SOC BIGBOY
An androgynous gender approach to parenting is one that _____
Is gender neutral
Social Class is important for whom?
The government, such as policies (welfare) and tax
People with less income are less likely to
Marry
Lisa has a White mother and a Black father, but when asked to self-identify her race she chooses Black, not White or mixed. This may be because ______.
People tend to apply the same identities to themselves as others apply to them
When children are neglected or abused by their parents the institutional arena of the ______ intervenes in the institutional arena of the ___________
State; family
(Q016) When they were instituted in the early twentieth century, programs like Social Security and Aid to Dependent Children promoted marriage by ______.
a. making women who never married or who divorced ineligible
(Q010) The family wage refers to the ______.
a. wage necessary for a male earner to provide for his wife and children
The pattern of high educational achievement and intergenerational living by Asian Americans may be explained by cultural traditions, but also by
highly educated professional parents who provide models and opportunities for their children.
Why is the family considered an institution
because family relations are influenced by a set of commonly held expectations about how members are supposed to interact
The idealized "traditional" nuclear family, consisting of male breadwinner and female homemaker, was the most common arrangement:
beginning in the mid-twentieth century
Research finds that religious Americans are more likely than nonreligious people to
believe breadwinner-homemaker families are best
Which of the following is a reason for lower rates of marriage among African Americans?
black men have problems becoming employed due to a shrinking manufacturing industry
Pallavi's parents are professionals, as are their siblings and most of their friends. They are able to draw on their social networks to help Pallavi achieve her goals. This is an example of
bourdieus social capital
extension of temporary work permits to Mexican laborers, which led to permanent settlement of families in the United States
bracero program 1942-64
What contributed to the decline of courtship in the process of mate selection?
c. increasing freedom for young adults
(Q011) In Europe prior to the formation of the United States, what was the principal role of marriage?
c. system of property and labor cooperation
According to the text, what had a significant impact on the emergence of the dating system in the early to mid-twentieth century?
cars
Since census categories have _____, we can argue that ______.
changed; ideas about what constitutes a family have evolved
conflict perspective example
family life differs dramatically for women and men, and these experiences are also shaped by race, ethnicity, and social class.
feminist theory example
family members enact their particular roles (parent, child, sibling, spouse) based on others' expectations of them.
According to Daniel Patrick Moynihan's 1965 report, what was the main cause of poverty for the Black population?
family structure
When a neighborhood includes just a few poor families, those families can rely on friends and neighbors for support. Which of the following happened as a result of the deindustrialization of northern cities and the concentration of urban poverty (choose all that apply)?
funding for schools declined, local churches lost members and financial support
Under the ideology of separate spheres, what were separated?
a. men at work and women at home
Why is the family considered an institution?
because family relations are influenced by a set of commonly held expectations about how members are supposed to interact
Most African American slave children lived with:
both parents
Why is intermarriage the "litmus" test of racial and ethnic difference?
its frequency allows the measurement of the integration of two groups
What do some sociologists, such as Andrew Cherlin, say is associated with a growth of individualism?
weaker marriage bonds
Which theory sees people as individuals entering into mutual relationships in order to maximize their own gain?
Exchange theory
Labor of some produces wealth that is controlled by others
Exploitation
Measures inequality in which 0 represents complete equality whereas 1 represents complete inequality
GINI index
Michelle likes to do the same "girl-typical" activities as her big sister. Michelle's wanting to be like her sister, whom she considers a peer, is an example of _____.
Gender Conformity.
For as long as she can remember, Nilay has liked to play with dolls while her brothers prefers trucks and tools. These were the toys given by their parents and their books contained illustrations of these same preferences. This is an example of _____>
Gender Socialization
In occupations that require similar levels of job training, education, and risk, those dominated by neb tend to have ______ wages and _____ status than those dominated by women
Higher; higher
Andi's sex chromosomes do not match her sexual anatomy. Her condition is known as ______.
Intersex
Socialization _____.
Is a lifelong process by which people learn to act and think in the light of what they believe others expect of them.
The association of the color pink with girls and blue with boys ____>
Is a relatively new gender rule.
The official poverty line (threshold)
Is based on the cost of a government determined "economy food plan" times three
Lists some things about Poverty
Is concentrated by race/ethics, and closely related to family structure, homelessness.
What happened to the poverty line in the early 2000's?
It increased dramatically
What happened to the poverty rate in the 2000s?
It increased dramatically
Although there is not a single definition, one common trait of big data is
It is complex enough to require special technology
The 1942-1964 Bracero Program, which extended "temporary" work permits to millions of Mexican workers, had what effect on Mexican families?
It opened the door for many families to settle in the United States.
Why is intermarriage the "litmus test" of racial and ethnic difference?
Its frequency allows the measurement of the integration of two groups
Why is intermarriage the "litmus" test of racial and ethnic difference?
Its frequency allows the measurement of the integration of two groups
Why is intermarriage the "litmus" test of racial and ethnic difference?
Its frequency allows the measurement of the integration of two groups.
The practical opportunity to achieve desired materials conditions and personal experiences, such as poor people have a lover chance at achieving this
Life Chances
When a neighborhood includes just a few poor families, those families can rely on friends and neighbors for support. Which of the following happened as a result of the deindustrialization of northern cities and the concentration of urban poverty?
Local institutions, such as churches and schools, lost funding
Since the nineteenth century, what has happened to children?
Lost of Economic Value and more emotional value
Alyssa was born to a young single mother and grew up in a poor rural area with low-quality schools. According to the sociological concept of life chances, she has a __________ of becoming rich because __________.
Low chances; the practical change of doing so it so small
When they were instituted int he early twentieth century, programs like Social Security and Aid to Dependent Children promoted marriage by________
Making women who never married or who divorced ineligible
What is true about male and female death rates?
Males are more likely to die at every age
According to your textbook, which pattern would show a society with a big division between social classes?
Many family ties within each class and few ties between classes
According to the textbook, what pattern would show a society with a big division between social classes?
Many family ties within each class and few ties in-between classes
During the 1960's and after, ________ increased the independence of middle-class and more educated women, while _______ increased the independence of poor women.
Market forces; state forces
In American legal tradition, the definition of "family" is based on
Marriage and biology
Children's parents who are college educated are _________ likely to have internet access at home and to spend _______ time watching tv than those who have parents that have a high school diploma or less.
More; less
From 1638 to the end of the transantlantic slave trade in 1807, the marriages of enslaved Africans were not legally recognized and children were the property of slave owners. In this context ______.
Most slavers were marries and most children lived with both parents
For the most purposes of the contemporary Census, a family
Must occupy the same household
Respect for elders, reliance on extended family networks, and matrilineal descent are characteristics of which Early American groups?
Native Americans
Over the course of the twentieth century, there was a trend in households from primarily married-couple households toward:
No new dominant standard
Zoe was born male and later transitioned to female by taking hormones and undergoing surgery. Zoe doesn't identify as male or female but as a "third sex." Zoe is an example of someone who might be describes as_______.
Non-Binary
Why do some white Americans have a strong ethnic identity while others do not
Not all Europeans in the United States were automatically considered white.
According to your textbook, the consensus perspective takes which view?
Order is the core of social change WIKI: theory is a social theory that holds that a particular political or economic system is a fair system, and that social change should take place within the social institutions provided by it. HINT: Sounds like a Republican view
Which of the following demonstrates the increased likelihood that adults will spend more of their lives outside marriage than in the past?
a higher percentage of adults living with no relatives
Jesus and Maria live together (as intimate partners) but are not married. For census purposes, they are defined as ...
a household
(Q005) What does this figure show about trends in names given to baby girls?
a. there is more diversity, with the most common names becoming less prevalent
(Q008) The baby boom refers to births in the United States in which years?
a. 1946-1964
(Q023) Which of these factors does the textbook cite as a reason family sizes became smaller over the course of the nineteenth century?
a. The logic of child rearing changed to require more resources.
(Q007) According to the text, what had a significant impact on the emergence of the dating system in the early to mid-twentieth century?
a. cars
(Q006) Beth and Kathryn were married in Massachusetts. If we wish to distinguish the characteristics of different types of married couples, we could refer to this marriage between two people of the same gender as ______.
a. homogamy
Illegal border crossing is more dangerous and undocumented male immigrants are more likely to establish permanent residence and bring their families.
homeland security act 2002
Beth and Kathryn were married in Massachusetts. If we wish to distinguish the characteristics of different types of married couples, we could refer to this marriage between two people of the same gender as
homogamy
According to the textbook, the decline of the name Mary in the United States represents the rising trend of what attitude?
individualism
Social and cultural changes have brought about more __________, which some argue has weakened marriage ties; however, researchers suggest that the relationships that do survive are emotionally stronger.
individualism
modernity example
individuals choose their own type of family and their role within it in order to find personal fulfillment.
In the early 1900s, the reasons for marriage began to change. This cultural shift is known as:
institution to companionship
state
institutional arena where through political means, behavior is legally regulated, violence is controlled, and resources are redistributed
Potential immigrants must be notified if their future spouses have a criminal history or have applied for multiple immigrant petitions. Has not been effectively implemented.
international marriage broker regulation act 2005
Andi's sex chromosomes do not match her sexual anatomy. Her condition is known as
intersex
Shawn was born with ambiguous genitalia and XX chromosomes. This is a condition known as __________, and as a result Shawn's parents decided to label her female and raise her as a girl.
intersex
socialization
is a life-long process by which people learn to act and thing, in light of what they believe others expect of them
the association of the color pink with girls and blue with boys
is a relatively new gender rule
What happened to the poverty rate in the 2000s?
it increased dramatically
When has poverty increased the most?
2000s
What contributed to the decline of courtship in the process of mate selection?
Increasing freedom for young adults
feminist theory
a theory that seeks to understand and ultimately reduce inequality between men and women
What do you think sociologists mean when they refer to the market?
The market is the arena where labor for pay, economic exchange, and wealth accumulation take place
What do you think sociologists mean when they refer to the market?
The market is the arena where labor for pay, economic exchange, and wealth accumulation take place. And where the richer gets richer
A conflict theorist would say that social inequality stems from
The process by which the labor of some produces wealth that is controlled by others
What is the primary reason the proportion of people age 65 or older living in poverty is smaller today compared with the 1960's?
The social security program distributes more money to retired people than in the 1960's
The poor have had a difficult time moving out of poverty because
The value of the federal minimum wage has declined significantly of the last 40 years.
Since, the 1980s, what is the pattern of names given to baby girls?
There is increasing diversity, with the most common names becoming less prevalent
A reporter is writing an article about social mobility in the United States. As a sociologist, you advise her that
There is little substantial upward social mobility
Why is it difficult for children to escape poverty?
They follow their parents economic situtations
Since the nineteenth century, what has happened to children?
They lost economic value and gained emotional value
What are the two dominant institutional arenas that the family interacts with?
state and market
When children are neglected or abused by their parents, the institutional arena of the ______ intervenes in the institutional arena of the ______.
state; family
When children are neglected or abused by their parents, the institutional arena of the __________ intervenes in the institutional arena of the ________
state; family
What pair of terms refer to biological sex?
Male and Female
Weber believes that the opportunity to succeed is
crucial to define class
according to research, males and females are
more alike than different
In the early 1900s, the reasons for marriage began to change. This cultural shift is known as:
"institution to championship"
Which of the following best explains the decline in marriage among African Americans in the last several decades? *The lack of suitable marriage partners available for women *The tendency of African-American men marry White women *increasing intermarriage between the different ethnic groups *Cultural values that deemphasize child rearing
*The lack of suitable marriage partners available for women
Lisa has a White mother and a Black father, but when asked to self-identify her race, she chooses Black, not White or mixed. This reflects which of the following? (Choose all that apply) *the history of the "one-drop" rule *the fact that people tend to apply the same identities to themselves as others apply to them *the biological basis of race *the social construction of race
*the history of the "one-drop" rule *the social construction of race
Jacob and Ashley are a young couple in their early 20s who have been together for two years and are contemplating marriage. Which of the following is a likely reason why they may choose to get married despite the fact that marriage rates are in decline? (Choose all that apply.)
-although there are alternatives to marriage, most couples imitate common behavior patterns -family members, religious leaders, and others may pressure them to marry -there are a variety of government and market incentives for them to marry
Economic instability has become pronounced among young adults without college degrees, especially young men. As a result, which of the following is true. Select all that apply.
-especially as they reach their 30s, the marriage prospects of economically insecure men grow bleaker -young adults have a greater tendency to delay marriage, perhaps in favor of a less committed cohabitation relationship
In 1894, Wong Kim Ark, who was born in San Francisco, attempted to visit his parents in China. On his return, authorities declared that, due to which law, he could not be a citizen because his parents were Chinese?
1882 Chinese Exclusion Act
The baby boom refers to births in the United States in which years?
1946-1964
The baby boom refers to the births in the US in which years?
1946-1964
Sarah, a U.S. citizen, was working in Argentina when she met and married Marcos. When Sarah's job transferred her back to the U.S., Marcos was able to Immigrate because _______.
1965 amendments to the Immigration and Nationality Act
Sarah, a U.S. citizen, was working in Argentina when she met and married Marcos. When Sarah's job was transferred back to the United States, Marcos was able to immigrate because of what Act?
1965 amendments to the Immigration and Nationality Act
Marriage between Whites and people of other races has been legal in all U.S. states since
1967
According to the text, when did progress toward gender integration of fields of study stall?
1980's
In 1980, the richest 1% of the population earned 11% of all income. How much did the richest % of individuals earn by 2014?
20%
When did the U.S. Census begin identifying multiple-race identities?
2000
Jesus and Maria live together (as intimate partners) but are not married. For census purposes, they are defined as
A household. Maybe that's because there is no where on the Census form for a household living as roommates?
Using _______ helps ensure that research results are not skewed by who is included or excluded in a survey or interview.
A random sample
James and Natasha identify as African American. Reflecting a dominant pattern for African Americans, they have children together and are not marries. Sociologists might explain their family structure as reflecting _______.
A response to social and economic challenges
A group of people who share common interests and similar levels of education and income can be referred to as
A social class
Families began having fewer children in the nineteenth century. Which of the following was NOT a contributor to this change? A)Widely available information about birth control B) Couples wanted fewer children C) Decreased infant death rate D) Couples learned how to prevent pregnancy
A) Widely available information about birth control
Match the era to the ideal of childhood... A. Children were considered to be blank slates of innocence. B. Children played economic roles and the "idea" of childhood did not exist. C. There were less parental authority and closer parent-child relationships.
A. emerging modern childhood B. Colonial America C. Modern
According to your textbook, the issue of undocumented immigration is less a matter of border security and increasingly a question of how to treat the immigrants and their families because ______.
About two-thirds of undocumented immigrants have been in the country 10 years or more
Working Class Parents practice
Accomplished of natural growth
According to "History Detectives: Genealogy," the best potential sources to inform about family ancestry are all of the following, EXCEPT: A) National Genealogical Society B) Archives C) Both relatives and friends D) Internet
C) Both relatives and friends
Of families in the following groups, which is most likely to be poor? Latinos American Indian Black Asians Whites
American Indian
What race of families is most likely to be poor?
American Indians
What is the relationship between industrial change and black family structure in the past 40 years?
As manufacturing opportunities declines, marriage rates increased
The idealized "traditional" nuclear family, consisting of male breadwinner and female homemaker, was the most common arrangement:
Beginning of the mid-20th century
Research finds that religious Americans are more likely than nonreligious people to _______.
Believe breadwinner-homemaker families are the best
Even though __________ doesn't support the classification of people into races, deeply felt divisions between groups of people remain important _________.
Biology; socially
The expansion of the prison system impacted Black families in what way?
Black grandparents were more likely to live with their grandchildren
Palace's parents are professionals, as are their siblings and most of their friends. They are able to draw on their social networks to help Pallavi achieve her goals. This is an example of what?
Bourdieu's social capital
Pallavi's parents are professionals, as are their siblings and most of their friends. They are able to draw on their social networks to help Pallavi achieve her goals. This is an example of
Bourdieu's social capital
Which of the following is NOT a major trend in the historical changes in American family life? A) Family size has decreased B) The economic function of the family has been transformed C) Divorce rates have skyrocketed D) Families have become more diverse
C) Divorce rates have skyrocketed
(Q024) Match each era to the ideal of childhood. Children played economic roles and the ideal of carefree childhood did not exist. Children were viewed as "blank slates" for parents and society to shape. Children had closer relationships with their parents and were subject to less parental authority.
CA EMC M
According to the text, what had a significant impact on the emergence of the dating system in the early to mid twentieth century?
Cars
Census categories have _____, so we can argue ______.
Changed; ideas about what constitutes a family has evolved
Keeping the poor from improving is caused by
Changes in public policy and family structure
Social Exchange Theory
Changing Minds. Where one benefits off the other. For example, Alisha makes more than Greg, so to make up for the lost of income differences, Greg stay at home. Societal Changes by exchanging these differences. Rational and mutually beneficial .
Modernity
Children had closer relationships with their parents and were subject to less parental authority
Colonial America
Children played economic roles and the ideal of carefree childhood did not exist
Emerging Modern Childhood
Children were viewed as "blank slates" for parents and were subject to less parental authority
A family consisting of two parents and their children, whose priorities are personal fulfillment and common affection, would be considered a:
Companionship Family
Middle Class parents practice
Concerted Cultivation
Elizabeth takes piano lessons, plays on a travel soccer team, attends after-school tutoring sessions, goes to science camp, and is encouraged by her parents to question teachers, doctors, and other adults in positions of authority. Elizabeth's college-educated professional parents engage in a style of parenting called
Concerted cultivation
For the purposes of the contemporary census, a family
Contemporary Census, is the new Census. Currently they seek that having a single household defines a family.
Lisa has a White mother and a Black father, but when asked to self-identify her race, she chooses Black, not White or mixed. This reflects which of the following
Correct Answer Correct Response the history of the "one-drop" rule Correct Answer Correct Response the fact that people tend to apply the same identities to themselves as others apply to them Incorrect Response the biological basis of race Correct Answer Correct Response the social construction of race
As mate selection became less a matter of economics and status and more an emotional endeavor, young people began the practice of:
Courtship
According to recent feminist family theorists, which statement is true? A) Family types are biologically determined and rarely change B) What is good for some women is good for all women C) Men and women have very similar experiences of family life D) Family types are socially constructed and changing
D) Family types are socially constructed and changing
Christian traditions that included monogamous marriage and required a woman to be faithful to her husband and a man to economically support his wife and children were written in secular laws that enforced "monogamous morality." Which of these are examples? Choose all that apply.
Dawes Act and the Comstock Act
Since 2009, trends in illegal immigration have _______.
Decreased
Since the 1900's, the trend in age at first marriage __________
Decreased until the 1950s and then significantly
What contributed to the Black "retreat from marriage"?
Deindustrialization
In colonial America, Christian doctrine supported the legal concept of coverture, and wives_____
Did not have a legal existence, but were incorporated into their husbands' citizenship
José and Maria came to the United States from Mexico with their parents. They quickly learned English, but their parents struggle and also want to continue to speak Spanish at home in order to maintain their culture. This is an example of ______.
Dissonant Acculturation
Archeological findings in central Europe indicate which of the following about families?
Diverse family arrangements, and not only the nuclear family, were recognized by the villagers.
Archeological finding in central Europe indicate what insight about families?
Diverse family arrangements, not only the nuclear family, were recognized by the villagers
The social process of determining who does what work and for what reward
Division Of Labor
Kai and his family live in a small town in Minnesota and Amelia and her family live in Boston. According to the federal poverty line, both families are poor. However, the poverty line __________, making things even more difficult for Amelia's family in such an expensive city.
Does not consider geographical differences in cost of living
Patterns in contemporary African American family structure (low marriage rates, high rates of single parenthood) can be explained by
Economic oppression and lack of opportunity
The occupation with the highest percentage of men is ______, while the occupation with the highest percentage of women is _________.
Electricians, prekindergarten and kindergarten teachers
In the late twentieth century, cultural changes in the meaning of and motivation for marriage evolved in what way?
Emotional expectations became a fundamental weakness
Over the course of the twentieth century, there was a trend in households from primarily married-couple households toward:
Emotional expectations became a fundamental weakness.
Lim marries someone from inside his cultural group. Which term best applies to this situation?
Endogamy
Rich People tend to marry
Endogenously, which is within their own groups.
Most people who have cosmetic surgery choose procedure that do what?
Enhance the differences between sexes
Ernesto is a Cuban American living near Miami in South Florida. Which of the following statements about Ernesto is correct?
Ernesto's ethnicity is Cuban
Ernesto is a Cuban American living near Miami in South Florida. Which statement would be correct about him?
Ernesto's ethnicity is Cuban
Ernesto is a Cuban-American living near Miami in South Florida. Which of the following statements about Ernesto is correct?
Ernesto's ethnicity is Cuban
Jews share a common cultural identification that includes a combination of language, religion, ancestral origin, and traditional practices. According to your textbook, Jew are most accurately describes as a(n)____________.
Ethnic Group
Jews share a common cultural identification that includes a combination of language, religion, ancestral origin, and/or traditional practices. According to your textbook, Jews are most accurately described as
Ethnic Group
How frequently have the race and ethnicity categories on the U.S Census changed since 1880?
Every 10 years
Since 1880, the race and ethnicity categories on the U.S. Census form have changed
Every ten years
According to the ineractionist approach, gender differences within families exist primarily because of
Everyday behavior that reinforces gender distinctions
According to the interactionist approach, gender differences within families exist primarily because of
Everyday behaviors that reinforce the distinction of appropriate gender
According to Anthony Giddens and Modernity theory, as described by your textbook
Everyone is expected to make individual choices in their family relationships
Alisha and Greg both work full time outside the home. As a woman, Alisha earns less than Greg and is responsible for a greater share of the housework and child care in order to "make up" the difference. __________ might argue that this arrangement is rational and mutually beneficial.
Exchange Theorists
According to scholars Zhou and Lee in "Why Asian American Kids Excel: its not Tiger Moms,"social and economic advancement among second generation Asian Americans has NO correlation with family and ethnic community resources.
False
As Sated in the supplement link "Why Asian American kids excel, it's not Tiger Moms," scholars Zhou and Lee's study on second generation Asian Americans' achievements depicts legacy of ethno-parenting success. (True of False)
False
As seen in the video "Racial and ethnic and immigrant stereotypes and family: Role of media," Amy Chua endorses "Tiger Mom" parenting as the only path to achieving model minority status
False
As seen in the video "The Family in History Decline in birthrates, increase in women workers," since 1920s fertility rate in the U.S. has steeply increased and stabilized; this resulted in more number of women joining the labor force to increase household incomes. (True or False)
False
As seen in the video "The Family in History Decline in birthrates, increase in women workers," since 1920s fertility rate in the U.S. has steeply increased and stabilized;this resulted in more number of women joining the labor force to increase household incomes.
False
As seen in the video "race and ethnic and immigrant stereotypes: Role of media" Amy Chua is considered "first generation."
False
As stated in "Fewer births and divorces, more violence: how the recession affected the American family during economic recession," with the increase in unemployment rate in the U.S., fertility rate dropped steeply among women over the age 40.
False
As stated in "Fewer births and divorces, more violence: how the recession affected the American family during economic recession," with the increase in unemployment rate in the U.S., fertility rate dropped steeply among women over the age of 40. (True or False)
False
Provided in your supplement link, in the documentary on "Work and family life: The transnational families", it is stated that Philippine laborers maintaining transnational lives are less beneficial to their employers in host countries in the west. (True or False)
False
The video "Wealth Inequality in America", states that the wealth distribution in America follows socialist ideals. (True or False)
False
Maria, a latina immigrant, set aside her dreams of continuing her education to work and send money to her family in her country of origin. This is an example of the cultural trait of ____________.
Familism
According to Daniel Patrick Moynihan's 1965 report, what was the main cause of poverty for the Black population?
Family Structure
The demographic perspectives in family studies focus most on ______.
Family and Household structures
Which of the following is NOT a major trend in the historical changes in American family life
Family size has decreased. The economic function of the family has been transformed. Correct Answer Divorce rates have skyrocketed. Families have become more diverse.
According to modernity theory, which is a characteristic of the "late modern" (or second modernity) period?
Family ties are created by individuals deliberately and by choice
According to modernity theory, which is a characteristic of the late modern (or second modernity) period?
Family ties are created by individuals deliberately and by choice
According to modernity theory, which is a characteristic of the late modern (or second modernity) period?
Family ties are created by individuals deliberately and by choice. Yes, so again Modernity is the individual choice, and late or second is a continuation of modern institutional transitions and cultural developments
According to Modernity Theory, which is a characteristic of the late modern (or second modernity) period?
Family ties are created y individuals deliberately and by choice
According to recent feminist family theorists, which statement is true?
Family types are socially constructed and changing.
According to recent feminist family theorists:
Family types are socially constructed and changing.
What is true according to recent feminist theory?
Family types socially constructed are changing
Transgender people are people whose _______.
Gender identity does not match their assigned sex.
Jos was born female and was raised as a girl, but identifies as a man. His __________ does not match his assigned sex and is described as __________.
Gender identity; transgender
Andre and Latisha have a son and a daughter. Their son is expected to mow the lawn, take out the garbage, and wash the cars. Their daughter is expected to cook meals, vacuum, and pull weeds in the garden. This arrangement is an example of _______.
Gender socialization
When Anna was pregnant the ultrasound showed a female baby so she and her family and friends bought pink clothes, dolls, and other feminine items. They all assumed the baby's __________ based on the __________.
Gender; sex
In 2020, the U.S. Census plans to add a new category, "Middle Eastern or North African." According to your textbook, this is what type of designation?
Geographic Desingnation
In the Middle Class: Divergent Fortunes is caused by
Global Competition
Erica, an African American woman, gave birth to her first child when she was unmarried and 21 years old. What is one reason sociologists might believe Erica is representative of other African American single mothers?
Her romantic partner was recently incarcerated due to racial profiling.
What demonstrates the increased likelihood that adults will spend more of their lives unmarried than in the past?
Higher percentage of adults living with no relatives
Contemporary American Indians who live on reservations or other tribal lands are often socially isolated and poor. These social conditions may contribute to ______.
Higher rates of suicide, diabetes, and alchoholism
The pattern of high educational achievement and intergenerational living among Asian Americans may be explained by cultural traditions, but also by ______.
Highly educated professional parents who provide models and opportunities for their children
Jesus and Maria live together (as intimate partners) but are not married. For census purposes, they are defined as a
Household
The Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), The Immigration Act (1924), The War Brides Act (1945), The Homeland Security Act (2002), and the International Marriage Broker Regulation Act (2005) are all examples of:
Immigration laws that have affected both the separation and the unification of families
The federal government uses what to set tax rates?
Income Categories
We can argue that elevating marriage to the status of a true love relationship, instead of a relationship based on tradition and economic necessity, might contribute to a(n) __________ acceptance of divorce.
Increase
We can argue that elevating marriage to the status of a true love relationship. instead of a relationship based on tradition and economic necessity, might contribute to a(n) _______ acceptance of divorce
Increased
Since the 1950s, family income inequality in the United States has
Increased dramatically
Industrialization and the ideology of seperate spheres _________ economic inequality between husbands and wives and ___________ advantage grew.
Increased; husbands'
According to the textbook, the decline of the name Mary in the US represents the rising trend of what attitude?
Individualism
One of the most important trend in the U.S. history of the last half century has been the growth of
Inequality
In the early 1900s, the reasons for marriage began to change. This cultural shift is known as:
Institution of companionship
Job Loss and Economic Stress in general increases the likelihood of
Marriages ending in divorce
Growing Family Diversity has come for which type of household becoming less common?
Married Couples
Growing family diversity has come from which type of household becoming less common?
Married Couples
Children who live with ________ are concentrated in higher-income families, while children who live with _______ are concentrated to lower income families
Married parents; single parent
According to conflict theories, who benefits from family structures where women stay at home and men work for pay?
Men and employers
According to your textbook, what's the biggest reason women's median earnings were just 81% of men's earnings in 2015?
Men and women work in different jobs.
Under the ideology of separate spheres, what were separated?
Men at work and women at home
Why do sociologists claim that joblessness led African Americans to retreat from the institution of marriage?
Men without jobs usually do not make attractive marriage partners
Sociologists studies the __________ of occupations of fathers with the occupation of their sons
Mobility
According to research, males and females are _______.
More alike than different
A society's Gini Index has shifted from 0.57 to 0.34. This means that
More families share a larger portion of the income
In 2016, women ages 25 to 34 were ______ than men to __________.
More likely; finish a BA degree
Poor families in the private rental market on average spend _________ of their income on housing expenses
More that 50%
According to the textbook, the consensus theory takes which view?
Order is the core of social life
According to your textbook, the consensus perspective takes what view?
Order is the core of social life
According to your textbook, the consensus perspective takes which view?
Order is the core of social life.
Recently, some governments have begun to legally recognize that _____.
People identify with more than two genders.
Rosa thinks of her mother's best friend, Maria, as her aunt, and Maria treats Rosa as her niece. According to your textbook, Rosa and Maria could be labeled a
Personal family
In her research on social class and parenting, Annette Lareau found that poor and working-class parents engaged in a style of parenting she called the accomplishment of natural growth. These parents believed their children's success would be the natural outcome of a childhood spent
Playing informally and hanging out in mixed-age groups of friends and family
According to Cohen, what is the strongest predictor of a person growing to be poor
Poverty and family structure in childhood are related and equally strong predictors
According to Cohen, what is the strongest predictor of a person growing up to be poor?
Poverty and family structure in childhood are related and equally strong predictors.
What kind of identities and categories reflect perceptions about physical similarities that are assumed to be innate?
Racial
_______ identities and categories reflect perceptions about physical similarities that are assumed to be innate
Racial
One reason we know race is socially constructed and not biological given is ________>
Racial categories have changed over time
Rose is often told she "looks Latina," and in fact her grandparents came to the United States from Mexico. This is an example of ______.
Racial ethnicity
The scholarly view that Black Families are resilient and adaptive understands Black family structure as a _____.
Reaction to persistent poverty
Since the nineteenth century what has happened with children?
The lost economic value and gained emotional value
_______ in northern industrial cities meant poverty was ______ in communities with a majority of Black residents when good-paying blue-collar jobs were eliminated by corporations.
Residential segregation; concentrated
__________ in northern industrial cities meant that poverty was ________ in communities with a majority of Black residents when good-paying blue collar jobs were eliminated by corporations.
Residential segregation; concentrated
Jamilla, who had a white mother, was brought up to see herself as white. When asked, she would say she was white. However, as she grew older, she began to embrace her Arab heritage and to instead identify as mixed race. Jamilla's example illustrates the strong role of what in racial identification?
Self-Identification
The ideology that dictates that women are naturally ideal for homemaking is known as:
Separate Spheres
Funtionlist theories argue that since social inequality exsits in all societies, it
Serves an essential purpose
A backlash among conservatives has demanded that transgender people by requited to use bathrooms that match their ________, not those that math their ______.
Sexes assigned at birth; gender identities
Shawn was born with ambiguous genitalia and XX chromosomes. Shawn's parents decided to label her female and raise her as a girl. What is Shawn's condition called?
Sexual Identity Disorder
In the 1950s and the economy was growing and the age at first marriage was lover than it had been in the first half of the century. There factors influenced employers to change their policy of hiring only _______
Single women
The access to resource one has by virtue of relationships and connections within a social network developed by Pierre Bourdieu
Social Capital
Consider the types of relationships you have with people of different racial and ethnic groups (neighbor, work colleague, close friend, spouse or partner). Sociologists use these relationships (and people's attitudes toward them) to measure
Social Distance
Elizabeth graduated from Princeton, as did her father. Her sister and brother graduated from Yale like their mother. After graduation, Elizabeth was able to use her __________ to help her get several interviews and ultimately her dream job.
Social capital
Consider the types of relationships you have with people of different racial and ethnic groups (neighbors, work colleagues, close friends, a spouse of partner). Sociologists use these relationships (and people's attitudes toward them) to measure ______.
Social distance
Jennifer's father was a lower-level manager of a department store. Jennifer was able to go to college and get her master's degree in business administration, and now she is a district manager overseeing all department stores that operate on the West Coast. This is an example of
Social mobility
When individuals internalize elements of a social structure and make those elements part of their personalities, they have experienced the result of ____.
Socialization
The fact that the U.S. government has changes the census categories for race every decade is a good example of how race and ethnicity are ________.
Socially Constructed
The granting of marriage licenses is an example of which institutional arenas interacting?
State and Family
What are the two dominant institutional arenas that the "family" interacts with?
State and Market
The granting of marriage licenses is an example of which institutional arenas interacting?
State and family
In Europe prior to the formation of the US, what was the principle role of marriage?
System of property and labor cooperation
Ways in which we can learn and research Social Class
The Capitalists and Corporate Managerial Class - The 1%, "Upper Class" Middle Class -50% identify Working Class -Much like the middle but less stable Lower Class -8% identify, rely on governmental assistance
How does the federal government define poorer people?
The Poverty Line by economy food plans
Since census categories have __________, we can argue that __________.
The census changes so often, so we can determine that families have evolved in insurmountable ways.
The fact that American Indians, Latinos, and African Americans are about three times more likely to be poor than whites is evidence of what?
The concentration of poverty by race-ethnicity.
When Irish immigrants arrived in the U.S. in large numbers in the mid-nineteenth century, they faced discrimination and poverty. By 1960, John F. Kennedy, an Irish American, was elected president. This is an example of assimilation, the process by which _______.
The distinction between immigrants and mainstream society gradually reduced
Since the 1970s, what has happened to the education earnings gap?
The gap between college graduates' and high school graduates' earnings has increased.
Sine the 1970's, what has happened to the education earnings gap?
The gap between the earnings of college and high school graduates has increased
If society does not educate girls in the same way it educates boys, we would not expect to see many women leaders. This is an example of __________, not _______.
The influence of social practices on sex difference; men's innate leadership
Which of the following best explains the decline in marriage among African Americans in the last several decades?
The lack of marriages available for women
What best explains the decline in marriage among African Americans in the last several decades?
The lack of suitable marriage partners available for women
Using __________, researchers might try to explain attitudes toward same-sex marriage and adoption held by people born in different decades by examining the historical events that occurred at various points in their lives
The life course perspective
What factor does the textbook cite as a reason family sizes became smaller over the course of the nineteenth century?
The logic of child rearing changed to require more resources
According to the one-drop rule
a white woman could give birth to a black child, but a black woman couldn't give birth to a white child.
An ethnicity is a group of people with a common cultural identification, based on a combination of language, religion, ancestral origin, or
Traditional Practices
In the video "Wealth Inequality in America", it shows that 1% of America has 40% of whole nation's wealth. (True or False)
True
The expression "doing gender" refers to _______.
Turning sex categories into gender identities through personal interactions
Despite a remarkable loosening of the boundaries in the United States, most people still live, marry, reproduce, and raise children primarily
Within their own racial-ethic group
What pair of terns refer to social gender?
Woman and man
Between 1900 and 1965 the "industrial revolution" of household technologies such as dishwashers and microwave ovens impacted women's household labor in what way?
Women spent about the same amount of time on housework
Between 1900 and 1965 the "industrial revolution" of household technologies such as dishwashers and microwave ovens impacted women's household labor in what way?
Women spent about the same amount of time on housework.
cohort
a group of people who experience an event together at the same point in time
Today's cities are changing to meet increases in the number of _____ and _______ living in urban environments.
Young single women; older adults
One of the ways the state shapes family life is by defining what relationships qualify as a family. In the textbook, the definition of family used by the government is described as the "legal family." What is the legal definition of a family?
a group of individuals related by birth, marriage, or adoption
The demographic perspective in family studies focus most on
family and household structures. Demographics = Structure of Households
consensus perspective
a perspective that projects an image of society as the collective expression of shared norms and values
sample survey
a research method in which identical questions are asked of many different people and their answers gathered into one large data file
longitudinal surveys
a research method in which the same people are interviewed repeatedly over a period of time
James and Natasha identify as African American. Reflecting a dominant pattern for African Americans, they have children together and are not married. Sociologists might explain their family structure as reflecting
a response to economic challenges and lack of opportunity
James and Natasha identify as African American. Reflecting a dominant pattern for African Americans, they have children together and are not married. Sociologists might explain their family structure as reflecting
a response to economic challenges and lack of opportunity.
A group of people who share common interests and experiences a similar level of education, and a comparable income level can be referred to as
a social class
A group of people who share common interests and experiences a similar level of education, and a comparable income level can be referred to as what?
a social class
In Europe prior to the formation of the United States, what was the principal role of marriage?
a system of property and labor cooperation
symbolic interactionism
a theory concerned with the ability of humans to see themselves through the eyes of others and to enact social roles based on others expectations
modernity theory
a theory of the historical emergence of the individual as an actor in society and how individuality changed personal and institutional relations
lifted all numerical restrictions on the immigration of spouses, children, and parents of U.S. citizens and ended the country-based quota system; most immigrants now come as family members.
amendments to the immigration and nationality act 1965
breadwinner-homemaker family
an employed father, a non employed mother, and their children
Jews share a common cultural identification that includes a combination of language, religion, ancestral origin, and/or traditional practices. According to your textbook, Jews are most accurately described as
an ethnic group
Jews share a common cultural identification that includes a combination of language, religion, ancestral origin, and/or traditional practices. According to your textbook, Jews are most accurately described as what?
an ethnic group
Jews share a common cultural identification that includes a combination of language, religion, ancestral origin, and/or traditional practices. According to your textbook, Jews are most accurately described as
an ethnic group.
(Q014) Since the nineteenth century, what has happened with children?
b. They lost economic value and gained emotional value.
(Q020) Which of the following demonstrates the increased likelihood that adults will spend more of their lives unmarried than in the past?
b. higher percentage of adults living with no relatives
(Q004) According to the textbook, the decline of the name Mary in the United States represents the rising trend of what attitude?
b. individualism
Growing family diversity has come from which type of household becoming less common?
b. married couples
barred Chinese from becoming citizens and blocked new immigration, preventing families from reunifying in the United States
chinese exclusion act 1882
One major illustration of the modern changes seen in marriage patterns is that __________ has now become an expected stage in relationships for the majority of
cohabitation
A family consisting of two parents and their children, whose priorities are personal fulfillment and common affection, would be considered a:
companionship family
Elizabeth takes piano lessons, plays on a travel soccer team, attends after-school tutoring sessions, goes to science camp, and is encouraged by her parents to question teachers, doctors, and other adults in positions of authority. Elizabeth's college-educated professional parents engage in a style of parenting called
concerted cultivation
Elizabeth takes piano lessons, plays on a travel soccer team, attends after-school tutoring sessions, goes to science camp, and s encouraged by her parents to question teachers, doctors, and other adults in positions of authority. Elizabeth's college-educated professional parents engage in a style of parenting called what?
concerted cultivation
As mate selection became less a matter of economics and status and more an emotional endeavor, young people began the practice of:
courtship
(Q009) Archeological findings in central Europe indicate what insight about families?
d. Diverse family arrangements, not only the nuclear family, were recognized by the villagers.
(Q015) Industrialization and the ideology of separate spheres ___________ economic inequality between husbands and wives and ____________ advantage grew.
d. increased; husbands'
(Q013) From 1638 to the end of the transatlantic slave trade in 1807, the marriages of enslaved Africans were not legally recognized and children were the property of slave owners. In this context ______.
d. most slaves married and most children lived with both parents
(Q022) Since the 1900s, the trend in age at first marriage ______.
decreased until the 1950s and then significantly increased
What contributed to the Black "retreat from marriage"?
deindustrialization
Asian-American women are twice as likely to marry non-Asians as are Asian men. This creates an intermarriage imbalance, which results in Asian-American men being less likely to get married at a young age. This is an example of __________ impacting marriage choices.
demography
In colonial America, Christian doctrine supported the legal concept of coverture, and wives
did not have a legal existence, but were incorporated into their husband's citizenship
(Q012) In colonial America, Christian doctrine supported the legal concept of coverture, and wives ______.
did not have a legal existence, but were incorporated into their husbands' citizenship
Contrary to earlier scientific beliefs, today's biologists generally see race as
differences that mostly evolved randomly
José and Maria came to the United States from Mexico with their parents. They quickly learned English, but their parents struggle and also want to continue to speak Spanish at home in order to maintain their culture. This is an example of
dissonant acculturation
Kai and his family live in a small town in Minnesota and Amelia and her family live in Boston. According to the federal poverty line, both families are poor. However, the poverty line __________, making things even more difficult for Amelia's family in such an expensive city.
does not consider geographical differences in cost of living
Todays single children parents mothers' are most likely to
dominate the lower and working class
A woman choosing to delay marriage longer than her mother did because she is able to support herself financially is an example of how __________ can contribute to declining marriage rates.
economics
The occupation with the highest percentage of men is __________, while the occupation with the highest percentage of women is __________.
electricians, pre-k and k teachers
Lin marries someone from inside his cultural group. Which term best applies to this situation?
endogamy
Most people who have cosmetic surgery choose procedures that
enhance the difference between the sexes
Inequality severs as an
essential function
According to the interactionist approach, gender differences within families exist primarily because of
everyday behavior that reinforces gender distinctions
According to the interactionist approach, gender differences within families exist primarily because of ...
everyday behavior that reinforces gender distinctions
According to Anthony Giddens and modernity theory, as described in your textbook
everyone is expected to make individual choices in their family relationships. HINT* Modernity, is short for modern, duh, nowadays a lot of people, individualistically decides ultimately what choices they will make. This is a theory!
According to Anthony Giddens and modernity theory, as described in your textbook...
everyone is expected to take individual choices in their family relationships
Alisha and Greg both work full time outside the home. As a woman, Alisha earns less than Greg and is responsible for a greater share of the housework and child care in order to "make up" the difference. __________ might argue that this arrangement is rational and mutually beneficial.
exchange theorists
Alisha and Greg both work full time outside the home. As a women, Alisha earns less than Greg and is responsible for a greater share of the housework and child care in order to "make up" the difference. ______ might argue that this arrangement is rational and mutually beneficial.
exchange theorists
Maria, a Latina immigrant, set aside her dreams of continuing her education in order to work to send money to her family in her country of origin. This is an example of the cultural train of what?
familism
Maria, a Latina immigrant, set aside her dreams of continuing her education in order to work to send money to her family in her country of origin. This is an example of the cultural trait of
familism
The demographic perspective in family studies focus most on...
family and household structures
transgender people are people whose
gender identity does not match their assigned sex
Jos was born female and was raised as a girl, but identifies as a man. His __________ does not match his assigned sex and is described as __________.
gender identity; transgender
Andre and Latisha have a son and daughter. Their son is expected to mow the lawn, take out the garbage, and wash the cars. Their daughter is expected to cook meals, vacuum, and pull weeds in the garden. This is an example of
gender socialization
For as long as she can remember, Nilay has liked to play with dolls while her brother prefers trucks and tools. These were the toys they were given by their parents and their books contained illustrations of these same preferences. This is an example of
gender socialization
When Anna was pregnant the ultrasound showed a female baby so she and her family and friends bought pink clothes, dolls, and other feminine items. They all assumed the baby's __________ based on the __________.
gender; sex
legal family
group of individuals related by birth, marriage or adoption
families
groups of related people, bound by connections that are biological, legal, or emotional
Research shows that in regard to happiness, married people are generally happier than unmarried people. One likely reason for this is that
happier people may be more attractive marriage partners
the term wedding industrial complex refers to the
high cost and large number of components of a modern-day wedding
(Q019) We can argue that elevating marriage to the status of a true love relationship, instead of a relationship based on tradition and economic necessity, might contribute to a(n) _______ acceptance of divorce.
higher percentage of adults living with no relatives
In occupations that require similar levels of job training, education, and risk, those dominated by men tend to have __________ wages and __________ status than those dominated by women.
higher, higher
The pattern of high educational achievement and intergenerational living by Asian Americans may be explained by cultural traditions, but also by
highly educated professional parents who provide models and opportunities for their children
The pattern of high educational achievement and intergenerational living by Asian Americans may be explained by cultural traditions, but also by ...
highly educated professional parents who provide models and opportunities for their children
minimal immigration as a result of a country-based quota system
immigration act 1924
Researchers conduct long interviews with open-ended questions with 40 couples.
in-depth interviews
We can argue that elevating marriage to the status of a true love relationship, instead of a relationship based on tradition and economic necessity, might contribute to a(n) __________ acceptance of divorce.
increased
Since the 1950s, family income inequality in the United States has
increased dramatically
Since the 1950s, family income inequality in the United States has what?
increased dramatically
Researchers have found that within the last few decades, those with less education are increasingly delaying their first marriage due to __________.
increased economic insecurity
Industrialization and the ideology of separate spheres __________ economic equality between husbands and wives, and __________ advantage grew.
increased; husbands'
What contributed to the decline of courtship in the process of mate selection?
increasing freedom for young adults
The segregation of women and men into particular occupations can be explained (at least in part) by which of the following? Choose all that apply.
individual choices shaped by childhood gender socialization, employer bias
An extended family, guided by the authority of the father and functioning based on economic needs, would be considered a:
patriarchal family.
Since the Supreme Court's Windsor decision, which invalidated the Defense of Marriage Act and allowed the federal government to recognize same-sex marriages, the Internal Revenue Service and other federal agencies have written new rules that include same-sex married couples. These new tangible benefits are an example of the __________ of marriage.
legal status
Researchers interview or survey the same 1,000 families every 5 years over a 40-year period.
longitudinal
Alyssa was born to a young single mother and grew up in a poor rural area with low-quality schools. According to the sociological concept of life chances, she has a __________ of becoming rich because __________.
low chance, the practical chance of doing so is small
Children growing up with a single parent face particular challenges to social mobility. These include
lower incomes, less time with parens, and less access to social capital
Children growing up with a single parent face particular challenges to social mobility. These include
lower incomes, less time with parents, and less access to social capital
Children growing up with a single parent face particular challenges to social mobility. These include what?
lower incomes, less time with parents, and less access to social capital.
When they were instituted in the early twentieth century, programs like Social Security and Aid to Dependent Children promoted marriage by
making women who were never married or who divorced ineligible.
which pair of terms refers to biological sex
male and female
which statement is true about male and female death rates
males are more likely to die at every age
What is the relationship between industrial change and Black family structure in the past 40 years?
manufacturing opportunities declined and marriage rates declined
According to your textbook, which pattern would show a society with a big division between social classes?
many family ties within each class and few ties between classes
(Q018) During the 1960s and after, ________ increased the independence of middle-class and more educated women, while _______ increased the independence of poor women.
market forces; state forces
During the 1960s and after, __________ increased the independence of middle class and more educated women, while __________ increased the independence of poor women.
market forces; state forces
In the American legal tradition, the definition of family is based on
marriage and biology
In the American legal tradition, the definition of family is based on...
marriage and biology
In the American legal tradition, the definition of family is based on
marriage and biology.
How does the textbook suggest we can reconcile the paradox that while we still value the ideal of marriage as a lifelong commitment, contemporary culture is defined by individualism?
marriage can be understood as the result of a social expectation that we as individuals must make choices and find success in love
Growing family diversity has come from which type of household becoming less common?
married couple
Children who live with __________ are concentrated in higher-income families, while children who live with __________ are concentrated in lower-income families.
married parents, a single parent
According to conflict theories, who benefits from family structures where women stay home and men work for pay?
men & employers
According to conflict theories, who benefits from family structures where women stay home and men work for pay?
men and employers
According to conflict theories, who benefits from family structures where women stay home and men work for pay?
men and employers This answer deals with Conflict Theory simply put social change caused by conflict, while it looks at how new patterns benefits (A) for those while hurting the others (B). The benefit is that women stay at home, while men work(B), and this ultimately benefits the employer (A)
Under the ideology of separate spheres, what two things were separated?
men at work and women at home
A society's Gini Index has shifted from 0.57 to 0.34. This means what?
more families share a larger proportion of the income
To say that the shift to market work contributed to women's independence within their families as well as from their families is to say that
more women had less work to do within the home, and because they had their own income, they were freer to live outside of a marriage relationship.
Children whose parents are college educated are __________ likely to have Internet access at home and to spend __________ time watching television than those whose parents have a high school diploma or less.
more, less
From 1638 to the end of the trans-Atlantic slave trade in 1807, the marriages of enslaved Africans were not legally recognized and children were the property of the slave owner. In this context,
most slaves married and most children lived with both parents.
For the purposes of the contemporary census, a family...
must occupy the same household
symbolic interactionism example
nuclear family, with a breadwinner man and homemaker woman and their children, in which their complementary roles result in harmony.
Researchers observed 15 families in their homes over a period of 1 year.
observation
As extended family, guided by the authority of the father and functioning based on economic needs, would be considered a:
patriarchal family
One problem with using Becker's market principles to understand marriage choices is that
people often make bad decisions when they are in love, so we cannot assume that these decisions are rational
Rosa thinks of her mother's best friend, Maria, as her aunt, and Maria treats Rosa as her niece. According to your textbook, Rosa and Maria could be labeled a
personal family
Rosa thinks of her mother's best friend, Maria, as her aunt, and Maria treats Rosa as her niece. According to your textbook, Rosa and Maria could be labeled a ...
personal family
The increasing diversity of naming practices is indicative of:
personal freedom
In her research on social class and parenting, Annette Lareau found that poor and working-class parents engaged in a style of parenting she called the accomplishment of natural growth. These parents believed their children's success would be the natural outcome of a childhood spent
playing informally and hanging out in mixed-age groups of friends and family
In her research on social class and parenting, Annette Lareau found that poor and working-class parents engaged in a style of parenting she called the accomplishment of natural growth. These parents believed their children's success would be the natural outcome of a childhood spent ...
playing informally and hanging out in mixed-age groups of friends and family
Unmarried Female Head families are in
poverty
According to Cohen, what is the strongest predictor of a person growing up to be poor?
poverty and family structure in childhood are related and equally strong predictors
A survey used to study the benefits of marriage is given to members of a community. The results show that married respondents tend to have higher levels of income and higher levels of education compared to unmarried respondents. The findings of this survey likely demonstrate a __________ because the cause (marriage) has been
selection effect
_______ identities and categories reflect perceptions about physical similarities that are assumed to be innate.
racial
Rose is often told she "looks Latina", and in fact, her grandparents came to the United States from Mexico. This is an example of what?
racial Ethnicity
Rose is often told she "looks Latina," and in fact, her grandparents came to the United States from Mexico. This is an example of
racial Ethnicity
Which of the following are reasons that race is socially constructed and not biologically given (choose all that apply)?
racial categories vary from one culture to another, if we line up all humans by skin color, they would not align with existing racial categories
Contemporary American Indians who live on reservations or other tribal lands are often socially isolated and poor, these are social conditions that may contribute to higher (choose all that apply)
rates of suicide and diabetes and alcoholism
exchange theory example
rational individuals enter into family relationships that satisfy needs or necessities they cannot satisfy on their own.
The scholarly view that Black families are resilient and adaptive understands Black family structure as a
reaction to persistent poverty
The scholarly view that Black families are resilient and adaptive understands Black family structure as a ...
reaction to persistent poverty
__________ in northern industrial cities meant that poverty was ________ in communities with a majority of Black residents when good-paying blue collar jobs were eliminated by corporations.
residential segregation, concentrated
Researchers develop a survey and ask the same questions to 40,000 randomly selected people.
sample survey
The ideology that dictates that women are naturally ideal for homemaking is known as:
separate spheres
Functionalist theories argue that since social inequality exists in all societies, it
serves an essential purpose
Functionalist theories argue that since social inequality exists in all societies, it what?
serves as essential purpose
Patterns of class identity are the results of
similar economic circumstances and experiences, such as owning wealth and property
(Q017) In the 1950s and the economy was growing and the age at first marriage was lower than it had been in the first half of the century. These factors influenced employers to change their policy of hiring only ______.
single women
(Q021) Today's cities are changing to meet increases in the number of _________ and _________ living in urban environments.
single women; older adults
Elizabeth graduated from Princeton, as did her father. Her sister and brother graduated from Yale like their mother. After graduation, Elizabeth was able to use her _____ to help her get several interviews and ultimately her dream job.
social capital
Consider the types of relationships you have with people of different racial and ethnic groups (neighbor, work colleague, a close friend, spouse or partner). Sociologists use these relationships (and people's attitudes toward them) to measure
social distance
Consider the types of relationships you have with people of different racial and ethnic groups (neighbor, work colleague, close friend, spouse or partner). Sociologists use these relationships (and people's attitudes toward them) to measure what?
social distance
The granting of marriage licenses is an example of which institutional arenas interacting?
state and family
Jennifer's father was a lower-level manager of a department store. Jennifer was able to go to college and get her master's degree in business administration, and now she is a district manager overseeing all department stores that operate on the West Coast. This is an example of
social mobility
institutional arena
social space in which relations between people in common positions are governed by accepted rules of interaction
According to the textbook, the marriage of Barack and Michelle Obama, two Harvard-educated lawyers, illustrates the role __________ plays in choosing a marriage partner.
socialization
When individuals internalize elements of the social structure and make those elements part of their personalities, they have experienced the results of
socialization
The fact that the U.S. government has changed the Census categories for race every decade is a good example of how race and ethnicity are
socially constructed
The fact that the U.S. government has changed the Census categories for race every decade is a good example of how race and ethnicity are ...
socially constructed
genealogy
study of ancestry and family history
time use studies
surveys that collect data on how people spend their time during a sample period, such as a single day or week
At the top: The Superrich is caused by
the 1% has doubled in the past four decased
family wage
the amount necessary for a male earner to provide subsistence for his wife and children without them having to work for pay
The fact that American Indians, Latinos, and African Americans are about three times more likely to be poor than whites is evidence of
the concentration of poverty by race-ethnicity
The official poverty line (threshold) is based on what?
the cost of a government-determined "economy food plan" times three
When Irish immigrants arrived in the United States in large number sin the mid-nineteenth century, they faced discrimination and poverty. By 1960, John F. Kennedy, an Irish American, was elected president. This is an example of assimilation, the process by which...
the distinction between immigrants and mainstream society is gradually reduced
When Irish immigrants arrived in the United States in large numbers in the mid-nineteenth century, they faced discrimination and poverty. By 1960, John F. Kennedy, an Irish American, was elected president. This is an example of assimilation, the process by which
the distinction between immigrants and mainstream society is gradually reduced
When Irish immigrants arrived in the United States in large numbers in the mid-nineteenth century, they faced discrimination and poverty. By 1960, John F. Kennedy, an Irish-American, was elected president. This is an example of assimilation, the process by which
the distinction between immigrants and mainstream society is gradually reduced.
Since the 1970s, what has happened to the education earnings gap?
the gap between college graduates and high school graduates earnings has increased
Which two lines of thought have framed much of the research on black family life and family structure?
the impact of slavery and family resilience
exchange theory
the theory that individuals or groups with different resources, strengths, and weaknesses enter into mutual relationships to maximize their own gains
market
the institutional arena where labor for pay, economic exchange, and wealth accumulation take place.
family arena
the institutional arena where people practice intimacy, childbearing and socialization, and caring work.
Which of the following best explains the decline in marriage among African Americans in the last several decades?
the lack of suitable marriage partners available for women
personal family
the people to whom we feel related and who we expect to define us as members of their family as well
socialization
the process by which individuals internalize elements of the social structure in their own personalities
According to your textbook, what is exploitation?
the process by which the labor of some procedures wealth for others
According to your textbook, what is exploitation?
the process by which the labor of some produces wealth for others
Jarrod O'Reilly's favorite holiday is St. Patrick's Day, since he is of Irish descent. He wears green, throws a big party, and even drinks green beer. But for the rest of the year, Jarrod does not think much about his Irish background, illustrating
the sometimes voluntary nature of ethnicity.
life course perspective
the study of family trajectories of individuals and groups as they progress through their lives, in social and historical context
demographic perspective
the study of how family behavior and household structures contribute to larger population processes
bias
the tendency to impose previously held views on the collection and interpretation of facts
conflict perspective
the view that opposition and conflict define a given society and are necessary for social evolution
consensus—structural functionalism example
the wives care for home and family, allowing the husbands to work for pay. The husbands, in turn, have the power in the family as a result of their economic support.
Recently, some governments have begun to legally recognize that
there are more than two possible genders
A reporter is writing an article about social mobility in the United States. As a sociologist, you advise her that
there is little substantial upward social mobility
Juanita and La'Mon, who are both divorced, are a cohabitating couple with two teenage children, one from each of their respective previous marriages. If someone were to ask them why they choose to cohabitate rather than marry, they would most likely say
they see cohabitation as a long-term and less risky substitute for marriage
Which of the following explain why the poor have had a difficult time moving out of poverty? Choose all that apply.
they tend to be single-parent families (which are usually headed by women), the value of the federal minimum wage has declined significantly over the last 40 years
Researchers survey family members on how many hours per week they spend doing various tasks or ask them to keep a diary of what they do every 30 minutes over an entire day over a period of a week.
time use studies
the term doing gender refers to
turning sex categories into gender identities through personal interactions
The two assumptions required for Gary Becker's marriage market concept are that marriages must be __________ and there must be __________ for spouses.
voluntary; competition
According to Cohen's book, family wage refers to the
wage necessary for a male earner to provide for his wife and children
According to Cohen's book, family wage refers to the...
wage necessary for a male earner to provide for his wife and children
permitted wives and children of World War II and Korean War veterans to immigrate
war brides act 1945
What example does the animated "Story Behind the Numbers" infographic offer for one way that market and state forces might intersect to shape family life?
when the government makes rules to regulate child-care facilities
What example does the animated Story Behind the Numbers infographic offer for one way that the market and state forces might intersect to shape family life?
when the government makes rules to regulate child-care facilities
Families began having fewer children in the nineteenth century. Which of the following was NOT a contributor to this change?
widely available information about birth control
The lower age of marriage in the 1950s and the growing economy pushed employers to change their policy of hiring
women only if they were single.