SOC 323 Gabriel Exam #1 Chapters 1-3

The Civil Rights Movement

-A collection of organizations and people who carried out political acts aimed at: --Abolishing Racial Segregation --Nonwhite Disenfranchisement --Racial Economic Exploitation -(page 89)

Eugenics

-A program set forth in the nineteenth century by Francis Galton to ensure genetic purity -Attempted to "solve" the "natural inferiority of the lower races" through such extreme measures as forced sterilization -(page 82)

Racial Polarization

-A relationship between the racial identity of a voter and the way in which the voter votes -For example, the American Electorate is racially polarized: --The majority of Whites tilt toward the Republican Party --The majority of Nonwhites support the Democratic Party -(page 108)

Gerrymandering

-A set of processes by which elected politicians redraw and manipulate the borders of political districts to secure political advantage -(page 113)

Slavery

-A system where workers are the property of their masters -Are not paid for their labor -(page 57)

Coded Language

-Indirect allusions to physical appearance, class upbringing, or sexual attractiveness; -Code words that give voice to dormant racialized dispositions -Ex: "welfare queen," "urban unrest," "illegal immigrants," "Islamic terrorists" ). -(page 124)

Colonialism

-Occurs when a foreign power invades a territory -Establishes enduring systems of exploitation and domination over that territory's indigenous populations. -(page 50)

Individualistic Fallacy

-Racism assumed to belong to the realm of ideas and attitudes -Racism is only the collection of nasty thoughts a "racist individual" has about another group. -Ex: "Some people might still believe 'Most welfare recipients are black,' but that doesn't mean society is racist." -(page 7)

Principle-Implementation Gap

-Since the Civil Rights Movement, opinion polls have shown that most white Americans consistently have accepted the principle of racial inclusion while rejecting any of policy measures designed to carry this out -(page 118)

Institutional Racism

-Systemic white domination of people of color, embedded and operating in corporations, universities, legal systems, political bodies, cultural life, and other social collectives -(page 11)

Political Representation

-The activity of integrating citizen perspectives and concerns in the public policy making process. -Very few nonwhites are elected at the national, state, and local levels, resulting in the underrepresentation of nonwhite perspectives and concerns -(page 112)

Legalistic Fallacy

-The assumption that abolishing racist laws (racism in principle) automatically leads to the abolition of racism in everyday life (racism in practice) -Ex. "'De jure' segregation was ended in the 1960s, thus ending racism." -(page 8)

Fixed Fallacy

-The assumption that racism is fixed, that it is immutable, constant across time and space, and that it does not develop in any way -Often defining racism only by its most heinous forms, such as racial violence -(page 9)

Tokenistic Fallacy

-The assumption that the presence of people of color in influential positions is evidence of the complete eradication of racial obstacles -Ex: "Barak Obama won the presidency twice, so racism must be over." -Ex: Token Black/Asian/etc. Friend in shows -(page 8)

Ahistorical Fallacy

-The bold claim that most United States history, including the legacies of slavery and colonialism, is inconsequential today -(page 9)

Multiethnic Heritage

-The category by which many Americans identify, claiming heritages from two or more ethnicities or races -(page 85)

Manifest Destiny

-The nineteenth century belief that it was God's will that the United States conquer the American continent -(page 69)

Intersectionality

-The overlapping system of advantages and disadvantages, wherein racism intersects with other forms of domination, such as those based on gender, class, sexuality, religion, nationhood, ability, and so forth -(page 16)

Immigration

-The process of entering and establishing permanent residence in a place other than one's country of origin -Ex. During the mid-nineteenth century, immigrants flocked to America by the millions -(page 75)

Disenfranchisement

-To deprive a group or an individual of certain privileges. -Practices (which often mirror, in a softer and shrewder form) techniques deployed by southern whites during the mid-twentieth century to deter voters and revoke voting rights among racial minorities, such as voter ID laws -(page 119)

# of Africans transported

10-15 million, Atlantic Slave Trade

Emancipation Proclamation

1863. Proclamation issued by Lincoln, freeing all slaves in areas still at war with the Union.

W.E.B. DuBois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

Ethnicity

A shared lifestyle informed by cultural, historical, religious, and/or national affiliations Can be acquired and transmissible -(page 26)

Racial Demography

A society's racial categories -(page 79)

Sojourner Truth

Abolitionist and feminist who spoke against slavery and for the rights of women

Ida B. Wells

African-American journalist who led the fight against lynching, co-founder NAACP

William Moore

CORE member who staged solo marches for racial equality, killed during a march from Chattanooga to Jackson

Interpersonal Racism

Everyday interactions & practices -Either Overt --Old-fashioned bigotry, people act out their prejudices and give direct expression to their negative attitudes guided by demeaning stereotypes of others -Or Covert, --Found in the habitual, commonsensical, and ordinary practices of our lives -(page 11)

Harriet Tubman

Former slave who helped slaves escape on the Underground Railroad

Slave Codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights

Emmett Till

Murdered in 1955 for whistling at a white woman by her husband and his friends. They kidnapped him and brutally killed him. his death led to the American Civil Rights movement.

Cesar Chavez

Organized Union Farm Workers (UFW); help migratory farm workers gain better pay & working conditions

Separate but equal

Principle upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) in which the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public facilities was legal.

Partisanship and race

Republican party - majority white supported Democratic party - majority nonwhite supported

SCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Conference, churches link together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement, led by MLK Jr., was a success

Convict Leasing

State penitentiaries would rent prisoners out to plantation owners to do work

Jim Crow Laws

Statutes that kept blacks inferior

SNCC

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee - Freedom summer - SNCC bringing the vote to impoverished blacks in the south - registration, establishment of Freedom Schools (teaching black kids to read, write, arithmetic, self worth, critical thinking, leadership) - murder/torture of volunteers

Whiteness

The dominant racial category --Normalizes racial domination --Reproduces many cultural, political, economic, and social advantages and privileges for white people --Withholds such advantages and privileges from nonwhite people -(page 25)

Race Is a Social Reality

The idea that race is not a biological reality, but rather a political reality, or what we might call a social construction -By James Baldwin -(page 32)

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million - prevent nonwhite majority in US

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. Opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations.

40 acres and a mule

William Sherman - 1865 - allotted 40 acres of land to recently freed heads of households and slaves that fought on union army - never fulfilled

Dog Whistle Politics

a political message composed of veiled language to trigger racial animosity

Robert Smalls

became a ship's pilot, sea captain, and politician; freed himself, his crew and their families by commandeering a Confederate transport ship sailing it to freedom beyond the blockade; helped convince Lincoln to accept African-American soldiers into the Union Army

NAACP

founded by blacks and whites - attempting to change perception of blacks in America, fight for equality in voting, banned in southern states

Nationality

membership in a specific politically delineated territory controlled by a government US asssigned immigration quotas by nationality

Sharecropping

new system of informal slavery - whites gave blacks small pieces of land to grow crops and live - blacks had to give white planters a portion of their crop - only allowed them enough to survive not to profit - poverty to blacks through unending debt

one-drop rule

one drop of black blood makes a person black

Civil Rights Act 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, ended legal segregation in schools, public and workplace

Voting Rights Act 1965

outlawed poll taxes and literacy tests, citizens are still disenfranchised, both parties afraid to face racism head on

Lynching

putting a person to death by mob action without due process of law

Racial Domination

the arrangement of racial life in such a way that its ordinary, everyday workings serve to benefit certain racial groups at the expense of others Whites dominate over non-whites

substantive representation

the correspondence between the goals of nonwhite representatives and nonwhite citizens

Superficial representation

the process of appointing to political positions nonwhites disconnected from the needs and problems of most nonwhite citizens

Symbolic violence

the process of people of color unknowingly accepting and supporting the terms of their own domination

Indian Problem

what to be done with tribes and the valuable land/resources - assimilation and removal