SOC 323 Exam 1
_______________ refers to time societal norms and expectations associated with the behavior of men and women and is a social construction in that definitions of appropriate behavior have changed across time and place
gender
This refers to expectations about appropriate behavior for men and women that varies along the racial lines
gendered racism
Structural constraints
restrictions placed on one's options by either lack of access to resources or one's social location, such as government racial categorizations and legal decisions—to defining a group's racial/ethnic status
Standpoint perspective
which argues that knowledge is perspectival; meaning, people's understanding of the world stems from their own social location, as women, or as people of color, or as a person with a disability, or as heterosexual, or some combination of these
Intersectionality
which focuses on the interactions between different systems of oppression
When was the international slave trade abolished by the United States Congress
1807
Sociologists: W. E. B. Du Bois Robert Ezra Park E. Franklin Frazier Oliver Cromwell Cox Karl Marx Max Weber Joe Feagin Howard Winant Michael Omi C. Wright Mills Eduardo Bonilla Silva Hephzibah Strmic-Pawl Herbert Blumer Joane Nagel
Chapters: Ch. 1, 2, 3 Ch. 3 Ch. 3 Ch. 3, 4, 5 Ch. 3, 4, 7, 11 Ch. 3 Ch. 3, 7, 10 Ch. 1, 3 Ch. 1, 3 Ch. 1 Ch. 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 13 Ch. 2 Ch. 2 Ch. 1
During the first half of the 20th century, sociological research focused on race at the expense of ethnicity
False
Sociologists argue that white people cannot be expected to see privilege because it is invisible
False
White privilege and white supremacy are interchangeable concepts
False
White privilege is evidence that we live in a meritocracy, where you get what you work for, where rewards are based upon effort and talent
False
Eugenics
Galton argued that the healthiest and ablest should be encouraged to have more children for the betterment of society
Psychological wage
In 1935, African American sociologist W. E. B. Du Bois argued that white workers, despite their extremely low wages, received an intangible benefit because they were white
Institutional racism
It is hard to see because it is found not in individual actions but in everyday business practices and policies that disadvantage minorities and offer advantages to dominant-group members; it is often written off as "just the way things are."
This sociologist introduced the idea of collective forgetting, what a culture ignores or suppresses about its past. He argues this is a major aspect of the white racial frame.
Joe Feagin
Marxist theory
Marxist theorists generally view the world as stratified along class lines.
This is a type of racism that refers to attitudes and beliefs rather than actions
Prejudice
Master status
Race and gender are what sociologists call master statuses in our society, statuses that are so significant they overshadow all others and influence our lives more than our other statuses
Racial challenges
Racial self-awareness can emerge: interactions that make whites account for their whiteness
This sociologist thought that ethnicity was more influential in people's life experiences than race
Robert Ezra Park
Ethnic stratification
Robert Ezra Park acknowledged that the accommodation stage could result in a subordinate status for immigrants
This refers to using science to prove the innate inferiority of some racial groups and the innate and superiority of others
Scientific Racism
Sociological imagination
Sociologist C. Wright Mills (2000) introduced the concept of the sociological imagination to help us understand the ways history, society, and biography intersect; in other words, the sociological imagination is a perspective that encourages us to understand our lives as historically and culturally situated
Sociologists focus on patterns rather than rarities, but there will always be deviations from the norm
True
Which of the following African American sociologists was accused by the FBI of being communist due to their research on racial inequality
W.E.B Dubois and E. Franklin Frazier
White ethnics
While the race (whiteness) of these groups is hardly questioned today, it is common to think of Irish, Italian, Greek, and Jewish Americans as white ethnics. This is a term that refers to white Americans who are not Anglo-Saxon Protestants and instead descend from Ireland, Southern and Eastern Europe and, of course, are not Protestant
Patriarchy
a male-dominated society
American sociologists have always been critical of the eugenics movement
false
Racialized medicine
in which race is treated as a genetic fact for medical purposes
Institutional privilege
is even more difficult to identify because privilege is designed to be unacknowledged, and in its institutionalized form it becomes even more obscured
Pluralism
is when a group embraces and adapts to the mainstream society without giving up their native culture
White supremacy
it refers to the systemic ways the racial order operates to the benefit of whites and discriminates against people of color
Assimilation
long the preferred model for race relations among the dominant group in American society, is the push toward acceptance of the dominant, Anglo culture at the expense of one's native culture
Index
page 634
color consciousness
recognizing race and difference rather than pretending we don't, allows us to celebrate difference without implying difference is equivalent to inferiority
Ethnicity
refers to a group of people who share a culture, nationality, ancestry, and/or language; physical appearance is not associated with ethnicity
Racism
refers to any actions, attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors, whether intentional or unintentional, that threaten, harm, or disadvantage members of one racial/ethnic group, or the group itself, compared to another
Individual discrimination
refers to discriminatory actions taken by individuals against members of a subordinate group
Sociology
refers to the academic discipline that studies group life: society, social interactions, and human social behavior
Diversity ideology
refers to the institutional co-optation of notions of diversity that originally emerged out of the civil rights movement
White privilege
refers to the rights, benefits, and advantages enjoyed by white persons, or the immunity granted to whites that is not granted to people of color; white privilege exempts white people from certain liabilities others are burdened with.
Minority group (subordinate group)
sociologists are referring to a group that is cumulatively disadvantaged in proportion to their population size
Millennial generation
sometimes referred to as Generation Y, refers to the generation of people born between the years 1981-1996
Racial justice activism
sometimes referred to as anti-racist activism, which concerns groups and individuals who are actively working to eradicate racism
Racialized space
space generally regarded as reserved for one race and not another
Race
specifically refers to a group of people who share some socially defined physical characteristics, for instance, skin color, hair texture, or facial features
This perspective on racial/ethnic inequality emphasizes that white workers fuel antagonisms between racial groups in the labor force which ultimately benefits them as white workers
split labor market
Racial hierarchies
status hierarchies based upon physical appearance and the assumption of membership in particular categories based upon these physical features, exist in the United States and throughout the world, albeit with much variation
Cultural ideologies are fueled through ________________, which are exaggerated and/or simplified portrayals of an entire group of people, based upon misinformation or mischaracterizations
stereotypes
Colorism
the belief that one type of skin tone is superior or inferior to another within a racial group
Racial order
the collection of beliefs, suppositions, rules, and practices that shape the way groups are arranged in a society; generally, it is a hierarchical categorization of people along the lines of certain physical characteristics, such as skin color, hair texture, and facial features
Agency
the extent to which a group of people have the ability to define their own status
Human Genome
the genetic sequence of the human species, a significant scientific accomplishment
Melting pot
the idea that diverse streams of immigrants come to America and eventually merge into another distinct group, that of the "American."
Cultural pluralism
the idea that numerous ethnicities are capable of coexisting without threatening the dominant culture
Race privilege
the unearned advantages associated with being a member of a society's dominant race
Racial formations
the ways racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed over time
Ethnic enclave
these are communities where immigrants of particular racial/ethnic groups live in close proximity to one another and where there are ethnic groceries, restaurants, and other businesses catering to their particular culture
Racial socialization
they are taught in their families, in schools, and through the media that their race matters
Ethnic renewal
this occurs when someone discovers an ethnic identity, as when an adopted child learns about and identifies with newly found biological relatives or a person learns about and revives lost traditions
Racialized social systems
a way to move sociology away from a focus on prejudice, social psychology, and the notion that racism amounted to a set of ideas, and toward a more structural understanding of racism
Functionalist perspective
emphasizes social order over conflict: the value of consensus, harmony, and stability for a society, and the interdependence of social systems
Genetic options theory
consumers choose which aspects of the results to embrace and which to disregard, based on their own identity preferences and whether or not others are likely to accept their identity claims
Status inequalities
differences in prestige and honor—which are not necessarily related to one's economic status
Phrenology
An early example of scientific racism was the study of phrenology, a now defunct branch of science that compared the skull sizes of various racial groups and used those data to try to determine group intelligence, social and cultural characteristics, and the presumed innate group differences between the races.
Racial orthodoxy
a set of beliefs, narratives, and practices within an organization, supported by discourse, that make up commonly recognized understandings of race
Locked-in advantage
are the competitive advantages that early technology leaders have by being the first on the market
Counterstories
are told by people of color (or members of nondominant groups) to reflect their view of the world from their particular social location
cultural norms
are unquestioned practices or beliefs and thus are taken for granted
Critical race theory (CRT)
argues that ideologies of assimilation and color-blindness actually help perpetuate white dominance rather than eliminate it
Symbolic interactionism
argues that we can understand society and social structures through a focus on small-scale human interactions, the use of symbols in interaction, and the meanings we assign to symbols
White racial frame
as a worldview that includes racial beliefs, racially loaded terms, racialized images, verbal connotations, and racialized emotions and interpretations, as well as discriminatory actions that help justify ongoing racism
Systemic racism
as the deeply rooted, institutionalized racial oppression of people of color by whites
Genome geography
in which portions of a genetic sequence are associated with specific geographic locations
Immigrant minorities
known as voluntary minorities, members of subordinate groups who willingly choose to immigrate to a country, and colonized minorities, also known as involuntary minorities, members of groups that are forced to participate in another society.
Conflict theory
societal conflict is not always a bad thing because it can lead to necessary social change
Split labor market theory
which emphasizes the ways both race and class contribute to inequality
Scientific racism
which refers to using science to prove the innate racial inferiority of some groups and the superiority of others
Ethnicity paradigm
which viewed race as part of ethnicity—but as a less important factor in people's lives than ethnicity—and equated ethnicity with culture
Racial identity
our sense of who we are racially and how we view ourselves, through interaction with others
New white consciousness
"an awareness of our whiteness and its role in race problems" (Terry 1970:17). Social scientists have finally heeded this call, and white people are now being asked to recognize how race and privilege operate in their world.
Model minority
a minority group that has succeeded in American society, specifically evidenced by their success in educational institutions
Social construction
A challenge social scientists offer is to understand race and ethnicity as social constructions rather than biological realities, despite the fact that the definition of race refers to physical appearance The way of placing people into categories
Slave owners used which of the following justifications for their role and greeting more slaves with slave women That slave women wear breeders not mothers It was part of their rights of ownership It was a good business practice All of the above
All of the above
Collective social mobility
The process of becoming white or a group's changing class status over time in the United States
Prejudice
a belief that is not based upon evidence but instead upon preconceived notions and stereotypes that are not subject to change even in the face of contrary evidence
White space
a racialized space where nonwhites are perceived as intruders and unwelcome but also an institutional space where white privilege is reproduced
Norm
a significant aspect of culture and refer to the shared expectations about behavior in a society, whether implicit or explicit
Ethnic revival
a situation in which racial and ethnic groups clamor for political autonomy and sometimes demand independence
Postracial
a society that had moved beyond race, because Obama could not have won the presidency without a significant number of white votes.
Colonized minority
also known as involuntary minorities, members of groups that are forced to participate in another society
Internal colonialism theory
argues that colonialism, which is the process through which one country dominates another by stripping it of its human and economic resources, can actually take place within one country
White racism
as "the socially organized set of attitudes, ideas, and practices that deny African Americans and other people of color the dignity, opportunities, freedoms and rewards that this nation offers white Americans."
Liberation sociology
challenges the discipline in terms of its commitment to scientific objectivity
Quadroon
children of a white person and a mulatto
Octoroon
children of a white person and a quadroon, thus, someone having one black great-grandparent
Capitalism as an economic system emerged in conjunction with ___________, the European contact with and exploitation and domination of the Native peoples of Africa, Asia, and the Americas
colonialism
Internalized racism
describe individuals who believe what the dominant group says about them; in other words, they internalize negative messages about their racial group.
color-blind ideology (color-blindness)
dominates US culture; it's the idea that we don't see race, that racism is a thing of the past, and that if racial inequality still exists, it must be due to other factors, such as culture or personal ineptitude
Racial resentment
emphasize the idea that blacks no longer face discrimination and that any difficulties African Americans face emerge from their poor work ethic
Self-reflexivity
examining our conscious and unconscious beliefs about race allows us to recognize that we are all oppressors, not only in our society but globally as well
The categories "race" and "ethnicity" are mutually exclusive
false
Which of the following sociological perspectives emphasizes social order and the value of consensus, harmony, and stability for a society, as well as the interdependence of social systems
functionalism
Majority group (dominant group)
if there are disadvantaged groups, there are advantaged groups whites are the dominant in the United States
Symbolic ethnicity
individualistic expressions of ethnicity that celebrate Americans' ethnic heritage through leisure-time activities, such as St. Patrick's Day celebrations for Irish Americans and St. Joseph's Day for Italian Americans
This refers to the the systemic ways that individuals accumulate white privilege through customs, norms, traditions, laws, and public policies that benefit whites
institutional privilege
This refers to anxiety, self-doubt, and in extreme cases, self-hatred felt by some members of stigmatized groups because of the pervasiveness of derogatory stereotypes and other forms of racism
internalized racism
The epidemic of violence directed at lgbtq people of color is an example of ________________, because it is more than homophobia and transphobia: it is racialized homophobia and transphobia
intersectionality
Racial ideologies
or cultural belief systems surrounding race
Anglo-conformity
means that instead of becoming a melting pot, in which all groups come together and forge a new identity, all groups coming to the United States are expected to drop their cultural identities in favor of an Anglo-American culture
This is a term that can be used to collectively refer to racial/ethnic minority groups that have been the subject of discrimination in the United States
people of color
Working poor
people who work full time and still fall below the poverty line in the United States
Sociologist Howard Winant and Michael Omi introduced a new theoretical perspective on race called ________________, which emphasizes the ways racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed over time, and the ways race plays out structurally in our everyday, lived experience, becoming "common sense" or a way of making sense of our world
racial formation perspective
This refers to status hierarchies based upon physical appearance in the assumption of membership in particular categories based upon these physical features; these exist in the United States and throughout the world, albeit with much variation
racial hierarchy
Whiteness
refers to the multiple ways white people benefit from institutional arrangements that appear to have nothing to do with race
White fragility
refers to the ways white people become highly fragile in conversations about race, and where the smallest amount of racial stress becomes intolerable, triggers discomfort and anxiety, and can result in argumentation, withdrawal, anger, and silence
cyber racism
refers to the widespread use of digital technologies and the internet by white supremacist movements throughout North America and Europe, spreading white supremacist ideologies across national boundaries
Racial/ethnic
to acknowledge that race and ethnicity overlap
People of color
to collectively refer to racial/ethnic minority groups that have been the object of racism and discrimination in the United States, rather than using the term nonwhite
Which of the following is a way white workers have been able to maintain a split labor market and secure a dominant position in the labor market for themselves
unions
Which of the following did NOT contribute to the emergence of the concept of "race" and the racial hierarchy worldview?
views of black inferiority based on skin color
Meritocracy
where individuals get what they work for and rewards are based upon effort and talent
Cox argues that American racism, particularly in the South, was created by _________________________ because of benefited them: they could exploit black workers and keep white workers from realizing their potential solidarity with the black working-class. Such a "divide-and-conquer" strategy benefits capitalism in that a divided workforce has less power in the labor market
white capitalists
This refers to an institutional space where white privilege is maintained and reproduced
white space
