Soc exam 2

About ___ % of the participants were willing to delivery the maximum shock of _ volts. ___ of the participants called it to the attention of the experimenter

63, 450, nearly all

McGuire Singer (1978)

6th graders asked to define themselves (us) many defined themselves of how they differed compared to their classmates: age gender place of birth

Prevention focus

A focus on the strand adds of the ought self, a goal of avoiding negative outcomes, anxiety when 1 is reminded of 1s goals, more common is east again cultures

Promotion focus

A goal of achieving positive outcomes, cheerfulness when one is reminded of ways to attains ones goals, a focus on the standard of the ideal self, more common in the west

Ineffective norm based appeal for compliance examples

A group seeking to reduce tax fraud communicates the message that most people cheat on their taxes, to reduce water waste a city contacts only citizens with below average consumption how much less they are using then their neighbors

Chelseas dating profile probably has ____ descriptions of her.Online presentations of our personalities seem to be guided by ______

Accurate, self verification

Door in the face techniques

Also called the reciprocal concessions techniques, asking someone for a very large favor that he or she will certainty refuse and then following with a request for a smaller one

Jerry burger redid Milgrams experiments in 2009

As a precaution asked about psychological illness, women's were =my as likely to continue to shock

Examples of attitude not predicting behavior because the understanding of prevailing social norms outweighed the desire to act

Being a fan of something but not showing love for it of fear of being judged. OR finding something horrible and saying you love it NOT talking during inappropriate times and peer pressure drinking

Implementation intention exaxmples

Billy has a job interview so he gets a suit and practices interviewing skills, Kiah wants to better manage so she TAKES STEPS to manage her money, Alejandro practices what he is going to say to a girl and the day.

____ students worked longer on the second test if they succeed at the first

Canadian

when attitudes do not predict behavior because of a mismatch between general attitudes and specific targets

Chet is a republican but votes dem, Marcus thinks rams makes the best trucks but buys a ford, Hilda is in favor of rehab but signs a petition restricting a half way house. NOT joy and the outdoors

Research supported self presentational concerns to our health

Cigs and alchemy use among teens, buying condoms, excessive tanning. NOT fashion trends, losing weight or driving a fast sports car

Self verification has a focus on the ___ response to feedback we get about ourselves

Cognitive

Pressure to _____ can be _____ as when u decide to join sm instead of sm else simply because others are doing to. But _____ pressure can also be ___ as when members of a peer group pointedly encourage one another to do unhealthy behaviors

Conform, implicit, confomrmity, explicit

Females

Cooperation, attuned to situation cue, interdependent

sociometer hypothesis

Describes self esteem as our own internal monitor of how acceptable we are to others

Having a plan to secure a ______ while under specific circumstances has been identified by researchers as ______

Desired outcome, implementation intention

Bringing goals to mind first has the effect of ____ thoughts about _____. Facing that reminds us of our ____

Diminishing, temptation, goals,

Self verification examples

Dressing out of style and getting comments about it, having a negative self view so after you dont get the job you interviewed for obsesseing about what they did wrong

The negative state relief hypothesis is related to _______ of seeking compliance, what is an example of this?

Emotion based methods, agreeing to a request in order to relieve negative feelings

Self enhancement has a focus on the ____ response we get about ourselves

Emotional

Me and Schoeneman (1997)

Gave a questionare to American college students and to 4 different groups in Kenya: college students, workers in Nairobi and tradition Maasai and samburur herding people

Reflected self appraisal example

Hank believes that he is good at swimming after his father praises him for swimming quickly

Ways peoples self affirmations can be helpful to themselves and others

Helps maintains sense of worth, minimize the use of defensive behaviors when their self esteem is injured, reduce negative evaluation of stereotyped groups NOT make them less receptive to unpleasant yet useful information

Norm based

I ask for your vote because everyone else is voting for me

Conformity true and false

In societies that elevate autonomy and uniqueness it can be looked upon negatively, evolutionary psychologists and anthropolgisists have argued that a tendency to conform is beneficial. FALSE conformity rarely benefits us, they have either a positive or negative impact

IKEA study

In the IKEA study (2012), participants indicated how much they would pay for their own product, a prebuilt product, or someone else's finished product. Participants were willing to pay more for products they built versus other built products

pain as a function of payment

In the Pain as a Function of Payment Method study (2016), participants rated how much subjective pain they felt and the emotional attachment they had toward a mug when paying for it with either cash (for which the loss of money is more vivid and concrete) or a credit card (abstract)

People in higher class areas develop self construal more _____

Independent

___ coutures tend to emphasize promoting self esteem

Independent

Males

Independent, competition, internal responses

___ cultures emphasize working to improve the self

Interdependent

High level construal examples

Is abstract (such as the forest), facilitates self control, is related to long term goals

Low level construal examples

Is concrete (such as the trees), inhibits self control, is related to immediate goals

foot-in-the-door technique

It involves making a small initial request with which almost everyone will comply followed by a larger request involving the actual behavior of interest, it works on the idea that human behavior is subject to to momentum, it is rooted in the idea that subtly changing a persons self image will make the person more likely to comply. NOT Giving an uninvited debt, fall under norm based reasoning.

Working self concept examples

Jan is most aware of her work persona at the office and the sense of self that she has developed around being a lawyer, Brian is with gf he is more aware of his behavior in the context of his relationship

____ students worked longer on a 2nd test if the failed the first

Japanese

Self verification example

Juanita thinks she is fashion forward others notice and call her fashionable

self-enhancement example

Luis boss belittles him and he gets down he then remembers he has a great family and feels much better about himself

ASCHS conformity study

Normative social influence

Normative social influence

Occurs in situations where there is clear conflict between an individuals judgement and that of the group, exists because people tend to fear the social consequence of behaving differently from others, ppl tend to find its implications disturbing, particularly when compared to the implantation of informational social influence. NOT when a persons chief desire is to learn what is correct, proper et.c.

_____ siblings tend to be more concerned with maintaining the status quo while _______ are more likely tp rebel

Older, younger

Milgrams follow up studies

Participants attempted to counter milligrams efforts to make them more aware of the learners suffering by litterally turning away from him, the more aware the participants were made of the suffering of the learner the more difficult they found it to deliver the shocks. There was def a change

Situationism examples

Pedro am time is very respectful on base but not off of base; Kelly parties on the weekends but also gets her work done and has good grades

Self esteem and culture

People from western cultures have a more pronounced need to evaluate themselves, people from independent cultures are more concerned with self improvement and working toward collective objectives,independent cultures foster higher levels of self esteem than interdependent culture do, when people from Asian culture are exposed to people from the west ther level of self esteem increases.

Influence of culture on conformity

Ppl raised in interdependent cultures are likely to be more susceptible to normative social influence, ppl raised in interdependent cultures are likely to be more susceptible to informational social influence, the value placed on individualism by a society seems to play a role in the tendency for it members to conform or not conform. Conformity rates in the us are decreasing!

Lady Gaga is a example of the ____ in social psychology. Her life experiences reveal how profoundly ___ the self is. Many of her fans find ______ from her.

Self, social, self esteem

How do automatic self control strategies help us stick to our long term goals

Stimuli relating to a goal cause us to diminish thoughts about temptations

overjustification effect

The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task.

Milligrams studies cont..

The experiments do not cause others to empathize with the participants who delivered the shocks and consider that we might also behave the same way, practically no one believes that they would have continues as pasrticipants to deliver high levels of shock

Social comparison theory

The idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people. We usually tend to compare ourselves to people that are slightly worse than you at something to make yourself feel better.

Milligrams experiments and physical remoteness of victim

The more removed victims are from others the easier it is to hurt them, emotional brakes on aggression are weakened dramatically as a result of being remote from the victims of that aggression, remoteness of victims tends to make the harm done to them more abstract

reciprocal concessions technique

The pressure to respond to what is perceived as a concession is responsible for this techniques effectiveness, it is an acclimation of the norm of reciprocity. NOT making a small initial request with which almost everyone will comply, followed by a larger request, th e reciprocal concessions tech. Also works when 2 request are made by different individuals.

What forces compelled participants in milligrams study to continue

To avoid disapproval, making a scene and the advance science and psychological research

Effective norm based appeal for compliance examples

To reduce water use a city contact its citizens with above average consumption telling them how much more they are using than their neighbors, aware that many train riders believe people "skip" on playing fares the transit authority posts signs stating that fare beaters make up less and 1 percent of riders

Examples of emotion based techniques used to increase compliance

Vera sets up a scholarship fund at school because she wants to feel better about who she is, Alessandra agrees to clean her room because her mom asks her when she is in a good mood, Bryan feels guilty about playing golf when he was supposed to clean the garage so h agrees when his wife ask him to pick up groceries on the way home. NOT drinking because you believe others are and buying a car because a salesman gives him free coffee.

Emotion based

When i ran 4 years ago u promised me a vote and did not not pls vote for me now

Miligrams follow up studies tuned out experimenter

When they staged a argument is reduced participant obedience, when the experimenter issued orders by telephone rather than peridot it resulted in reduced participant obedience

Reason based

While serving on city council..now I ask fro your vote

Self monitoring and dating

You most likely will be partaking in a lot of self monitoring on the first date to fit behavior demands. Low self monitoring would be not doing that high would be doing it

Frat survey v experiments

a true experiment in which the severity of frat intiation rituals is manipulated and then member commitment is later evaluated would provide valuable insight as to whether more severe rituals result in increased member commitment, cognitive dissonance.NOT survey fratmembers and evlauting member commitment and severity of imitation rituals are valid techniques to determine whether more severe rituals result in increased member commitment

researchers try to find the strength and importance of people attitudes. one way to measure the _____ of an attitude is how readily it comes to mind. To do so they measure the time it takes a person to react to a question about that attitude--- its _________. Another method is to determine the ________ of the attitude or how core it is to the person belief system

accessibility, response latency, centrality

Self perception process are activated when behavior conflicts with attitudes that are ______ or _________

ambigious, little importance

peripheral route and media

attractive people, fun things etc.

2 persuasion processing

central peripheral

dissonance reduction processes are activated when ones behavior is inconsistent with preexisiting attitudes that are _____ and of ______.

clear cut, high importance

_______ may occur when people expend energy toward something that ends up being disappointing. They try to ___________ that it was worth while

effort justification, convince themselves

self perception theory and product evaluation

effort put in product, availability and payment

how can social self be malleable and stable

even though mina likes to party she doesn't show that side in church, ellen is obedient around family but strong and independent with friends. george loving his religion

Ditto and lopez 1992

examined our tendency to be critical of information that challenges preexisting beliefs, in this case, about personal health. The test paper and changing color. Deficency people looked at paper longed than non deficency.

measuring attitudes

implicit attitude measures indicate attitudes that respondents may not be aware of holding or attitudes that may conflict with a belief that the respondent outwardly endorses, one may to measure the strength of an attitude is to determine the centrality of the attitude in a person's belief system

an uneasy emotional state may result when attitudes and behavior are _________. efforts to achieve __________ take different forms in different situations

inconsistent, dissonance reduction.

"forbidden toy" experiment

issuing a severe threat did not reduce the children's desire for the forbidden object, issuing a mild threat reduced the children desire for the forbidden object. NOT issuing mild threat was more effective than severe and dissonance occurred only in the children who had been issued the severe threat

metacognitions and the self validation hypothesis

it is difficult to predict the direction of an attitude in those having doubtful thoughts, regardless of whether the direction is favorable or unfavorable, persuasion and depend on the confidence with which people hold their thoughts- not just on the amount and direction of thoughts people have in response to a message. NOT if thought confidence is high persuasion in the direction of ones thoughts is more likely to occur- but only if the direction of the thoughts if favorable

terror management theory and dealing with death

more likely to insult people who do not share your worldview

2 main factors in determining persuasion

motivation, ability

embodiment effect on persuasion

nodding and shaking the head can influence attitudes because they are cues of agreement and disagreement, nodding has been found to increase thought confidence

Brinol and perry 2003 self validation hypothesis

nodding while hearing weak arguments: led to greater confidence in unfavorable thoughts and expressed less favorable attitude towards headphones. Nodding while hearing strong arguments: expressed more favorable attitude towards headphones, led to greater confidence in favorable thoughts

the ___________ has important implications for how ___ should be used in education.

overjustification effect, rewards

pervasiveness in media

people who watch 5 hours or more of tv a day are more likely to have prejudices, adults spend about 8 hours on media.

nodding ones head up and down while reading a _____________ can result in more ___________ compared to shaking ones head, but only if made of __________ arguments

persuasive message; persuasion; strong

Robert Cialdinis concept of ____ focuses on the ______ of the persuasion. The moment of time ________ a message is delivered. The best tactics will focus on influencing the _____ of the message recipient

pre- suasion, when, before, attention

research has identified several types of ___that makes it more difficult to persuade people to change. These include perceptual _____ that lead us to ____________ new info.

resistances, biases, selectively attend to

Metacogntions are peoples _______ thoughts and can play a role in _______. The key theory about this is the __________ hypothesis. It states when people have ________ confidence in their thoughts they are more persuaded by what they are thinking

secondary, persuasion, self- validation, greater

influence of the media on perception

self selection issues make it difficult to arrive at clear conclusions, the media shapewhat we think is important. social media is playing an increasing role. NOT Perceptions that the media are based ideologically are true for conservatives but not liberals, retrospective reports of what media were consumed are generally accurate.

jack wants to buy a new car but does not have the money for the monthly payments he settles on a car less expensive. This illustrates _________ with a _________ focus

shift in construal, prevention

McGuire & Papageorgis (1961)

smallest bar= no initial attack, largest= before attack. inoculation had a higher support for truism then the supportive defense. Study investigated effects of attitude inclination. First measured regarding cultural truism and then assigned to different conditions regarding support or defense for truism. Later, they all experience a strong attack on truism

attitudes sometimes conflict with _________ about appropriate behavior. examining the reason for our attitudes can cause confusion about out __________ and general attitudes.

social norms, true feelings

source characteristics of persuasion

sources that tend to be more credible and more persuasive, trial jurors tend to believe eye witness testimony with high confidence. NOT Sleep effect is when u are persuaded immediate but not later, relative reliability of a source has no measure bale impact on the likelihood of causing attitude change, the attractiveness of the source has a positive effect when the peripheral not central is taken.

implementation intentions

specific strategies for dealing with the challenges of making a life change

central route and media

stats, numbers, documentaries etc.

Children rewards for playing math games study. baseline= moderate, treatment=high withdrawal= low.

the children spent more times playing games before the treatment than they did after the rewards were withdrawn, the children played the games while they were given a reward to do so

thought polarization

the movement toward extreme views that can be hard to change. If person was not previously motivated to think about an issue or if her or she has little preexisiting knowledge of the issue can lead to a more moderate attitude

self-handicapping

the strategy whereby people create obstacles and excuses for themselves so that if they do poorly on a task, they can avoid blaming themselves

manipulation of argument strength influencing persuasion. Which bar is the "strong" arguments

the tallest

terror managment theory (TMT)

this is only physical body, people strive for symbolic immorality by cherishing a valued cultural worldview and deeming themselves to be living up to its standards, and people feel deep anxiety over thoughts off their own morality. NOT people are less likely to strive to retain the status quo, morality salience decreases striving for self esteem

just thinking about and attitude can produce ___________

thought polarization

in milligrams original obedience study what were reasons that the participants wanted to drop

to stop suffering, embarrassment of seeing people that were shocked, reluctance to hurt someone, the fear of personal repercussion if the shockees were injured or dead.

when the message arguments are ________ leading people to have unfavorable thoughts nodding can boost confidence in these thoughts and lead to _____ persuasion compared to shaking.

weak; less