SOC final exam 1

How many adults in the U.S speak a language other than english at home?

47 million

which woman made a mark as an early sociologist by studying the evils of slavery and also translating the writings of augustus comte?

Harriet Martineau

who was the pioneering sociologist who founded Chicago's Hull House to assist immigrants and who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize?

Jane Addams

Which assessment of the early IQ test is most accurate?

They lacked validity

studying the meaning people attach to their everyday lives is the search for

Verstehen

Which U.S sociologist studied the African American community and served as a founding member of the NAACP?

W.E.B DuBois

the early U.S sociologist who earned the first ever doctorate ever awarded by Harvard University to a person of color was

W.E.B DuBois

science can be defined as:

a logical system that bases knowledge on direct systematic observation

social position that is assumed voluntarily and that reflects a lot of personal ability and effort

achieved status

the cultural values that largely define a culture

are sometimes in conflict with one another

a social position that is received at birth or involuntarily taken on later in life

ascribed status

learning more about other societies helps us:

better understand our own way of life

The development of more complex technology has

both positive and negative effects

making use of the sociological perspective encourages:

challenging commonly held beliefs

human guide to reality is determined by

command of language

the 3 role strains indicate

complete role conformity is impossible

What were the focuses of Kohlberg's development in moral reasoning?

conventional, pre-conventional, and post-conventional

"counterculture" refers to

cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held

"subculture" refers to

cultural patterns that set apart a segment of a society's population

what is the term for beliefs, values, behavior and material objects that together, constitute a people's view of life?

culture

culture is a source of human freedom because

culture creatures must make and remake the world for themselves

the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance is

dramaturgical analysis

"presentation of self" refers to

efforts to create impressions in the minds of others

In the U.S, eye contact generally serves to

encourage interaction

T/F commonsense ideas are the best topics to choose for sociological research, because they represent "what everyone knows"

false

T/F the most used research design is field research

false

T/F the research method that provides the most accurate information is the survey

false

participant observation is also known as

field work

3 qualities research ethics is based on

honesty; truth; openness

In terms of human freedom, the chapter in socialization leads to the conclusion that

human beings are spontaneous and creative, human beings are affected by society, but also act back on society, human beings can never be completely free of society

sociologist use the term "empirical evidence" to refer to

information people can verify with their senses

the defining characteristic of a random sample

it gives each person in the population of interest and equal chance of being chosen

to generalize one's findings to a total population, what is the most important quality that a sample must possess?

it must be a representative of the total population

ethnocentrism refers to

judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture

which early sociologist claimed that the important task was not simply to understand society but to change it?

karl Marx

keeping young people off the streets would be a _____ function of sports

latent

unintended and unrecognized consequences of the social structure are called:

latent functions

Based on Harlow's research with rhesus monkeys and the case of Anna the isolated child, one might reason that

long-term social isolation leads to permanent developmental damage in both monkeys and humans

the recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern are referred to as:

manifest functions

The english language often treats as _______ whatever has greater value, power or significance

masculine

a status that has very great importance for social identity, often shaping a persons entire life

master status

what are the dimensions of cultural

material, normative, cognitive

the Harlow experiments to discover the effects of social isolation on rhesus monkeys, showed that

monkeys isolated for as little as six months were permanently damaged

______ distinguish between right and wrong, ______ distinguish between polite and rude

mores; folkways

culture acts as a constraint on human freedom because

much culture is habit and is repeated again and again

the ideal of objectivity means that a researcher

must strive to be personally neutral about the outcome of the research

Family is important to the socialization process because

parent's greatly affect a child's self concept, families give children social identity in terms of class, ethnicity and religion, and family members are often "significant others"

engaging in the same activities as the population being studied

participant observation

cultural transmission refers to the process of

passing cultural patterns from one generation to another

all around the world we find

people creating cultural systems

Cooley's "looking glass self" refers to the fact that

people see themselves as they think others see them

Erik Erikson's view of socialization states

personality develops over the entire life course in patterned ways

according to comte, ____ is a way of understanding the world based on science

positivism

women often take the family name of men upon marriage. This is an example of how language can be used to convey

power over others

which of the following is the best example of manifest function in sports?

providing people with recreation and physical conditioning

The term ______ refers to the extent to which different studies come up with similar results

reliability

duplicating a study

replication

the behavior people expect of someone who holds a particular status

role

conflict among roles corresponding to 2 or more statuses

role conflict

the process by which people disengage from important social roles

role exit

tension among roles connected to a single status

role strain

norms are

rules defining appropriate behavior

learning more about sociology helps us to:

see the constraints in our lives, see the opportunities in our lives and be more active participants in society

all 3 role strains are resolved by

setting priorities and planning

According to Mead, children learn to take the role of the other as they model themselves on important people in their lives, such as their parents. These important people are

significant others

the thomas theorem states

situations defined as real are real in their consequences

what concept refers to social structures sometimes having negative consequences for the operation of society?

social dysfunctions

the cases of Anna and Genie provide strong evidence that

social experience has a crucial role in forming human personality

the process by which people act and react in relation to others

social interaction

cross-cultural research on human emotions shows that

societies differ in terms of how people cope with emotions, people display emotions according to cultural norms, an what triggers an emotion differs from society to society

The largest and most self-sufficient type of group is or should be

society

Which discipline defines itself as "the systematic study of human society"?

sociology

defines who and what we are in relation to others

status

this type of sample ensures a proportionate number of people based on class, race, sex and other statuses

stratified random sample

the theoretical approach in sociology that views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the:

structural-functional approach

collecting data by having people answer a series of questions

survey

which theoretical approach highlights the fact that it is not so much what people do that matters as much as the meaning they attach to their behavior?

symbolic interaction approach

Gerhard Lenski focused on which of the following factors as having great power to shape a society

technology

what plays a part in creating a global culture?

the flow of goods, information and people

Which historical changes stimulated the development of the discipline of sociology?

the growth of cities

socialization

the lifelong social experience by which humans develop their potential and learn culture

Mead considered the self to be

the part of an individual's personality composed of self awareness and self image

the basic idea of the symbolic interaction approach is that society is

the reality people construct as the interact with one another

The "framework for building theory that sees society as an area of inequality that generates conflict and change" is

the social-conflict approach

"personal space" refers to

the surrounding area in which an individual makes some claim to privacy

T/F 2 types of knowledge are scientific and non scientific

true

T/F nonscientific knowledge is often wrong and/or misleading

true

standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good and beautiful are called

values

the tragic case of anna, the isolated girl studied by Kingsley Davis, shows that

without social experience , a child is incapable of thought or meaningful action