SOC 309

The majority of older people live in the more developed countries. T or F

F

A stable population is a population in which A. the growth rate equals to zero. B. the age-sex structure of the population remains constant. C. the sex ratio of the population equals to 1. D. all of the above.

B. the age-sex structure of the population remains constant.

Of the following, which is the least descriptive of the global occupational situation of women? A. Careers, not jobs B. A glass ceiling C. A sticky floor D. A pay gap

CorrectA. Careers, not jobs

The country with the greatest number of people aged 65 and older is A. China. B. Italy. C. Japan. D. the United States.

CorrectA. China.

Early cities had to be constantly replenished by migrants from rural areas for which of the following reasons? A. Death rates were higher in cities than in the countryside. B. Crime rates in cities discouraged people from staying. C. High growth rates in rural areas led to very high agricultural unemployment. D. Suburbanization meant that urban residents were always on the move.

CorrectA. Death rates were higher in cities than in the countryside.

The most highly urbanized region in the world is A. North America. B. Europe. C. Asia. D. Latin America.

CorrectA. North America.

The demographic dividend is associated with an age structure characterized by A. a bulge in the working-age population. B. a youth bulge. C. age rectangularization. D. an hourglass economy age pattern.

CorrectA. a bulge in the working-age population.

An important difference between cities and rural places that encourages the growth of cities is that A. cities are economically more efficient. B. cities have more educated people. C. manufacturing requires a city environment. D. cities are always healthier than rural places.

CorrectA. cities are economically more efficient.

The life chances of most people will be least affected by A. geographic location B. individual genetic structure C. family social structure D. social location

CorrectB. individual genetic structure

Currently in the entire world, about _____ percent of the population is living in urban places. A. 10 B. 20 C. 50 D. 75

CorrectC. 50

Tzintzuntzan, Mexico, illustrates the point that A. even in Mexico, small rural places are absorbed by larger urban metropolises. B. migrants from Mexico to the United States create a situation of population decline in rural Mexico. C. a small village of artisans with a long indigenous history should not be thought of as rural. D. population growth in rural villages leads to migration of younger people to urban places.

CorrectD. population growth in rural villages leads to migration of younger people to urban places.

The region of the world with the highest percentage of the urban population living in slums is A. southern Asia. B. Latin America. C. northern Africa. D. sub-Saharan Africa.

CorrectD. sub-Saharan Africa.

With respect to urban fertility, it is true that A. fertility used to be higher than in rural places, but now it is lower. B. urban fertility levels in Africa are lower than rural fertility levels in North America. C. urban fertility in a country is always at least half the level of rural places. D. urban fertility in a country is always lower than rural fertility.

CorrectD. urban fertility in a country is always lower than rural fertility.

Gender gap in pays in the work force usually declines as level of education increases. T or F

F

In most human societies more females are born than males. T or F

F

A key characteristic of the age transition is that it represents A. a shift from a very young population to an older population. B. a demographic dividend. C. the end stage of the overall demographic transition. D. a shift from a female majority to a male majority.

A. a shift from a very young population to an older population.

The most detailed approach to projecting a population is the _______ method. A. cohort component B. components of growth C. extrapolation D. demographic analysis

A. cohort component

Cohort flow captures the idea that A. historical events similarly affect people of the same age. B. people born at the same time tend to die at the same time. C. cohort effects are more important than either period or age effects. D. the composition of a population is determined by its pattern of birth cohorts.

A. historical events similarly affect people of the same age.

Of the following countries, ______ has the youngest age structure. A. Italy B. Mexico C. Nigeria D. the United States

C. Nigeria

The common designation of age 65 as the beginning of old age is based largely on A. the average age of retirement in the United States. B. the individual aging process that lowers productivity after age 65. C. historical custom. D. the proportion of people alive past that age.

C. historical custom.

If you see an age pyramid that caves in at the younger ages, the most likely explanation is A. declining fertility. B. increasing mortality. C. declining mortality. D. out-migration.

CorrectA. declining fertility.

The rise in cohabitation in richer countries is most associated demographically with A. delayed marriage. B. improved contraception. C. rising levels of education. D. increased availability of housing for single persons.

CorrectA. delayed marriage.

The single most important influence on the percent of the population that is older is the A. fertility rate. B. mortality rate. C. migration rate. D. none of the above.

CorrectA. fertility rate.

Suburbanization in the United States is least likely to be associated with A. gentrification. B. the creation of edge cities. C. urban sprawl. D. exurbanization.

CorrectA. gentrification.

The urban transition in China demonstrates that A. governments can retard the urban transition, but cannot stop it. B. the one-child policy has helped to slow down the urban transition. C. the urban transition is consistent with a Marxian population perspective. D. China's largest cities have absorbed most of the growth in the country's urban population.

CorrectA. governments can retard the urban transition, but cannot stop it.

The demographic lesson learned from the rats of NIMH is that A. high density can lead to dysfunctional demographic behavior. B. rat behavior is significantly different from that of humans. C. as the population increases in a fixed space, the fertility rate begins to rise. D. increased density lowers the ability to establish meaningful relationships.

CorrectA. high density can lead to dysfunctional demographic behavior.

Despite the decline in fertility in Mexico, that country will not experience the same demographic dividend as China because A. its fertility decline has been much slower over time. B. infant mortality has been much higher in Mexico than in China. C. the status of women is lower in Mexico than in China. D. the high rate of Mexican out-migration dampens the demographic dividend.

CorrectA. its fertility decline has been much slower over time.

The early impact of mortality decline on the age structure is to A. make it younger. B. make it older. C. produce a youth bulge. D. produce a middle-age bulge.

CorrectA. make it younger.

The diversity of household types in the United States is most noticeable in terms of the percent of households that are A. married couples with children. B. married couples without children. C. cohabiting couples. D. other families without children.

CorrectA. married couples with children.

The demographic feature that is probably the biggest contributor to the rise in divorce rates is the A. rise in life expectancy. B. decline in fertility. C. increase in cohabitation. D. "me" generation.

CorrectA. rise in life expectancy.

From a demographic perspective, marriage matters because it especially influences A. the life chances of children. B. female empowerment. C. the labor force participation of women. D. the gender-sharing of household chores.

CorrectA. the life chances of children.

According to United Nations definitions, to be a "mega-city" a city must have a population of at least ____ million. A. 5 B. 10 C. 15 D. 20

CorrectB. 10

Most of the income gains for African American families relative to non-Hispanic whites in the United States came during the ______ period. A. 1950s B. 1960s C. 1970s D. 1980s

CorrectB. 1960s

About _____ percent of the world's population is currently living at or below the international definition of poverty. A. 10 B. 20 C. 40 D. 60

CorrectB. 20

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, England was already one of the world's most urban countries, with about _____ percent of the population living in places of 30,000 people or more. A. 10 B. 20 C. 50 D. 75

CorrectB. 20

In the United States, women aged 35 to 44 who are full-time year-round workers with a graduate or professional degree make about ____ percent as much money as do men of the same age and economic activity. A. 60 B. 70 C. 80 D. 90

CorrectB. 70

Which of the following is not a main function of family? A. Childhood socialization. B. Preserve genetic heritage. C. Provide emotional support and companionship. D. Provide ascribed social status.

CorrectB. Preserve genetic heritage

Which of the following is most likely a precondition for the emergence of cities? A. Surplus labor B. Surplus food C. Availability of urban jobs D. Availability of modern transportation

CorrectB. Surplus food

The rise in the age at marriage among women is least likely to be associated with higher A. levels of female empowerment. B. fertility rates. C. probabilities of migrating from rural to urban areas. D. probabilities of being a second wife in polygamous societies.

CorrectB. fertility rates.

The nature of a family is that it is a(n) _______ unit whereas a household is a(n) ________unit. A. consumption; kinship B. kinship; residential C. economic; nonfamily D. residential; family

CorrectB. kinship; residential

According to Wirth, urban is defined as a way of life characterized by A. stability. B. literacy. C. crime. D. kinship loyalty.

CorrectB. literacy.

The long-term impact of a fertility decline on the age structure is to The long-term impact of a fertility decline on the age structure is to A. make it younger. B. make it older. C. produce a youth bulge. D. produce a middle-age bulge

CorrectB. make it older.

The concept of an "American apartheid" has been applied to A. the built environment of older Rust Belt cities. B. residential segregation of blacks in America. C. ethnic enclaves in large American cities. D. peri-urban areas being altered by gentrification.

CorrectB. residential segregation of blacks in America.

The region of the world with the greatest excess of female over male illiteracy is A. northern Africa and the Middle East. B. sub-Saharan Africa. C. southern Asia. D. Latin America and the Caribbean.

CorrectB. sub-Saharan Africa.

The difference between the "third age" and the "fourth age" is largely a function of the A. imagination of society. B. susceptibility to senescence. C. transition from work to retirement. D. movement of people into assisted living facilities.

CorrectB. susceptibility to senescence.

Educational homogamy refers to A. people of the same sex with the same level of education. B. wanting to marry someone with a similar educational level. C. the rise in educational attainment among women. D. the fact that religious education has become more secular.

CorrectB. wanting to marry someone with a similar educational level.

The (total) dependency ratio is defined as the ratio between-- A. the number of persons 65 years of age or older and the number of persons between age 15 and 64. B. the number of persons 65 years of age or older and the total population. C. (1) the sum of the number of children under 15 years old and number of persons 65 years of age or older and (2) the number of persons between age 15 and 64. D. (1) the sum of the number of children under 15 years old and number of persons 65 years of age or older and (2) the total population.

CorrectC. (1) the sum of the number of children under 15 years old and number of persons 65 years of age or older and (2) the number of persons between age 15 and 64.

To be a metropolitan area in the United States under current definitions, there must be a core urban area population of at least ______ people. A. 5,000 B. 25,000 C. 50,000 D. 100,000

CorrectC. 50,000

Which of the following is unlikely a major proximate determinant of changing patterns of family and household in the United States? A. Delay in marriage. B. Increases in cohabitation. C. Decline in the demand for children. D. Increase in divorce.

CorrectC. Decline in the demand for children.

The country with the highest percentage of people aged 65 and older is A. China. B. Italy. C. Japan. D. the United States.

CorrectC. Japan.

The consistently largest mega-city in the world for the past several decades has been A. New York City. B. London. C. Tokyo. D. Mexico City.

CorrectC. Tokyo.

The _______ cohort of women has made the biggest gains in the labor force in the United States. A. Depression baby B. "Rosie the riveter" C. baby boom D. baby bust

CorrectC. baby boom

The demographic process most responsible for the demographic dividend is a rapid A. drop in infant mortality. B. rise in life expectancy. C. drop in fertility. D. rate of immigration.

CorrectC. drop in fertility.

The demographic conditions that support the "traditional" family are most likely to occur A. before the demographic transition starts. B. in the early stages of the demographic transition. C. in the middle of the demographic transition. D. late in the demographic transition.

CorrectC. in the middle of the demographic transition.

The rise in the number of female-headed households is most apt to be the result of a(n) A. decline in fertility. B. decline in mortality. C. increase in the status of women. D. increase in the urban population.

CorrectC. increase in the status of women.

The original explanations for the urban transition were drawn largely from ______ theory. A. world systems B. urban hierarchy C. modernization D. city systems

CorrectC. modernization

The short-term impact of an increase in migration on the age structure is to A. make it younger. B. make it older. C. produce a youth bulge. D. produce a middle-age bulge.

CorrectC. produce a youth bulge.

Population momentum is most influenced by the proportion of the population that is A. migrants under the age of 15. B. males aged 65 or older. C. reproductive-age women. D. of working age.

CorrectC. reproductive-age women.

The urban transition can occur only if A. societal modernization is taking place. B. a decline in agricultural activity is taking place. C. the urban population is growing faster than rural population. D. industrialization is occurring in both rural and urban areas.

CorrectC. the urban population is growing faster than rural population.

The inequality in the distribution of income in the United States means that the top 20 percent of earners bring in ___ percent of the nation's total income, compared to ___ percent for the bottom 20 percent. A. 20; 10 B. 30; 7 C. 40; 5 D. 50; 3

CorrectD. 50; 3

In the United States, wealth is concentrated in the _____ age group. A. 35-44 B. 45-54 C. 55-64 D. 65+

CorrectD. 65+

In 2050 _______ is projected to be the least urban region of world. A. Latin America B. Oceania C. Asia D. Africa

CorrectD. Africa

The definition of urban most often used by governments is based primarily on A. population size. B. population density. C. extent of agricultural activities. D. extent of manufacturing activities.

CorrectD. extent of manufacturing activities.

The single most important contributor to a person's life chances is A. being lifted out of poverty. B. his or her gene pool. C. the status of the individual's occupation. D. his or her level of education.

CorrectD. his or her level of education.

Of the following aspects of demographic change, the fact that ______ is least influential with respect to the family and household transition. A. people are living longer B. women are having fewer children C. the population is increasingly urban D. international migration has increased

CorrectD. international migration has increased

A population projection and a population forecast refer to the same concept. T or F

F

All stationary populations are stable, and all stable populations are stationary. T or F

F

Because it is not a biological attribute, religion is always considered to be an achieved characteristic. T or F

F

Despite widespread changes, the traditional family of a married couple with children still accounts for a slight majority of households in the United States. T or F

F

Hispanic households in the United States are more likely than any other group to be headed by a female. T or F

F

In the United States and much of the modern world, the age at which people retire from economic activities has come to be defined at age 65, which corresponds to the biological threshold of being old. T or F

F

In the United States, people who have cohabited before marriage are less likely to end the marriage with a divorce. T or F

F

Mexico is currently in the midst of its own "age dividend" or "demographic windfall." T or F

F

Since 1800, American cities have become increasingly decentralized. T or F

F

The Industrial Revolution occurred in Europe largely because it was already predominantly urban. T or F

F

The core-periphery model and world systems theory are competing perspectives on the urban transition. T or F

F

The dependency ratio measures the ratio of the population of working age to the population of dependent age. T or F

F

The impact of fertility decline is more to decrease the size of the population than to change the age structure. T or F

F

Unlike in the United States, cohabitation has always been the norm in France. T or F

F

Urban sprawl is one of the positive approaches to the city based on the "smart growth" concept. T or F

F

A primate city in a country is the city with a disproportionately large population holding a central place in the country's economy. T or F

T

Almost every aspect of human society varies by age and/or sex. T or F

T

Cities are inherently unsustainable environments on their own. T or F

T

Family members differ from household members in that the latter always live together, whereas the former may not. T or F

T

In most human societies there are more women at the older ages than there are men. T or F

T

In the United States, men and women have nearly identical percentages of high school and college graduation. T or F

T

One key factor contributing to increase in divorce may be declining mortality. T or F

T

Population projections suggest that the United States will have an economically more favorable age structure in 2040 than will China. T or F

T

The common solution to urban crowding is suburbanization. T or F

T

The existence of cities depends upon their ability to control the economy. T or F

T

The impact of mortality decline is more to increase the size of the population than to change the age structure. T or F

T

The size and wealth of a city can be estimated from satellite imagery. T or F

T

The urban transition is the extension of the migration transition. T or F

T

The urbanization of American blacks occurred at the same time that the process of suburbanization of the white population was taking off. T or F

T

To be urban is especially to be spatially concentrated and nonagricultural. T or F

T

Women are more likely than men to be holding jobs in professional or related occupations. T or F

T

The idea that different behavior is expected of people according to their age is an example of A. age discrimination. B. cohort influences on the age structure. C. Marxian thought. D. age stratification.

age stratification.

A young age structure tends to have ____; whereas an older age structure tends to have ______. A. more females than males; more males than females B. more males than females; more females than males C. more females than males; more females than males D. None of the above

more males than females; more females than males

If we are comparing the rate of pregnancy-related deaths among young adult women now with rates from 50 years ago, we are most likely trying to understand the A. age effect. B. period effect. C. cohort effect. D. combined APC effect.

period effect.

In studying the sex composition of a population, a common indicator used is the sex ratio, which indicates A. the number of females per 100 males. B. the number of males per 100 females. C. the number of adult females per 100 adult males. D. the number of adult males per 100 adult females.

the number of males per 100 females.