. What did the research find? a. Teachers' grades did not vary by race. b. Teachers gave lower grades to white students. c. Teachers gave lower grades to black students. d. Teachers gave lower grades to Asian students.
C
21. A large number of whites moving from New York City into the whites-only suburb of Levittown on Long Island following World War II is an example of: a. deurbanization b. white fight c. white flight d. deindustrialization
C
26. When George Wallace, Democratic governor of Alabama, stood in 1963 on the steps of the University of Alabama to block the entrance of two black students to the all-white university, he taught politicians two strategic lessons. The first was that politicians who opposed racial justice could garner great support from white voters. What was the second? a. Integration will never garner widespread approval. b. Catering to women voters is key to success. c. Politicians can support white supremacy as long as they do not do so explicitly. d. Electoral politics relies on bipartisan cooperation, especially regarding racial policies.
C
27. A person's ___________________ is his or her physical appearance, including skeletal structure, height, hair texture, eye color, and skin tone. a. race b. ethnicity c. phenotype d. ancestry
C
27. What two factors contribute to many black and Latino families facing the burden of rising housing costs? a. inclusion in the labor market and exclusion from the mortgage market b. exclusion from well-paying jobs and increased taxes on low-income earners c. exclusion from both well-paying jobs and the mortgage market d. exclusion from both safe neighborhoods and well-paying jobs
C
3. Following World War II, suburban America exploded due in large part to homebuilding fund-ed by which legislation? a. Social Security b. the Taft-Hartley Act c. the GI Bill d. Reaganomics
C
3. Why are Native American reservations often the target of environmental racism, such as loca-tions for dump sites and mining operations? a. The taxes are too high for corporation dump sites in cities. b. Those living on the reservation do not care about the environment or their land. c. Reservations are not subject to state regulations about dumping. d. Native Americans do not believe that the proximity to this waste is harmful.
C
31. Shamus Khan argues that highly privileged students at the nation's most elite private schools benefit most from: a. the best teachers b. material resources c. learning an attitude of cultural ease d. learning strong work habits by studying Greek and Latin
C
31. What does the concept "homosocial reproduction" mean? a. People of color are less likely to condone homosexual relations than whites. b. People in homosexual relationships tend to have higher salaries. c. Authorities tend to fill positions of power with people like themselves. d. People in lower-level positions tend to recruit people like themselves for coworkers.
C
32. What happened when antipoverty programs became intertwined with antiracism movements? a. People of color entered PhD programs at higher rates. b. The racial employment gap dramatically decreased. c. Whites began turning away from the Democratic Party and their new policies. d. Welfare use went down, especially among African Americans.
C
33. What was the name of the policy put forward by President Bill Clinton that placed restrictions on how long families could receive welfare? a. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program b. Aid to Families with Dependent Children c. Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act d. Earned Income Tax Credit
C
34. Race, ethnicity, and nationality are mutually overlapping _____________ that are mutually reinforcing and cannot be understood in isolation from one another. a. racial categories b. legal categories c. symbolic categories d. cultural categories
C
34. What proportion of all Americans collects means-tested public assistance during some point in their lives? a. one in five b. one in two c. two in three d. seven in eight
C
34. With roughly one in four votes cast by nonwhites, which presidential election was the most racially diverse in U.S. history? a. 2000 b. 2004 c. 2008 d. 2012
C
36. Approximately ______ percent of first-year students enrolled in America's top universities are white students who failed to satisfy their universities' minimum requirements. a. 5 b. 10 c. 15 d. 20
C
37. What was the impact of the University of California's ban on race-conscious admissions? a. The percentage of black first-year students decreased by 10 percent in three years. b. The percentage of black transfer students increased by 25 percent in two years. c. The percentage of black first-year students decreased by 50 percent in one year. d. It became clear that affirmative action had not significantly altered enrollment patterns for applications from black first-year students.
C
4. What was the purpose of "grandfather clauses"? a. They ensured that all children, white or black, had proper caregivers. When parents weren't available, these clauses granted grandparents legal custody of children. b. They prevented any black household from having more than two generations living in it at any given time, thereby breaking up black families. c. They extended the right to vote to those whose relatives were enfranchised before the end of the Civil War, namely whites. d. They required black public workers to refer to white public workers as "grandfather."
C
47. How many citizens do sociologists estimate have been disenfranchised because they have felony convictions? a. 73,000 b. 524,000 c. 5.3 million d. 15.7 million
C
5. Which of the following terms is used to describe real estate agents who preyed upon whites' fears of integration by hiring people of color to appear as if they had moved into a traditionally white neighborhood, in an attempt to get white families to sell their homes for under-market value? a. marginality agents b. redlining agents c. blockbusting agents d. covenant agents
C
9. Between 1984 and 2009, what happened to the wealth gap between white and black families? a. The wealth gap virtually disappeared. b. The wealth gap nearly doubled. c. The wealth gap nearly tripled. d. The wealth gap nearly quadrupled.
C
28. A person's ___________________ is his or her family lineage, which often includes tribal, regional, or national affiliation. a. race b. ethnicity c. phenotype d. ancestry
D
28. According to the textbook, roughly 25 percent of black and Latino families renting their homes spend at least what percent of their income on housing? a. 33 percent b. 45 percent c. 75 percent d. 50 percent
D
25. What were the findings of audit studies conducted by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development about racial discrimination in housing? a. The mechanisms of housing discrimination that existed before the Fair Housing Act of 1968 are still the primary mechanisms of discrimination used today. b. Black home buyers were informed about far more properties than their white counterparts, though they were always in poorer neighborhoods. c. Banks supported racial integration by distributing high levels of loans to racially mixed areas. d. High levels of housing discrimination is still experienced by blacks, Hispanics, Asians, and Native Americans.
D
26. The current _______________ in the United States delineates five major groups. a. homogenizing heading b. ethnic variation c. cultural schema d. racial taxonomy
D
27. Why did Democrats begin mirroring Republicans in their approach to racial politics? a. The demographics of the Democratic Party began to more closely mirror those of the Republican Party. b. The Republican Party became more tolerant in its own bid to gain voters. c. Voters elected increasingly wealthy representatives, who were less likely to be racially tolerant. d. They feared compensatory pr
D
28. A national homebuilder developing a new home community needs to hire framers, plumbers, painters, electricians, and other construction workers. There are plenty of qualified, unionized, nonimmigrant job applicants, but the builder chooses to hire mostly Mexican immigrants. According to sociologist Edna Bonacich, this choice reflects the existence of: a. community college training programs b. a tight labor market c. equal opportunity employment laws d. a split labor market
D
10. Race is often described with reference to __________, but there is much more genetic variation within _______________ groups than between them. a. genomes; DNA b. biological markers (skin shade, hair texture, etc.); DNA c. cultures; traditionally-defined racial groups d. biological markers; traditionally-defined racial groups
D
10. Which of the following factors contributed to the Great Migration? a. the lack of sharecropping opportunities in the South; the improvement of sharecropping conditions in the North b. an increase in European immigration to the South following WWI; job shortages in the South c. a decrease in Jim Crow segregation in the South; wage equality in the North d. job shortages in the South due to a decline in the price of cotton; job vacancies in the North due to a decrease in European immigration
D
17. While many people assume that "obvious physical differences" explain racial categories, this logic fails to appreciate: a. that classificatory schemes are not rigidly linked to skin tones b. physical traits vary enormously among those who are classified as the same race c. classification schemes vary widely, both historically and across national boundaries d. all of these
D
18. In many U.S. classroom settings, students of color are often dubbed the "experts" on race through what practice? a. allowing students of color to speak for themselves b. tracking students of color into ethnic studies majors c. inflating the grades of students of color d. asking students of color to speak for an entire population
D
19. What was the famous march in which activists walked along a stretch of land in which no black people were registered to vote? a. Atlanta-to-New Orleans March b. St. Louis-to-Kansas City March c. Tallahassee-to-Miami March d. Selma-to-Montgomery March
D
2. Towns that hung signs reading "Whites Only within City Limits after Dark" were known as: a. Jim Crow towns b. suburbs c. ghettos d. sundown towns
D
20. What events prompted the passage of the 1968 Civil Rights Act? a. John F. Kennedy's assassination and the subsequent urban uprisings b. the passage of the Voting Rights Act and the election of Lyndon B. Johnson c. the assassinations of John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Jr. d. the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., and the subsequent urban uprisings
D
20. Which group is the most likely to drop out of high school? a. whites b. Asian Americans c. Latinos d. Native Americans
D
21. Which best summarizes educational current completion rates by race? a. High school completion rates are down for all racial groups, but college completion rates have increased for all racial groups. b. College completion rates are down for all racial groups, but high school completion rates have increased for all racial groups. c. Completion rates for both high school and college have stagnated for all racial groups. d. Completion rates for both high school and college have increased for all racial groups.
D
22. Which quadrant in the figure below represents zero segregation? Which quadrant represents the highest levels of segregation? a. upper left; upper right b. upper right; lower right c. upper right; upper left d. upper right; lower left
D
24. Race is a ___________________category that is misrecognized as a _____________ category. a. symbolic; cultural b. biological; genetic c. cultural; biological d. symbolic; natural
D