soc exam 1 dump

What is the main factor in deciding which university a Chinese student will attend?

"Gaoko" - a dreaded two/three day exam which determines not only whether they will go to college, but what college they will go to, and ultimately their life prospects.

George Herbert Mead

(1863-1931) originated the field of social psychology. Influenced the development of sociological thought Placed importance of language in analyzing the social world

Which items are examples of nationalism?

1, A country begins a war over territory that has only symbolic value. 2. An ethnic group raises a military to fight for independence.

Identify the characteristics of an ideal (i.e., pure) bureaucracy, according to Max Weber.

1. There is a strict hierarchy of authority. 2. For officials, their work is their career.

According to Simmel, which of the following statements are true about triads?

1. Triads tend to be more stable than dyads. 2. In a triad, alliances are possible. 3. The relationships in triads tend to be less intense.

Stanley Milgram's experiment about people's obedience to authority involved a carefully orchestrated sequence of events. Place the events in order from first to last.

1. When a "learner" failed at a memorization task, a "teacher" was told to administer a mild (15 V) electric shock. 2. Successive failures by the "learner" caused the announced shock voltage to be increased. 3. When the "teacher" tried to quit, he would be told that "the experiment requires that you continue." 4. The "learner" fell silent, giving the impression he had suffered a heart attack. 5. The "teacher" was allowed to see that the "learner" was unhurt.

Which questions would be asked by someone studying semiotics?

1. Why do high buildings represent prestige? 2. How do various cultures give meaning to the color pink?

Place the societies in chronological order, according to when they appeared.

1. hunting and gathering societies 2. pastoral societies 3. traditional societies 4. industrialized societies

Relative to American culture today, which of the following could be considered a subculture?

1. hunting enthusiasts 2. skateboarders

Characteristic of Triads

1. involves the role of mediator 2. can sustain the withdrawal of one person for a longer time without dissolving

Identify the disadvantages of telecommuting for the average worker.

1. lack of face-to-face contact with co-workers 2. increased distractions due to home responsibilities 3. increased stress for female workers

Compared to bureaucratic organizations, ---- organizations have two advantages. First, they foster the flow of ---- by facilitating direct communication that does not have to go through channels. And second, they promote ---- by permitting innovation and spontaneity.

1. networked 2. information 3. creativity

The word bureaucracy, from words meaning "---" and "----," refers to the governing of organizations and societies by a cadre of ---. According to ---, although bureaucracy often stifles creativity, it is necessary for the administration of ----.

1. office 2. rule 3. full-time professionals 4. Max Weber 5. large-scale social systems

In the United States today, about --- of the population is obese, and this number is ----. A 2007 study titled "The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network Over 32 Years" showed that obesity was ----.

1. one-third 2. rising 2. contagious

Secondary Group

1. role-play by members 2. impersonal relationships 3. instrumental in purpose

Which of the following are examples of material culture?

1. smartphones 2. paved roads and associated signage

Social Group

1. students at your university 2. employees of the Target corporation

Characteristic of Dyads

1. the highest degree of intimacy, and highest degree of conflict 2. where we are mostly likely to share our deepest secrets

Which items are among the forces that contribute to a globalization of culture?

1. the proliferation of international organizations, such as the United Nations 2. the emergence of a class of "global citizens"

Classify each relation as either formal or informal.

1. the relation between a clerk and the clerk's supervisor 2. the relation between a company president and the chair of the board of directors

Social Aggregate

1. the residents of Miami, Florida 2. everyone at Grand Central Station on a Tuesday

Which items represent proof of the emergence of humanlike culture?

1. toolmaking 2. the deliberate use of fire 3. planned hunting in groups

Which behaviors would an evolutionary biologist like Edward O. Wilson most likely day are genetically programmed?

1.) A mother's attachment to her children 2.) An infant's rooting to find the mother's breast nipple 3.) A tendency in men toward sexual promiscuity 4.) The widespread pattern of men having more power than women

In their writings, Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Lee Whorf suggested that our shapes our : We tend to notice things we Thus, someone with a is more likely to notice whether snow is powdery, granular, or slushy. This person sees snow differently than someone for whom snow is a novelty.

1.language 2.thoughts: 3.have words for 4.large snow vocabulary

Which type of organization first attempted to precisely schedule the activities of its members for entire days and weeks?

14th century monastaries

What percentage of people living in poverty in the United States in 2016 were immigrants?

25 percent

What percentage of people living in poverty in the United States in 2010 were immigrants?

25.8% and mainly were from Latin America

What percentage of Americans who use the Internet are on Facebook?

71%

Which of the following are examples of socialization?

A child encourages her parents to open a Facebook account. A parent teaches a child not to burp at the dinner table. A woman who is expecting her first child takes a parenting class. A Peace Corps volunteer learns the basic rules of etiquette of her new country. Not Example(s) of Socialization A nurse explains to a patient how to take a prescription medication correctly.

Which of the following statements most accurately compares a crime to a deviant act?

A crime is a type of particular deviant act that breaks the law

anomie (Durkheim)

A feeling of aimlessness or despair provoked by modern social life

What makes a formal organization different from an informal one?

A formal organization is designed to achieve its objectives.

Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence about gender and crime.

A hundred years ago, criminologists predicted that gender equality would reduce differences in criminality between men and women. Today, crime is a gendered phenomenon.

Place the example on the category in Merton's deviance typology that it best fits. A. A woman becomes wealthy by cheating on her taxes for many years. B. Disgusted by modern life, a young man drops out of college to live as a survivalist in the Alaskan wilderness. C. Despite there being no hope of promotion, a man works at a low-level job in an unhappy company for his entire career, because he believes working hard is always the right thing to do.

A innovation B Retreatism C Ritualism

calculability

A medical office keeps track of the number of patients each doctor sees per day.

Why, according to Max Weber, is the use of written language important for the function of a modern organization?

A modern organization needs written rules that govern its operation. A modern organization needs to maintain written records.

Person A asks, "What are you doing?" Match each response by Person B to the likely conversational context.

A parent sees a teenager on her computer. Correct label: Person B: Nothing. A worker sees a coworker rearranging her workstation. Correct label: Person B: I'm doing myself a favor. A wife sees her husband headed out the door. Correct label: Person B: Just getting the mail.

What, in Simmel's theory of groups, is the difference between a party and a large group?

A party has no formal structure.

efficiency

A restaurant keeps the dining area heavily air conditioned so patrons do not feel cozy and inclined to linger.

hunting and gathering societies

Societies whose mode of subsistence is gained from hunting animals, fishing, and gathering edible plants. Common characteristics: extreme poverty by modern standard, little inequality, did not have stable membership, and highly developed religious rituals

pastoral societies

Societies whose subsistence derives from the rearing of domesticated animals.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about sociological theory.

Sociologist Émile Durkheim described how a society can endure over time only if its specialized institutions function as an integrated whole. This form of social cohesion is called organic solidarity.

cultural turn

Sociology's recent emphasis on the importance of understanding the role of culture in daily life

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about how shared histories bring people together: A --------- is a group of people bound together by ---- between individuals. Each tie is a ------- about the shared history of two people, and the sum of all the stories in the network constitutes a ----------.

A social network is a group of people bound together by ties between individuals. Each tie is a story about the shared history of two people, and the sum of all the stories in the network constitutes a narrative.

Match each type of sanction to the correct example.

A student wins an award for perfect school attendance in the third grade. Correct label: positive and formal Saying "thank you" when someone holds the door open. Correct label: positive and informal A teacher ignoring a student who speaks out of turn. Correct label: negative and informal A landlord is fined by the city for trash strewn outside her building. Correct label: negative and forma

sociological imagination

Ability to see the connection between the larger world and our personal lives

What percentage of people living in poverty in the United States in 2016 were immigrants?

About 25 percent

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage

According to Robert Merton, crime rates increased in modern society despite increasing affluence because of relative deprivation, or the recognition that one has less than one's peers.

Identify the accurate statements about what sociologists consider to be "the strength of weak ties."

Accurate: -Weak ties provide access to valuable information. -Weak ties provide benefits strong ties do not. Not Accurate: -People tend to have more weak ties than strong ones. -Weak ties reinforce strong ties. -Weak ties eventually turn into strong ones.

Identify the following as advantages of either surveys or experiments.

Advantage(s) of Surveys They have specialized agencies collect data and researchers who perform careful analysis. They can efficiently collect data on large numbers of individuals. Advantage(s) of Experiments They are the best type of study for determining causality. They have the ability to control variables.

Global region where the smallest percentage of the population has internet access

Africa's population only has 27%

The European Union is ahead of the United States in developing regulations guaranteeing individuals certain controls over personal data made available online. Identify the arguments that are used to advocate either for or against the "right to be forgotten."

Against: -Information about a job applicant's prior history can be important to employers trying to evaluate applicants. -An individual's right to free speech should be protected. For: -An individual's right to privacy should be protected. -Youth under the age of 18 are typically considered to be less responsible for their actions than adults.

What is the key difference between pastoral and agrarian societies?

Agrarian societies grow crops for food, while pastoral societies raise livestock.

value

All people should have the chance to advance by "pulling themselves up by their bootstraps."

Match each term to the correct description.

All people should have the chance to advance by "pulling themselves up by their bootstraps." Correct label: value Race-based job discrimination is illegal. Correct label: norm There is no inherent difference between different races. Correct label: neither

According to Annette Lareau's research, what do working-class parents do to promote the "accomplishment of natural growth"?

Allow their children to enjoy long periods of unstructured free time

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about Max Weber.

Although Weber was influenced by Karl Marx, he rejected some of Marx's doctrines. Weber agreed that economic factors matter, but he rejected Marx's materialist conception of history

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about electronic communication.

Although words can convey a wide range of meanings, they do not easily convey facial expressions. In text messages and e-mail, special combinations of characters such as :) or ;) were introduced to fill the gap and help users convey emotions. Alternatively, one can use services like Skype, FaceTime, and Snapchat that provide visual as well as audio communication.

A 2005 study identified five themes in the messages that African Americans received from their parents about what it means to be black. Which items were among those themes?

Among the Five Themes racial group pride color blindness deference to and fear of whites Not Among the Five Themes readiness to answer racism with violence loyalty to America

Social fact

An aspect of social life that shapes the actions of individuals

control

An auto maintenance shop has a website where car owners make appointments without speaking to a human scheduler.

Identify each phrase as most characteristic of either dyads or triad

Characteristic of Dyads where we are mostly likely to share our deepest secrets the highest degree of intimacy, and highest degree of conflict Characteristic of Triads involves the role of mediator can sustain the withdrawal of one person for a longer time without dissolving

Which of the following are characteristics of traditional civilizations?

Characteristic(s) They were expansionist empires. At least part of the population was concentrated in cities. Art and science flourished in these societies. Not Characteristic(s) Their economy of food production was predominantly pastoral.

Identify the characteristics of an ideal (i.e., pure) bureaucracy, according to Max Weber

Characteristic(s) of an Ideal Bureaucracy For officials, their work is their career. There is a strict hierarchy of authority. Not Characteristic(s) of an Ideal Bureaucracy Officials have absolute power within their areas of responsibility. Officials are on duty or on call at all hours.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage

Community policing is where police, in partnership with community members and businesses, focus on crime prevention rather than law enforcement. This might include programs for education and counseling rather than incarceration.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the advantages of post-bureaucratic organizations.

Compared to bureaucratic organizations, networked organizations have two advantages. First, they foster the flow of information by facilitating direct communication that does not have to go through channels. And second, they promote creativity by permitting innovation and spontaneity.

Which of the following are among the conclusions Theda Skocpol reached through her well-known study of national revolutions?

Conclusion(s) State structures are as important as class structures for deciding whether a revolution succeeds. State structures can be strengthened or weakened by international events. Not Conclusion(s) The success of a revolution depends mainly on the strength of the social movement behind it. Revolutions can be predicted, based on events unfolding months prior.

Why do sociologists think it is important to understand why people tend to conform to group pressure?

Conformity can lead to destructive behavior.

Robert Putnam and others have expressed concern about how social and technological developments in the last few decades have weakened people's social ties with one another. Identify the consequences of this weakening.

Consequence(s): -less time spent in face-to-face volunteer work -a greater sense of social isolation -more frequent job changes Not Consequence(s): -less time spent communicating with other people -less money given to charity

material culture

Consists of the physical objects that a society creates that influences the ways in which people live. Example: consumer goods, clothes, cars, houses

Culture

Consists of the values the members of a group hold, the norms they follow, the material goods they create, and the languages and symbols they use to construct their understanding of the world.

Why, according to Max Weber, is the use of written language important for the function of a modern organization?

Correct Answer(s) A modern organization needs to maintain written records. A modern organization needs written rules that govern its operation. Incorrect Answer(s) Subordinates need to be able to given written feedback to superiors. A modern organization needs written language to market itself to clients.

Identify each statement about networks as either correct or incorrect.

Correct Statement(s) Every social group represents a network . Incorrect Statement(s) Every network represents a social group. Every network is a type of organization. Every social aggregate represents a network.

Solomon Asch studied people's tendency to conform to group norms by staging gatherings where members of a group were asked to compare a line to three reference lines, as shown here. What did Asch find?

Correct choiceMany people are reluctant to be the sole dissenting voice in a group.

Features that are found virtually all societies are called:

Cultural universals

In the real world, when all people in a social network are linked by a just a few intermediaries, this generally depends on the presence of a small number of widely connected individuals (superconnectors) through whom most connections run.

False

Rape is a crime committed in response to feelings of overwhelming sexual desire.

False

True or False: For a group of people with distinctive values and behaviors to be considered a subculture, it must reject most of the norms and values of the dominant culture.

False

According to sociologists, instincts are:

Fixed patterns of behavior that have genetic origins and that appear in all normal animals within a given species

Classify each social interaction as either focused or unfocused.

Focused Interaction Someone repairing a machine gives instructions to an assistant. A person leaving a company sits down with someone from HR for an exit interview. Unfocused Interaction A surfer riding a wave steers to avoid hitting another surfer. A seated bus rider moves his feet so a rider who is carrying luggage can pass.

Identify the activities Michel Foucault would consider to be a form of surveillance

Form(s) of Surveillance After two bus drivers engage in an altercation, an entry is made in each driver's record. Prison guards use cameras to watch over the inmate dining area. Not Form(s) of Surveillance Two underwater welders keep an eye on each other as they work. Assembly line workers are expected to signal when they think they made a mistake.

Emerging economies

Formerly impoverished countries that have successfully embarked on a process of industrialization. Example: India, Singapore, Argentina, Mexico, Brazil, Chile, China, South Korea, and Taiwan

Which behaviors would an evolutionary biologist like Edward O. Wilson most likely say are genetically programmed?

Genetically Programmed a tendency in men toward sexual promiscuity an infant's "rooting" to find the mother's breast nipple a mother's attachment to her children the widespread pattern of men having more power than women Not Genetically Programmed a slender physique as part of the ideal of female beauty

Which sociological theorist first placed great emphasis on the innate differences between dyads and triads?

Georg Simmel

Which sociological theorist first placed great emphasis on the innate differences between dyads and triads?

George Simmel

Classify each expression of a person's feelings as either "gives" or "gives off."

Gives A salesperson answering a customer's question offers a reassuring smile. A person feeling skeptical squints and mutters, "Huh." Gives Off When a person feels a romantic attraction, their pupils dilate. A person blushes in embarrassment.

Facebook and other social media sites are banned in China, but according to some studies, the Chinese are the most active users of social media in the world. Match each Chinese Internet resource to the correct Western equivalent.

Google Correct label: Baidu Facebook Correct label: Renren Twitter Correct label: Sina Weibo

Which of the following are examples of deviant subcultures?

Hell's Angels groups that embrace unusual sexual fetishes mafia families Incorrect Answer(s) Bible study group

Which messages from their parents do black adolescents and college students find most helpful, according to research

Helpful Message(s) With hard work, you can achieve anything. Race doesn't matter. Less Helpful Message(s) Don't trust white people. Be proud that you're black.

Identify the jobs for which an applicant's weak ties would be most useful in landing an interview.

Most Useful: -senior project manager at a large software development company -junior associate at a small law firm Least Useful: -substitute teacher in a public school district -public utility meter reader

The "salad bowl" metaphor is used to describe:

Multiculturalism

Which organization did W. E. B. Du Bois help found?

NAACP

Identify the following statements about gender identity as associated with either Nancy Chodorow or Sigmund Freud's theory.

Nancy Chodorow's Theory Boys' sense of self is based in a radical rejection of the feminine (the mother). Women's identities are more connected to others because a girl shares gender with her mother. Sigmund Freud's Theory Gender identity is closely connected to genital awareness. Infants learn their gender by realizing that they have, or do not have, a penis.

Classify the neighborhood characteristics as either indicative of dense or sparse social ties.

Neighbors form a neighborhood watch group. Correct label: dense social ties Neighbors trust one another. Correct label: dense social ties Neighborhood services are not responsive to needs. Correct label: sparse social ties Neighbors help one another when needed. Correct label: dense social ties Neighbors do not ask one another for assistance. Correct label: sparse social ties

Match each cultural trend to the appropriate website.

a website advocating violence against police Correct label: undermining of an existing dominant culture an open-access information site such as Wikipedia Correct label: global spread of one culture or kind of culture a fundraising website for a county historical society Correct label: preservation of a local culture a website for people interested in fine food and drink Correct label: development of a non-geographic subculture

How does Feral Trade differ from a conventional import business? a. Feral Trade maintains that there are no consumers, just peers collaborating b. The transport is more reliable. c. No money changes hands d. The supply chain is more extensively documented.

a, d

What do sociologists consider to be "the strength of weak ties"? a. weak ties provide benefits strong ties do not b. weak ties eventually turn into strong ones. c. people tend to have more weak ties than strong ones d. weak tie provide access to valuable information e. weak ties reinforce strong ties

a, d

social category

all unemployed males in North Carolina

Match each type of collection of people to the corresponding example

all unemployed males in North Carolina Correct label: social category the members of a Masonic Lodge in Los Angeles Correct label: social group everyone at Chicago O'Hare Airport at noon on a given day Correct label: social aggregate

social construction

an idea or practice that a group of people agree exists

Signifier

any vehicle of meaning and communication

social control

attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior Informal: rebuking friends for minor breaches of etiquette, gossiping behind their backs, ostracizing from group. Formal: parking ticket, imprisonment

Classify each behavior or characteristic as a norm associated with either a female or male gender role.

attractive Correct label: female role strong Correct label: male role good at cooking Correct label: female role good at cleaning Correct label: female role good with tools Correct label: male role

Which sociological theorist first placed great emphasis on the innate differences between dyads and triads? a. Stanley Milgram b. Georg Simmel c. Solomon Asch d. Charles H. Cooley

b

In 2014, more than 3,000 American parents were asked which of 12 qualities they felt were most important to instill in their children. According to the survey, place the four chosen qualities in order of importance.

being responsible, helping others, creativity, religious faith

Match the types of crime to the corresponding scenario.

breaking into databases and stealing identifying information Correct label: cybercrime concealing results that show dangerous defects in automobile parts Correct label: corporate crime creating a pyramid scheme that defrauds investors Correct label: white-collar crime

Select the bolded terms that refer to agents of socialization best classified as mass media.

cartoons, articles, videos, podcats, news paper

According to some researchers, why is the nature of childhood as a distinct stage of life diminishing in modern societies?

children are consuming the same entertainment as adults

Crime rates have declined nationwide since the 1990s. Select the bolded phrases that describe plausible explanations for this trend posed by criminologists.

citizens have become more adept mass incarceration

Colonialism may involve either large-scale immigration and settlement by the colonizing population or only a small-scale influx of administrators who govern the native population for the benefit of the colonizing power. Historically, what has been the relation between the type of colonialism and the eventual industrialization of the colonized nation?

colonization by large scale settlement

What is the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), developed by Paul Ekman and others, designed to record?

facial movements related to expressions

Match each term to one of its main advantages.

facilitates collection of data that can be generalized Correct label: surveys enables precise control of specific variables Correct label: experiments provides rich, in-depth information Correct label: ethnography

using large, open spaces with many work stations for low-level workers

facilitates supervision and surveillance by management

According to George Herbert Mead's theory, all people are born as an "I," and only a few people advance to become a "me."

false

According to an experimental study conducted in Milwaukee by sociologist Devah Pager, black men with no criminal history were more likely to be called back for a job than either white or black men with a criminal record.

false

Because it relies on empirical investigation, sociology is, for the most part, the same as natural science.

false

Bureaucracy is firmly established as the final stage in the development of modern formal organizations.

false

If there is a correlation between two variables A and B, it may be because A causes B, or because B causes A, but it cannot be both

false

Like common facial expressions, many gestures and bodily postures have universal, cross-cultural meanings

false

Underage drinking is an example of deviant behavior.

false

Identify which changes in social roles define the beginning of midlife, according to sociologists.

for women, when they enter menopause for families, the "empty nest" stage (when children leave the family home) Not Beginning of Midlife for college graduates, when student loans are paid off for most people, when financial stability is achieved

For a boy on a youth soccer team, socialization involves an appreciation of the perspectives of various "others." Use George Herbert Mead's theory to place each item in the appropriate circle.

generalized others - sportsmanship social self - contribute to a win I - boy feels hungry but doesnt mention

Which of the following has sociologist Frank Furstenberg identified as critical for a young person's transition into mature adulthood?

getting married finishing school having a child Not Critical for Adulthood buying a first car owning a home

an open-access information site such as Wikipedia

global spread of one culture or kind of culture

This set of images was used by Paul Ekman to test the theory that basic modes of expression are the same in all cultures. Identify the emotion that corresponds to each facial expression.

happiness sadness anger disgust

American

household pet, treated fondly

Place the societies in chronological order, according to when they appeared.

hunting, pastoral, traditional, industrialization

Which statement demonstrates Charles Horton Cooley's theory of the looking-glass self?

i shouted and people listen to me

On a college campus, a dean approaches a group of freshmen and tells them their table and display cannot remain at the current location. Which reply by one of the students would constitute interactional vandalism?

if youre not going to support students like us, you shouldnt have taken the job as dean

In Stanley Milgram's classic experiment about people's obedience to authority, what fraction of subjects were obedient to the point of administering shocks they had been told were lethal?

over half

Place the dramaturgical "scenes" involved in a gynecological exam in chronological order.

patient sits in waiting room doctor and patient person to person convo nurse helps patient disrobe doctor examines patient nurse helps patient get dressed doctor discusses results

In Christakis and Fowler's 32-year study of the correlation of obesity in pairs of people who were part of the same social networks, which of the following conclusions is correct?

people body weight tend to change to match their friends weight

Which statement describes how Christakis and Fowler, the researchers who published "The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network over 32 Years," answered their key question: How do one's friends affect one's weight?

people develop their ideas about acceptable body weight by looking at the people around them

What overall conclusion can be drawn from experiments like the one Salganik, Dodds, and Watts conducted using a Web-based artificial music market?

peoples behavior is heavily influenced by random factors at work in their social groups

According to Garland, the reason the United States is unique among liberal democratic countries in permitting the death penalty is not because of culture, but because our system of government leaves decisions about capital punishment to state courts

permitting, culture,state courts

a fundraising website for a county historical society

preservation of a local culture

locating related work stations in close physical proximity with one another

promotes informal relationships for improved morale and communication

Match each aspect of modern organizational architecture to its functional implications.

promotes informal relationships for improved morale and communication Correct label: locating related work stations in close physical proximity with one another reminds everyone of the seniority relationships in the organization Correct label: locating the offices of senior management on the upper floors of a multistory building facilitates supervision and surveillance by management Correct label: using large, open spaces with many work stations for low-level workers

Apply the correct label to each zone of personal space, as described by Edward T. Hall.

public, social, personal, intimate

Match each type of shaming to the corresponding example.

Stigmatizing Shaming Correct label: Family members throw their daughter out of the house after learning that she has been selling drugs. Correct label: A teenager is ostracized from his peer group after expressing an unpopular opinion. Reintegrative Shaming Correct label: A teenager is teased for her dress habits, and her friends help her shop for new clothing. Correct label: Family and friends are asked to come to court to explain why their loved one has disappointed them, and also to promise that they will help him make restitution in the community.

An educator disgusted with standardized testing and teaching methods decides to start a charter school that doesn't give students grades and encourages creative thinking over rote learning. According to Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance, which personality type best fits this educator?

rebel

Robert Merton was concerned with how individuals responded to the gap between socially endorsed values and the limited means by which they could achieve them. Match each of the personality types to the corresponding descriptions of how they respond to the gap between socially endorsed values and limited means.

rebel rejects both ritualists conforms to socially conformist embraces innovator illegitimate retreatist competitive

Select the bolded phrases that describe back regions in a teacher's day.

relax in teachers lounge, says "what a long day"

Which of the following represent cultural universals?

religious rituals the institution of marriage the practice of gift-giving Not Cultural Universal(s) written language

locating the offices of senior management on the upper floors of a multistory building

reminds everyone of the seniority relationships in the organization

Match the social theorists to their work.

robert merton howard s becker wilson and kelling emile durkheim

Which of the following events in Sam's life of crime represents secondary deviation?

sam believes he is a "juvenile deliquent" and keeps stealing

Guatemalan Indian

scavenger, useful as guard animal

Match each culture with the correct meaning it attaches to the cultural symbol of "dog."

scavenger, useful as guard animal Correct label: Guatemalan Indian household pet, treated fondly Correct label: American source of meat Correct label: Akha (northern Thailand)

What is distinctive about human beings, compared to other animals?

sense of self

What is the name for the form of colonialism in which citizens of the colonial power take up residence in large numbers in the occupied nation?

settler colonialism

any vehicle of meaning and communication

signifier

Relative to American culture today, which of the following could be considered a subculture?

skateboarders hunting enthusiasts Not Subculture(s) litterbugs incompetent doctors

Why is there typically more disagreement among professional sociologists than natural scientists?

the subject matter of sociology is human behavior,which is the most complex subject

Which phrase best represents the meaning of the Latin root of the word society?

the ties that bind people together

What did Robert Park and William Ogburn do in the 1920s to usher in a new era in sociology that demanded more than mere theoretical speculation?

they grounded theory in data and facts

What, according to William Ogburn, is the goal of sociology?

to discover new knowledge

What is the goal of a sanction?

to promote conformity to social norms and to protect against conformity

According to Auguste Comte, what is the proper role of sociology?

to study human society scientifically

According to James Henslin and Mae Biggs, what is the primary sociological purpose of the preparations that occur before a woman receives a gynecological exam?

to temporarily take away the patients personhood

What is the function of the sociological imagination, according to C. Wright Mills?

to understand our personal experiences as a part of a larger framework of events

A law is a kind of norm defined by the government as a rule or form of behavior that citizens must follow.

true

Age-grades are found in small traditional cultures where people of similar ages undergo ceremonies or rites that mark the transition from one age-grade to another.

true

In the United States, across income level, education, and race, the digital divide is narrowing.

true

There are good reasons to think that the iron law of oligarchy is less iron than Robert Michels believes.

true

a website advocating violence against police

undermining of an existing dominant culture

Match each researcher to his or her correct method and work

used case studies to investigate the causes of revolutionary social change Correct label: Theda Skocpol used quantitative techniques to investigate the causes of war Correct label: Andreas Wimmer used an experiment to investigate social aspects of power relationships Correct label: Philip Zimbardo

What factor, according to sociologist Barrie Thorne, has a strong influence on whether a girl feels positively or negatively about her first period?

whether the most popular girls in her peer group have already had their first period

Which of the following make it difficult to prosecute cybercrime?

yes:jurisdiction extradition No:outdated technology lack of law enforcement dedicated to cybercrimes

Identify each hypothetical tie as either uniplex or multiplex.

your lab partner at school who isn't doing very well in class Correct label: uniplex your best friend who you met in peewee soccer, whose sibling you had a crush on, and who now occasionally gives you financial advice Correct label: multiplex your neighbor whose dog you walk for extra income Correct label: multiplex your mother's boss who you saw every year at the company holiday party Correct label: uniplex

Which scenarios represent successful social reproduction?

Successful Social Reproduction At a utopian commune, the whole group, not organized into nuclear families, raises children. Unsuccessful Social Reproduction A community of immigrants relinquishes its ethnic past and assimilates into its new local culture. Before dying out, a civilization leaves behind detailed written records of its history. A revolutionary movement seizes power and institutes a series of dramatic political and cultural reforms.

Language

System of symbols that represent objects and abstract thoughts

Which two American sociologists were part of the functionalist tradition?

Talcott Parsons & Robert. K Merton

ethnocentrism

Teenagers probably use smartphones so much because they are rude and selfish.

cultural relativism

Teenagers say they use smartphones because it is their main tool for staying connected with friends.

Why does Harvey L. Molotch argue that racial or physical profiling makes Americans less safe?

Terrorists can more easily avoid detection by sending people who do not fit these criteria.

Which statement correctly describes the concept "digital divide" as a way to explain why Internet use rates vary by region?

The "digital divide" refers to the wealthy regions having better access to the internet than poorer regions

Match the social theorists to one of their important works.

The Division of Labor in Society (1893) Correct label: Émile Durkheim Émile Durkheim The Study of Sociology (1873) Correct label: Herbert Spencer Herbert Spencer Capital (1867) Correct label: Karl Marx Karl Marx The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904) Correct label: Max Weber Max Weber

Semiotics

The analysis of nonverbal cultural meanings

What is the central claim of new institutionalism?

The behavior of an organization is largely determined by its place in the economic network.

What does psychologist Albert Bandura's study predict will happen to a child who watches cartoons that depict interpersonal violence, weapons, and warfare?

The child will imitate and act out the behaviors she has witnessed

Social Constraint

The conditioning influence on our behavior of the groups and societies of which we are members. Regarded by Durkheim as one of the distinctive properties of social facts.

What do sociologists mean when they refer to the global north and the global south?

The distinction between industrialized nations that are less industrialized

Identify each item as typical of either traditional or modern societies.

The elderly find rewards in an outward-looking view of life. The elderly are accorded great respect. Typical of Modern Societies The elderly are materially less well off than the middle aged. The elderly have fewer responsibilities than the middle aged.

Industrialization

The emergence of machine production based on the use of inanimate power resources. (Water, electricity)

Settler Colonialism

The form of colonialism in which citizens of the colonial power take up residence in large numbers in the occupied nation.

What is the main way in which the system of discipline and indoctrination at West Point relates to the later battlefield performance of West Point graduates?

The graduates are driven by a desire not to let down their fellow soldiers.

For which reasons do groups larger than triads tend to be more stable than dyads or triads?

The larger a group is, the less it is affected by the loss of a few members. Large groups can more easily be socially self-sufficient.

What is the definition of rationalization, according to Max Weber?

The organization of public life according to principles of efficiency

Cultural relativism

The practice of judging a society by its own standards

Assimilation

The process by which different cultures are absorbed into a mainstream culture

John Meyer and Brian Rowan argue that in organizations officially governed by formal rules, much of the work is usually done with minimal regard for the rules. What, then is the role of the rules?

The rules serve to legitimize the work being done.

Culture shock

The shock a person from one culture experienced when immersed in another one

Socialization

The social processes through which children develop an awareness of social norms and values and achieve a distinct sense of self

division of labor

The specialization of work tasks by means of which different occupations are combined within a production system

Why is there typically more disagreement among professional sociologists than among professional scientists?

The subject matter is more difficult to quantify

Ethnocentrism

The tendency to judge other cultures by the standards on one's own.

Social structure

The underlying regularities in how people behave toward one another

Sociobiology

The use of biological principles to explain the social activities of human beings and other animals.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about bureaucracies

The word bureaucracy, from words meaning "office" and "rule," refers to the governing of organizations and societies by a cadre of full-time professionals. According to Max Weber, although bureaucracy often stifles creativity, it is necessary for the administration of large-scale social systems.

Symbolic Interactionism

Theoretical approach in sociology developed by George Herbert Mead that emphasizes the role of symbols and language as core elements of all human interaction

Why is it impossible that most college rejections are due to affirmative action?

There are far fewer affirmative action admissions than college rejections

cultural universals

When common features of human behavior are found in virtually all societies Example: institution of marriage, religious rituals, practice of gift-giving

Starting at 2:56 in the video, Watts talks about his own investigation of the extent to which every person in a social network is connected to every other person, directly or through intermediaries. What did Watts discover?

While it is not true that everyone is connected, at least half the population in the world are connected to each other through about six steps.

In this thirteenth-century painting, the infant Jesus is depicted with an adult face and adult bodily proportions. What aspect of culture does this depiction reflect?

a view of children as miniature adults

Chinese Social Media

Facebook - renren Twitter - sina weibo Google - baidu

Place in order, from first to last, the steps describing how a letter in Stanley Milgram's late-1960s experiment reached its destination.

1. A person in Lincoln, Nebraska, is given a letter and a description of the intended recipient in Boston, but no address. 2. The Lincoln resident sends the letter to someone who might have a direct or indirect connection to the Boston recipient. 3. Each intermediate recipient repeats the process of the Lincoln resident. 4. Someone recognizes the final recipient as an acquaintance and sends or delivers the letter to him.

According to social science research, which of the following are effects of social media, such as Facebook?

1. Among young adults, use of Facebook leads to a slightly less sense of well being in comparison to those who reported increased direct contact with friends. 2.In the United States, people who use Facebook have slightly more close friendships than people who don't.

Quinn is on a high school volleyball team. If he wanted to assess his performance as a player, which of the following could serve as a reference group?

1. Another school's volleyball team 2. Quinn's volleyball team

Which of the following are characteristics of traditional civilizations?

1. At least part of the population was concentrated in cities. 2. They were expansionist empires. 3. Art and science flourished in these societies.

Which locations still have hunting and gathering societies?

1. Australia 2. India

What are the defining characteristics of an organization?

1. Its members have come together for a common purpose. 2. There is a clear distinction between those who belong and those who do not.

Sociologists Salganik, Dodds, and Watts conducted an experiment using a Web-based artificial music market. Place the stages of the experiment in order from first to last.

1. More than 14,000 participants were recruited and divided into groups. 2. Participants of the experimental group were able to see what other site users were listening to. 3. Ratings for the same songs were found to differ significantly between the control group and the experimental group. 4. It was concluded that people's tastes are influenced by the tastes they see others display.

Which statements align with the main ideas of sociobiology?

1. Much of human social life can be explained by reproductive strategies. 2. Men are dominant in most societies because of genetics that make males strong and aggressive.

Identify the ways in which nation-states differ from earlier state-like societies.

1. Nation-states have national cultures. 2. Nation-states have well defined national borders.

Identify the following predictions as either consistent with George Ritzer's "McDonaldization" theory or not.

1. People will rely on robots because robots are consistent and can be controlled. 2. Society will move toward more standardization and regulation.

Identify the activities Michel Foucault would consider to be a form of surveillance.

1. Prison guards use cameras to watch over the inmate dining area. 2. After two bus drivers engage in an altercation, an entry is made in each driver's record.

Which statements about Internet use in Saudi Arabia are true?

1. Saudi women are allowed to use the Internet to discuss women's health issues. 2. Authorities use the Internet to disseminate official propaganda.

According to Simmel, which of the following statements are true about dyads?

1. The relationship in a dyad tends to be intense. 2. Dyads tend to be unstable.

In which ways are late-modern organizations using information and communication technology to change their members' working conditions?

1. The workplace is becoming less centralized. 2. Workers are able to make more efficient use of their time. 3. Hierarchies are becoming flatter and more flexible.

According to Charles Horton Cooley's theory, identify each of the following as either a primary or secondary group.

1. a close-knit group of adult friends who have been together since middle school 2. a married couple

Which challenges has China faced in its efforts to become a major player in the global market for consumer electronics and other tech sector products?

1. a culture that does not value unconventional thinking 2. inflexible college admission policies based solely on test results

Which behaviors would an evolutionary biologist like Edward O. Wilson most likely say are genetically programmed?

1. an infant's "rooting" to find the mother's breast nipple 2. a mother's attachment to her children 3. the widespread pattern of men having more power than women 4. a tendency in men toward sexual promiscuity

Identify the benefits of workplace computerization for less-skilled workers.

1. easier casual interaction with co-workers and friends 2. partial relief from burdens of mundane, repetitive tasks

Identify the benefits of workplace computerization for less-skilled workers?

1. easier casual interaction with co-workers and friends 2. partial relief from burdens of mundane, repetitive tasks

Historically, which were common characteristics of hunting and gathering societies?

1. extreme poverty by modern standards 2. highly developed religious rituals

Identify the factors that have been shown to contribute to obesity.

1. having overweight friends 2. biological factors 3. lack of healthy food options in one's community

In the context of Charles Horton Cooley's theory of groups, classify each attribute as belonging to either primary or secondary groups.

1. high level of intimacy 2. strong sense of unity and commitment

Primary Group

1. high level of intimacy 2. strong sense of unity and commitment

Identify each personal characteristic as either more or less likely to be a factor in online social interactions, compared to face-to-face interactions.

1. hobbies 2. political views 3. personal history

Place the societies in chronological order, according to when they appeared

1. hunting and gathering societies 2. pastoral societies 3. traditional societies 4. industrialized societies

A corporation that is both profitable and ethical meets Max Weber's definition of an "ideal type."

False

George Ritzer identifies four principles at work in what he calls the "McDonaldization" of society. Match each principle to the corresponding example.

An auto maintenance shop has a website where car owners make appointments without speaking to a human scheduler. Correct label: control A restaurant keeps the dining area heavily air conditioned so patrons do not feel cozy and inclined to linger. Correct label: efficiency A medical office keeps track of the number of patients each doctor sees per day. Correct label: calculability Two hotel chains in a corporate partnership advertise "Different names, same great service." Correct label: uniformity

Which items are examples of nationalism?

An ethnic group raises a military to fight for independence. A country begins a war over territory that has only symbolic value. Not Example(s) of Nationalism One country invades another country to seize its natural resources. A nation with a weak central government is torn by civil strife.

social construction

An idea or practice that continues to exist because people take it for granted

social construction

An idea or practice that continues to exist because people take it for granted an idea or practice that a group of people agree exists

Identify the following people as experiencing anomie, or not.

Anomie After a destabilizing political event, people burn cars, break store windows, and steal merchandise. A grandparent feels lonely because she doesn't understand how to use emojis and social media to connect with her grandchildren. Not Anomie A woman conforms to traditional norms of femininity, and never considers that she could do otherwise. A man feels enraged because he wants an expensive home, but has a low-paying job.

What is the principle that Robert Michels calls "the iron law of oligarchy" for bureaucratic organizations?

Any large organization becomes an oligarchy

What is the principle that Robert Michels calls "the iron law of oligarchy" for bureaucratic organizations?

Any large organization inevitably becomes an oligarchy.

What makes a social fact a social constraint?

Any person who ignores the social fact will encounter difficulty

linguistic relativity hypothesis

Argues that language influences our perceptions of the world because we are more likely to be aware of things if we have words for them. (Edward Sapir & Benjamin Lee Wharf)

What are characteristics of traditional civilizations?

Art and sciences flourished in these areas Expansionist empires At least part of the population was concentrated in cities

social facts

Aspects of social life that shape our actions as individuals

Place each person or event in the appropriate location on the timeline. For people, use the year of their deaths

August comte, Us civil war, Harriet martineau, Karl Marx

Which statements about Internet use in Saudi Arabia are true?

Authorities use the Internet to disseminate official propaganda. Saudi women are allowed to use the Internet to discuss women's health issues. False Statement(s) Anti-government protesters use the Internet to coordinate their activities. The Internet provides a forum for debates about the merits of traditional religious beliefs.

In Christakis and Fowler's 32-year study of the correlation of obesity in pairs of people who were part of the same social networks, which of the following conclusions is correct?

Based off their friends weight

The "compulsion of proximity" makes world leaders go to great efforts to meet in person rather than electronically. Identify the benefits of face-to-face interaction.

Benefit(s) of Face-to-Face Interaction The ability to impress others with one's sincerity. Establishing trust with eye contact. Not Benefit(s) of Face-to-Face Interaction Eliminating the risk of interactional vandalism. Gaining the benefits of a total institution.

Identify the statement that reflects an accurate reading of this table.

Between 1996 and 2001, cars per 1000 adults decreased in Italy and increased in Japan.

Which statement represents Max Weber's prediction about power and bureaucracies?

Beuracracies tend to become hierachical, with power concentrated at the top

Place each ethnic group on the corresponding circle in the figure. Who is in prison

Black llargest hispanic White othersmallest

Which statement represents Max Weber's prediction about power and bureaucracies?

Bureaucracies tend to become hierarchical, with power concentrated at the top.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about Carol Gilligan's theory of moral development.

Carol Gilligan sees a connection between girls' psychological development and women's moral outlook. Girls are taught to subordinate their own needs to the needs of others. Consequently, women's ethical views focus on care and other relational activities, and are more flexible than men's views, in which rule-following and individual freedom are the primary concerns.

Bureaucracy is firmly established as the final stage in the development of modern formal organizations.

False

Mudrick, a man in his late fifties, approaches a woman on the street and tries to initiate a conversation. Identify the statements that describe why a sociologist would classify this interaction as interactional vandalism

Correct Answer(s) A person of less social power is deliberately subverting conversational norms with a person of more social power. His initiation violates normal conversational "openings." Incorrect Answer(s) Interactional vandalism is a gateway to property vandalism. He is functioning in a front region, while she is functioning in a back region.

Identify the online dating interactions that reflect "highly gendered status hierarchies," as defined by sociologist Kevin Lewis.

Correct Answer(s) A woman initiates interaction with a man who has higher education and more income than she does. A man with a PhD typically initiates interaction with women who have BAs, but not less education than that. Incorrect Answer(s) A white woman and a Korean woman both initiate interaction with the same white man. Heterosexuals typically initiate interaction with other heterosexuals.

A person performing a task makes a mistake and exclaims, "Whoops!" Which are reasonable inferences about this situation?

Correct Answer(s) Another person is probably present. The mistake is probably minor and correctable. Incorrect Answer(s) The task involves physical labor. The person performing the task is female

In which ways are late-modern organizations using information and communication technology to change their members' working conditions?

Correct Answer(s) Hierarchies are becoming flatter and more flexible. The workplace is becoming less centralized. Workers are able to make more efficient use of their time. Incorrect Answer(s) Workers' compensation packages are better than they would have been otherwise.

Identify the examples of online communication that subvert the rules of interaction, thereby potentially threatening those in power

Correct Answer(s) In a forum where everyone is expected to use his or her real name, a user uses a pseudonym. A restaurant posts fake favorable reviews to Yelp, a site where consumers rate businesses. Incorrect Answer(s) Following an online article, a commenter makes hostile, sarcastic comments about the article. A new poster to an online forum asks a question that the regulars know has already been answered many times.

For which reasons do groups larger than triads tend to be more stable than dyads or triads?

Correct Answer(s) Large groups can more easily be socially self-sufficient. The larger a group is, the less it is affected by the loss of a few members. Incorrect Answer(s) Larger groups have no need of formal organizational structures. The larger the group, the more intense and more durable each member's attachment is to the group.

When we view the world through the prism of the sociological imagination, in which ways are we affected?

Correct Answer(s) We are better able to assess the results of public policy initiatives. We see the social world from many perspectives. We gain in self-understanding. Incorrect Answer(s) We appreciate the importance of a neutral, impartial perspective about all social issues.

Which of the following are involved in the process of socialization during childhood

Correct Answer(s) developing an awareness of social norms and values achieving a distinct sense of self Incorrect Answer(s) learning how to communicate with other people learning how to look after one's self-interest in a social setting

Which of the following are involved in the process of socialization during childhood?

Correct Answer(s) developing an awareness of social norms and values achieving a distinct sense of self Incorrect Answer(s) learning how to communicate with other people learning how to look after one's self-interest in a social setting

Which obstacles would a field researcher engaged in participant observation encounter?

Correct Answer(s) dishonest interview subjects feelings of isolation physical danger Incorrect Answer(s) insufficiently rich data

To which disciplines, beside sociology, did Max Weber contribute in his writings?

Correct Answer(s) economics comparative religion Incorrect Answer(s) evolutionary biology literary criticism

Identify the disadvantages of telecommuting for the average worker.

Correct Answer(s) lack of face-to-face contact with co-workers increased distractions due to home responsibilities increased stress for female workers Incorrect Answer(s) decreased job satisfaction

Identify the factors that have been shown to contribute to obesity

Correct Answer(s) lack of healthy food options in one's community having overweight friends biological factors Incorrect Answer(s) having overweight neighbors

Which skills do young people typically acquire upon entering the workforce?

Correct Answer(s) the ability to work independently the ability to get along with non-family members the management of one's emotions Incorrect Answer(s) creativity and spontaneity

After Robert Park's earlier experience in philosophy in Europe, which of the following did he later tell his students?

Correct Answer(s) to wear out their shoe leather gathering data to get the seat of their pants dirty doing real research Incorrect Answer(s) to only use data that could be precisely quantified to be reflexive as they developed strong theories about how people lived

Which two areas of study did Robert Park believe were proper subjects for sociology?

Correct Answer(s) urban life immigration Incorrect Answer(s) economic class struggle child raising

According to Elijah Anderson, which factors would classify Philadelphia's Rittenhouse Square Park as a "cosmopolitan canopy"?

Correct Answer(s) women looking after children people walking their dogs a man assisting an elderly woman Incorrect Answer(s) uniformed security guards

Identify the correct explanations for why the study of brief, minor one-on-one social interactions is one of the most absorbing of all areas of sociological investigation.

Correct Expanation(s) Our daily routines are organized around such interactions. Large-scale social patterns are built up from small-scale ones. Such interactions are part of how we shape our reality. Incorrect Explanation(s) Small-scale interactions are easier to gather data on than large-scale ones.

For a group of people with distinctive values and behaviors to be considered a subculture, it must reject most of the norms and values of the dominant culture.

False

Identify the defining characteristics of an organization

Defining Characteristic(s): -Its members have come together for a common purpose. -There is a clear distinction between those who belong and those who do not . Not Defining Characteristic(s): -The rest of society is aware of its existence. -It has a governing structure and rules of behavior.

What is the process of socialization about during childhood?

Developing an awareness of social norms and values, achieving a distinct sense of self.

Label the diagram with the appropriate examples of deviant behavior, criminal behavior, and behavior that is both criminal and deviant

Deviance SHOUTING Crime Jaywalking Both robbery

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about Nancy Chodorow's theory of gender identity.

Disagreeing with Freud, Nancy Chodorow takes the position that masculinity, not femininity, is defined by loss, in the form of separation from the mother. This separation leads to later difficulty in maintaining close personal relationships, and to what has been called "male inexpressiveness."

Identify the characteristics that distinguish a small group from a party or large group, according to Simmel.

Distinguishing Characteristic(s): -A small group is unifocal. -A small group has no formal structure or roles. Not Distinguishing Characteristic(s): -A small group is formed around a common purpose. -A small group comes together on a regular basis.

What are some themes that are important in Émile Durkheim's thoughts?

Division of labor, social factors that lead to suicide

Which statements about the positive effects of video games have been documented by researchers?

Documented Research Video games can strengthen spatial abilities and cognitive development. When parents and children play together, video game time constitutes quality family time. Not Documented by Research Inflicting violence in a video game increases competitiveness in athletics. Experiencing violent death in a video game increases empathy in real life.

A global culture is emerging due to:

Economics ****

Besides sociology, what did Max Weber contribute in his writings?

Economics, comparative religion

Fill in the blanks to complete the sentences about Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development.

Ella has just learned to use words to represent objects and images, thus, she is in the preoperational stage. Jaime makes noise with his stroller, and doesn't realize that he is separate from the stroller, thus, he is in the sensorimotor stage. Shirley says, "Cold makes water freeze," mastering abstract, logical notions. Shirley is in the concrete operational stage.

Most of the traditional civilizations were ____________, developed through conquest and incorporation of other societies.

Empires

Which pair of concepts consists of two direct opposites?

Ethnocentrism bad cultural relativism

Identify each statement about networks as either correct or incorrect.

Every social group represents a network.

Identify which behaviors are examples of impression management.

Example(s) of Impression Management A soldier in basic training acts scared of the drill sergeant, despite not really being intimidated. During the morning rush at a coffee shop, a barista greets a customer with a smile. Not Example(s) of Impression Management A music student, practicing alone and playing well, is overheard by her teacher. A video game player having a good game reacts irritably when interrupted.

Identify which behaviors are examples of impression management

Example(s) of Impression Management A soldier in basic training acts scared of the drill sergeant, despite not really being intimidated. During the morning rush at a coffee shop, a barista greets a customer with a smile. Not Example(s) of Impression Management A video game player having a good game reacts irritably when interrupted. A music student, practicing alone and playing well, is overheard by her teacher.

Identify the examples of social capital.

Example(s): -A steelworker knows a lot of people in the Chicago construction trade. -An artist who vacations in a Colorado town has a few very close friends among the locals. Not Example(s): -A wealthy Tampa sports fan watches every game in his private box. -A college graduate knows a lot about interesting places to see in Los Angeles.

Identify the examples of structural holes.

Example(s): -the lack of ties between neighborhood parents and the teachers at their children's school -the lack of ties between factory workers and senior management in a manufacturing plant Not Example(s): -the lack of ties between sellers at a farmers market and individual buyers -the lack of ties between neighbors in a newly settled area

What is the central message of postmodernism?

History follows no overarching plot or narrative

When Alice Goffman studied the role of home and work in the lives of young, black men prone to running afoul of the law, what did she find?

Home and work provided police with the means to track down the young men

Which questions would be asked by someone studying semiotics?

How do various cultures give meaning to the color pink? Why do high buildings represent prestige? Incorrect Answer(s) When were alphabets invented? How is the grammar of Swedish similar to the grammar of Sanskrit?

What physiological fact explains why human children spend more time being cared for by their parents than the young of most mammal species?

Human beings need extra time outside the womb for their brains to develop (environmental stimuli)

Which culture appeared first?

Hunting and gathering - 50,000 B.C.E. Pastoral - 12,000 B.C.E Traditional - 6,000 BCE Industrialized - between 1750 and 1850

Values

Ideals about what are good and bad

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about impression management.

Impression management is behavior by which people control how they come across to other people. Some of this behavior is deliberate, such as dressing up for a job interview, but much of it is unconscious, such as changes in posture when one's boss approaches.

Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence about obesity in the United States

In the United States today, about one-third of the population is obese, and this number is rising. A 2007 study titled "The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network Over 32 Years" showed that obesity was contagious.

Which locations still have hunting and gathering societies?

India, Africa, Australia, the Artic, and the jungles of Brazil and New Guinea

In which ways does midlife today differ from midlife in premodern societies?

Individuals have more control over their lives. People undergo more major life transitions. People live significantly longer. Incorrect Answer(s) Family ties are stronger. People tend to live in the same place for their entire lives.

Which type of society saw the creation of the nation-state?

Industrialized

A big division in sociology is between the positivists who strive to describe human populations in scientific terms, and interpretivists who want to describe societies in narrative terms as seen through the eyes of their research subjects. Identify the research observations about the sexual behavior of a group of high-schoolers as characteristic of either an interpretive or a positivist methodology.

Interpretive Methodology: -Among the boys, hooking up with more than two girls in the same year carries no stigma. -It is considered slutty to sleep with the ex-boyfriend of your best friend. Positivist Methodology: -The structure of the network is due partly to a "no cycles of four" rule. -The greatest distance between two individuals was 43 steps.

In Max Weber's view, what is the problem with bureaucracy?

It is a threat to democracy because rule could replace people

Why would sociologists take part in efforts to achieve social change?

It would be odd if, having studied a social problem, a sociologist had no option on the solution. It only makes sense, in attacking a social problem, to involve someone with expertise

Place the events for the origins of hip-hop music in chronological order.

Jamaican DJs developed a tradition of chanting stories, accompanied by recorded music. In the Bronx, New York, DJ Kool Herc developed an early version of rapping. Groups from Queens and Long Island brought the new style of music to a wider audience. Gangsta rap became an established musical culture in major U.S. cities. Hip-hop was recognized as a global form of music

Which author wrote which title?

Karl Marx - The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Auguste Comte - Positive Philosophy Max Weber - Capital Émile Durkheim - The Division of Labor in Society

Identify the key features of a dyad, according to Simmel.

Key Features: -The dyad is the most intimate form of group. -In a dyad there are no secrets regarding actions taken. Not Key Features: -The relationship in a dyad is asymmetric. -The group has power over the individual.

in-group

Ku Klux Klan

Which conclusions can reasonably be drawn from the data shown in the graphic?

Life expectancy in Sweden is greater than in Poland. In all of the countries shown, mean age at first marriage is younger than mean age at first birth. In the countries shown, mean age at first marriage is between 26 and 29. Not Reasonable Conclusion(s) This graphic indicates that people in nations with higher life expectancies have better quality of life.

A student in a large lecture class discovers that the majority of his classmates have formed a secret online group in which they are passing around a copy of an upcoming exam. The group invites the student to join in.

Likely Scenario(s): -He will be tempted to join the group, particularly if it comprises the majority of the class. -He will be more likely to join the group if it is quite large or if many of his friends are involved. Unlikely Scenario(s): -He is more likely to join the group if he has cheated in the past. -If the majority of students are participating, he will mostly likely join the group.

Identify the following as either valid or invalid statements about incarceration in the United States.

Many Italian Americans used crime as a vehicle for upward mobility in the first half of the twentieth century. The term "prison industrial complex" refers to the scope of incarceration and the many interest groups that benefit from incarceration. The United States has the highest incarceration per capita rate in the world. Invalid Statement(s) The rate of incarceration is much higher among white men compared to other groups.

According to sociological research, what was one unintended consequence of public policy initiatives that led to large public-housing blocks built in city centers following World War II?

Many people who moved to the large apartment blocks felt isolated and unhappy

Place the sociological theories in order from broadest to narrowest scope.

Marx's theory of class struggle the theory of relative deprivation a theory of the moral development of children a symbolic-interactionist theory of dating

Which of the following are examples of material culture?

Material Culture smartphones paved roads and associated signage Not Material Culture "do not feed the trolls" as a norm in online discussion forums the use of slang and trendy phrases

Match each theory to the appropriate scenario

Miles changed jobs because the new job would look good on his resume. Correct label: symbolic interactionism Sonia changed jobs because there was a greater demand for workers in the new job. Correct label: functionalism Mikhail changed jobs because the new one paid more and had better benefits. Correct label: rational choice theory

Identify each personal characteristic as either more or less likely to be a factor in online social interactions, compared to face-to-face interactions

More Likely to Be a Factor political views hobbies personal history Less Likely to Be a Factor disability status social position

Which of the following features of modern life are intended to give individuals more privacy, and which are intended to limit individuals' privacy?

More Privacy Correct label: tinted car windows Correct label: apps, such as Snapchat Correct label: FERPA rules prohibiting university employees from disclosing student records Less Privacy Correct label: social media platforms, such as Instagram and Facebook Correct label: drones used to monitor protests Correct label: cameras posted on traffic lights Correct label: police body cameras

Sociologists Salganik, Dodds, and Watts conducted an experiment using a Web-based artificial music market. Place the stages of the experiment in order from first to last

More than 14000 participants of the experimental group were able to see ratings for the same songs it was concluded that

organic solidarity

Social cohesion that results from the various parts of a society functioning as an integrated whole

The figure shows the percentage of adults who own smartphones in various countries. Select the three countries where fewer than 40 percent of adults own smartphones.

Nigeria Uganda India

Which statement best describes the Internet in its earliest years?

Only an elite few individuals with special skills and resources had access.

Which phrase did Émile Durkheim used to describe industrial societies held together by functional interdependence of their members on one another?

Organic solidarity

Identify each characteristic as an aspect of either organizational culture or organizational structure.

Organizational Culture: -which employees are part of the in-group within the company -how employees feel about their work environment Organizational Structure: -how much paid time off an employee accrues each month -who writes each employee's performance reviews

Which aspects of a conversation between two people would be part of conversation analysis?

Part of Conversation Analysis the duration of conversational pauses the use of filler words Not Part of Conversation Analysis differences of race, gender, and class the motivations of the people talking

How does pop singer Taylor Swift think social media encourages people, especially young women, to feel bad about themselves?

People compare their own lives, which they know from the inside, to idealized versions of other people's lives.

Which statement describes how Christakis and Fowler, the researchers who published "The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network over 32 Years," answered their key question: How do one's friends affect one's weight?

People develop their ideas about acceptable body weight by looking at the people around them (the power of social norms).

Sociologists have offered different explanations for the continued existence of social order—that is, for people's conformity to social rules.

People have been taught to feel uncomfortable when they fail to conform. Correct label: People are socialized to conform. The social order embodies or promotes values people sincerely hold. Correct label: People believe in the social order. People conform because it serves their self-interest. Correct label: Conformity is rational and prudent.

Identify the reasons why Ann Swidler describes culture as a "tool kit."

People select different understandings and behaviors from a number of possibilities. People draw on "scripts" for understanding society and acting in it. Not Reason(s) Why Culture Is a "Tool Kit" Like the use of tools, culture must be taught and learned. People must carefully pack up their own culture and set it aside when interacting with other cultures.

What overall conclusion can be drawn from experiments like the one Salganik, Dodds, and Watts conducted using a Web-based artificial music market?

People's behavior is heavily influenced by random factors at work in their social groups.

nation-state

Political communities with clearly delimited borders and shared culture that have extensive powers over many aspects of citizens' lives and framing laws that apply to all those living within their borders.

Match each item to its corresponding definition or description.

Primary Deviance : first act of rule breaking secondary deviance: deviance prompted by label stigma: a label that alters

In the context of Charles Horton Cooley's theory of groups, classify each attribute as belonging to either primary or secondary groups.

Primary Group strong sense of unity and commitment high level of intimacy Secondary Group impersonal relationships instrumental in purpose role-play by members

In the context of C. H. Cooley's theory of groups, identify each attribute as either belonging to a primary group or a secondary group.

Primary Groups: - enduring membership - ends in themselves Secondary Groups: - impersonal - instrumental in purpose - contingent membership

Identify each group as an example of what in C. H. Cooley's theory would be called a primary group or a secondary group.

Primary: -a close-knit group of adult friends who have been together since middle school -a married couple Secondary: -a tailoring shop that makes bespoke (fully custom) suits for men -a professional football team

Norms

Principles or rules of social life that everyone is expected to observe

Forces that can contribute to a globalization of culture?

Proliferation of international organizations (United Nations) The emergence of a class of "global citizens"

If a principal used the broken windows theory to inform his high school's discipline policy, which action might he take?

Punish small infractions such as dress code violations in order to deter larger violations

Identify whether race is functioning as either a master status or self-identity in the following scenarios. Note that Will is a man whose mother is white and whose father is Afro-Caribbean.

Race Functioning as Master Status Regardless of how Will describes himself, people generally refer to him as "black." Will is a skateboarder and science fiction buff, but people treat him first and foremost as a black man. Race Functioning as Self-Identity Will's love of science fiction is the most important thing about him, even if others don't recognize that. Will sees himself as multi-racial, connected to all parts of his parents' ethnic and racial identities.

norm

Race-based job discrimination is illegal.

Which of the following describe a random sampling method?

Random Sampling A store gives every twentieth customer a gift card in exchange for filling out a customer satisfaction questionnaire. A health insurer uses a computer-generated random list of plan members to conduct a quality-control review. Not Random Sampling A focus group, made up of volunteers, is asked what they think of three videos promoting water conservation. A journalist approaches a table at a political event and asks everyone at the table their opinion of the host organization.

Identify the reasons victimization studies give for high incidences of violent crime and harassment against gay men and lesbians.

Reason(s) Stigmatization results in them being treated as deserving of crime. When gays and lesbians are open in public, some see this as violating an expectation to keep same-sex sexuality private, thus (wrongly) justifying crimes against them. Not Reason(s) Gays and lesbians more often live in neighborhoods with high rates of violent crime. Violent crime is much more likely to happen to young sexual minorities. A trend of increased drug use among lesbians and gay men means they are more often in dangerous areas where violent crime occurs.

What was probably the earliest regular use of written language?

Record keeping

Quinn is on a high school volleyball team. If he wanted to assess his performance as a player, which of the following could serve as a reference group

Reference Group(s) Quinn's volleyball team another school's volleyball team Not Reference Group(s) the chess club at Quinn's school Quinn's first-period chemistry class

Quinn is on a high-school volleyball team, and has chemistry during first period. Identify the reference groups Quinn could use to assess the team's performance.

Reference Group: -the lacrosse team at Quinn's school - another school's volleyball team Not Reference: -Quinn's first-period chemistry class -the chess club at Quinn's school

What are examples that represent cultural "scripts" in contemporary America?

Saying "Bless you" when someone sneezes A restaurant hostess smiles at an arriving party, picks up menus, and leads them to a table

According to how Karl Marx explains the global spread of Western industry, place the events in chronological order.

Several producers sell products in the same market. Competition motivates producers to manufacture their goods more cheaply and sell them more cheaply. Producers seek new, cheaper sources of labor and materials, and new markets where their products will command higher prices. When several producers have entered a new market, the cycle repeats.

Identify each item as an aspect of either sex or gender.

Sex Most babies are born with penises or vaginas. Certain physical indicators are associated with maleness or femaleness. Gender Some people are referred to as "he," others as "she." When people approach a baby, they often ask, "Is it a girl or a boy?"

Identify the similarities and differences between dyads and triads, according to Simmel.

Similarities: -Membership is voluntary. Differences: -Secret actions are possible. -Politics is a factor in interactions. -The group would survive the departure of any one member.

Match each example to the correct type of group.

Social Group Correct label: students at your university Correct label: employees of the Target corporation Social Aggregate Correct label: everyone at Grand Central Station on a Tuesday Correct label: the residents of Miami, Florida

According to June Statham's research, identify the statements about the experiences of families committed to nonsexist child rearing as either true or false.

There are more storybooks available with nontraditional female characters than nontraditional male characters. Most children of nonsexist parents still possessed gender-typed toys given to them by relatives. False Statement(s) Whenever possible, children refuse to play with gender-neutral toys. The goal of parents was to make their children androgynous, neither boys nor girls.

What is France's national policy on wearing face-covering veils in public?

There is a ban on wearing veils in public.

neither

There is no inherent difference between different races.

What represents proof of the emergence of humanlike culture?

Toolmaking, deliberate use of fire, planned hunting in groups

Identify the trends among people who were at or near college age on September 11, 2001, according to Robert Putnam.

Trend(s): -Their voter participation rates are higher than those of past groups of 18- to 24-year-olds. -They are more likely to do volunteer work than the college-aged were before. Not Trend(s): -They have more disposable income for social recreation.

Empathy with one's study subjects makes it harder for a sociologist to be objective.

True

Extremist Islamist movements in the Middle East illustrate how nationalism has arisen in response to globalization?

True

In the United States, across income level, education, and race, the digital divide is narrowing.

True

Out of Robert Merton's list of five personality types—conformist, ritualist, innovator, retreatist, and rebel—all but one is a deviant by Merton's definition

True

Recently, shaming has become a popular alternative to incarceration as a form of punishment.

True

The Internet has in some ways counteracted the forces of cultural globalization.

True

There are good reasons to think that the iron law of oligarchy is less iron than Robert Michels believes.

True

According to Simmel, which of the following statements are true about dyads?

True Statement(s) The relationship in a dyad tends to be intense. Dyads tend to be unstable. False Statement(s) Each member of a dyad tends to keep secrets from the other. Dyads require no external supports.

According to Simmel, which of the following statements are true about triads?

True Statement(s) The relationships in triads tend to be less intense. In a triad, alliances are possible. Triads tend to be more stable than dyads. False Statement(s) Triads tend to develop a formal structure.

Identify the true statements about the in-group in a larger population.

True Statement(s): -The in-group constitutes a majority. -The in-group is the powerful group. False Statement(s): -The in-group consists of those who have been around the longest. -The in-group consists of those at the top of the population's formal structure.

Identify the true statements about Feral Trade compared to a conventional import business.

True: -The supply chain is more extensively documented. -Feral Trade maintains that there are no consumers, just peers collaborating. False: -The Transport is more reliable. -No money changes hands.

What is the definition of interlocking directorates?

Two governing boards have one or more members in common.

uniformity

Two hotel chains in a corporate partnership advertise "Different names, same great service."

Which context makes the most sense for the following exchange? Person A: Hand over your leg. Person B: Here you go.

Two people areassembling a table

social structure

Underlying patterns in how people behave in their relationships with one another

Subculture

Values and norms distinct from those of the majority, held by a group within a wider society. Example: hunting enthusiasts, skateboarders, goths, computer hackers

Classify each instance of communication as either verbal or nonverbal.

Verbal Communication A teenager who doesn't understand a question responds with "Huh?" A middle school student passes a note to a classmate. Nonverbal Communication A woman alone at a restaurant makes a show of looking at her watch. On the freeway, one driver makes a rude gesture to another.

reference group

WASPs

Place each person or event in the appropriate location on the timeline. For people, use the year of their deaths.

WE De bois, vietnam war, Talcott, Robert Merton

When we view the world through the prism of the sociological imagination, in which ways are we affected?

We see the world from many perspectives, we gain in self-understanding, we are better able to assess the results of public policy initiatives.

Stanley Milgram's experiment about people's obedience to authority involved a carefully orchestrated sequence of events. Place the events in order from first to last.

When a "learner" failed at a memorization task, a "teacher" was told to administer a mild (15 V) electric shock. Successive failures by the "learner" caused the announced shock voltage to be increased. When the "teacher" tried to quit, he would be told that "the experiment requires that you continue." The "learner" fell silent, giving the impression he had suffered a heart attack. The "teacher" was allowed to see that the "learner" was unhurt.

Identify the reasons victimization studies give for high incidences of violent crime and harassment against gay men and lesbians

Yes: When gays and lesbians are open in public, some see this as violating an expectation to keep same-sex sexuality private, thus (wrongly) justifying crimes against them. Stigmatization results in them being treated as deserving of crime. No:A trend of increased drug use among lesbians and gay men means they are more often in dangerous areas where violent crime occurs. Violent crime is much more likely to happen to young sexual minorities. Gays and lesbians more often live in neighborhoods with high rates of violent crime.

Which of the following are elements of the broken windows theory of deviance?

Yes:Deviance is a response to social context and local cues. Deviance is a self-reinforcing spiral. No:Deviance is driven by neighborhood culture and not easily prevented. Informal sanctions are not effective in controlling deviance.

Identify each statement as describing a finding of sociologist Victor Rios's study, Punished: Policing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys, or not.

Yes:Small, daily, negative interactions with police cultivate a culture of mistrust and resistance to authority. Stop-and-frisk policies generate poor relations between communities and police. No:When police take strong action against small things, like broken windows or shoplifting, communities respond with trust and good will. Black and Latino boys are more likely to be punished for crime, whereas black and Latino adult men are more likely to get away with crime.

Which of the following would be likely applications of the broken windows theory of social deviance?

Yes:a crackdown on petty crime, such as drinking in public graffiti-proofing walls with a wash-off coating No:additional community centers with activities for at-risk youth long mandatory prison terms for violent felonies

Which of the following are explanations researchers have offered to explain dropping crime rates?

Yes:better economic conditions lower levels of drug use No:legalization of some drugs lower police presence in many communities

What motivated Kate Rich to start Feral Trade? a. She wanted to be able to guarantee the quality and ethical sourcing of the goods she sold b. She wanted to customize her product offerings to client preferences c. She wanted to use her business activities as a way of enlarging her network of friends d. She wanted to increase her sales volume and also her profit per unit sold

a

Karl Marx

a classless society in which everyone prospers

Match each theoretical approach to its most essential concern or focus.

a concern for explaining and eliminating gender inequality Correct label: feminism a focus on the evolving nature of media consumption Correct label: postmodernism a concern with the effects of class conflict Correct label: Marxism

What does Manuel Castells mean by a "network enterprise"

a corporation enmeshed in a network of close working relationships

What does Manuel Castells mean by a "network enterprise"?

a corporation enmeshed in a network of close working relationships with other companies

Which challenges has China faced in its efforts to become a major player in the global market for consumer electronics and other tech sector products?

a culture that does not value unconventional thinking inflexible college admission policies based solely on test results Not Challenge(s) lack of government funding for innovative research a culture that does not value hard work poor-quality, pre-university education

Émile Durkheim uses the word anomie to refer to a very specific condition. What is that condition?

a feeling of aimlessness or despair

What makes a formal organization different from an informal one?

a formal organization is designed to achieve its objectives

Émile Durkheim

a growing division of labor in which people play specialized roles

What is the main factor in deciding which university a Chinese student will attend?

a grueling two or three day exam

What is the main factor in deciding which university a Chinese student will attend?

a grueling two- or three-day examination

Max Weber

a highly efficient bureaucracy that stifles human freedom

Nationalism

a set of beliefs and symbols expressing identification with a national community Example: an ethnic group raises a military to fight for independence A country begins a war over territory that has only symbolic value.

Which item is an example of comparative research, as defined in this chapter?

a study comparing gender roles during the 1950s in the US to gender roles in Japan

Place the steps for conducting a survey in order from first to last.

create a preliminary draft of survey questions conduct a pilot study identify problems with the survey questions revise and finalize the survey questions collect data from the main survey sample

Community policing is where police, in partnership with community members and businesses, focus on crime prevention rather than law enforcement. This might include programs for education and counseling rather than incarceration

crime prevention law enforcement incarceration

Match each statement about teenagers and smartphones to the appropriate sociological term

cultural relativism Correct label: Teenagers say they use smartphones because it is their main tool for staying connected with friends. ethnocentrism Correct label: Teenagers probably use smartphones so much because they are rude and selfish.

According to Molotch, which of the following measures would make us safer from terrorist attacks than racial and physical profiling would?

design security measures that align with decency norms

a website for people interested in fine food and drink

development of a non-geographic subculture

Which interactionist theory suggests that individuals become deviant when exposed to a higher level of deviant persons and influences, compared with conventional influences?

differential association theory

Match each sociologist to his or her scholarly contribution.

emphasized quantitative methods in sociology Correct label: William Ogburn pioneered observational fieldwork in Chicago Correct label: Robert Park wrote about living with a group of boys on the run from the law Correct label: Alice Goffman interviewed people about their romantic breakups Correct label: Diane Vaughan

Researchers have often found that popular students bully less popular students. Which statement describes researchers' current recommendation regarding popular students?

enlist popular students in anti bullying efforts

Which pair of concepts consists of two direct opposites?

ethnocentrism and cultural relativism

Which pair of concepts consists of two direct opposites?

ethocentrism and cultural relativism

Using labeling theory, place in order from first to last the stages by which a student, named Evan, might come to assume the role of social deviant

evan is late for school twice a week school principal evans teachers evan finds himself as a rule breaker evans behavior reflects

social aggregate

everyone at Chicago O'Hare Airport at noon on a given day

Match each limitation to the most appropriate research method.

experiments Correct label: Responses of those studied may be affected by the laboratory setting. ethnography Correct label: Generalizability is limited; findings might only apply to the group or community studied. surveys Correct label: There may be a very large sample size, but material gathered may be superficial.

Historically, which were common characteristics of hunting and gathering societies?

extreme poverty by modern standards highly developed religious rituals Not Common Characteristic(s) relatively high levels of social inequality stable membership within social groups

Émile Durkheim's concept of anomie refers to the loss of traditional norms and standards in modern society. According to Durkheim, what is the main consequence of anomie?

increased dispotion to suicide

The textbook discusses the increased use of surveillance technologies and asks whether these might somehow eliminate deviance. To sociologists this raises a more challenging question of how might privacy and deviance be related to each other. Which of the following might describe the relationship between privacy and deviance?

infringment of privacy leads to less deviance

In sociology, how is the concept of identity understood?

it relates to peoples understanding of who they are and what is meaningful to them

a system of symbols used by people to communicate

language

Match each term to the correct description

measure of central tendency Correct label: mean neither a measure of central tendency nor a measure of degree of dispersal Correct label: correlation coefficient measure of degree of dispersal Correct label: standard deviation

What is the best definition of race socialization?

messages about reach that each generation passes on to the next

What conclusion can be drawn from the following figure?

no clear, casual relationship

out-group

non-whites

Identify the in-group, the out-group, and the reference group for a white supremacist who belongs to the Ku Klux Klan and says, "We are the remnants of a warrior race—the White Anglo Saxon Protestants (WASPs)—that conquered continents."

non-whites Correct label: out-group WASPs Correct label: reference group Ku Klux Klan Correct label: in-group

Match the example to the term that best fits.

norm crime sanction

If one wanted to show that the relationship between emotions and facial expressions has nothing to do with culture, which research technique would make the most sense?

observe the facial expressions of children who were born deaf or blind

What is a probable social result of the longer lifespans and better health of older adults in the United States due to medical advancements and demographic changes?

older adults will maintain an outer focus on social life rather than...

According to survey research, about one in six women in the United States have been victims of rape or attempted rape. However, only about one-third of rapes have been reported to police.

one in six one third

Symbol

one item used to stand for or represent another

Which statement best describes the Internet in its earliest years?

only an elite few individuals with special skills and resources

Which phrase did Émile Durkheim use to describe industrial societies held together by functional interdependence of their members on one another?

organic solidarity

Which item represents a difficulty in social science that is normally not encountered in natural science?

outcomes are affected by the presence of the observer

Women make up less than 7 percent of the prison population. For each of the following examples, name the gender theory discrepancy (chivalry thesis, femininity norms, socialization, or control theory) that best matches the circumstances.

socialization control theory chivalry thesis feminitiy norms

agrarian societies

societies whose means of subsistence are based on agricultural production (crop growing)

Akha (northern Thailand)

source of meat

one item used to stand for another, such as a flag

symbol

How do micro- and macroanalysis intersect when male construction workers direct catcalls at female pedestrians passing a job site?

the conversation is a microlevel event but the gender dynamic is a macrolevel

What do sociologists mean when they refer to the "global north" and the "global south"?

the distinction between industrialized nations and nations that are less

What do sociologists mean when they refer to the "global north" and the "global south"?

the distinction between industrialized nations and nations that are less industrialized

Which items are among the forces that contribute to a globalization of culture?

the emergence of a class of "global citizens" the proliferation of international organizations, such as the United Nations Incorrect Answer(s) the increasing economic clout of small-scale producers, such as microbreweries national policies such as the "Great Firewall of China"

What did Andreas Wimmer determine was the best sociological predictor of war within a geographic territory in the twentieth century?

the existence of nationalist organizations

What is the major agent of primary socialization in almost all cultures?

the family

What is a common theme of the many different strands of feminist theory

the goal of explaining and eliminating gender inequalities

Which of the following represent cultural universals?

the institution of marriage religious rituals the practice of gift-giving

What is the main difference between microsociology and macrosociology?

the level of anaylsis

What central thesis did Karl Marx have in mind when he talked about "the materialist conception of history"?

the main source of social change are economic influences

Which skills do young people typically acquire upon entering the workforce?

the management of one's emotions the ability to work independently the ability to get along with non-family members Incorrect Answer(s) creativity and spontaneity

social group

the members of a Masonic Lodge in Los Angeles

What is the definition of rationalization, according to Max Weber?

the organization of public life according to principles of efficiency

What, according to Sigmund Freud, is the most important aspect of gender identity for young children?

the possesion or abscence of a penis

Choose the phrase that best completes the sentence. According to functionalism, the idea that every social activity has a function is best understood by analogy to __________.

the purpose of an organ in the human body

What is problematic about the following exchange between a store clerk and a customer she has never met? Clerk: How are you today? Customer: I'm anxious about the colonoscopy I have scheduled for this afternoon.

the store clerk probably did not want or did not expect

What is microsociology?

the study of social dynamics and pairs of small groups