soc psy ch 2- MC
"Social brain theory" states that ____. a. the human brain evolved to enable humans to have rich, complex social lives b. the human brain evolved to allow humans to develop language c. humans are born with access to a "collective unconscious" (certain types of cumulative social knowledge) d. unlike to the left and right hemispheres in the brains of other animals, the two hemispheres in the human brain are much more "social" (communicative) with one another
a
A mutation is a(n) ____. a. new gene or combination of genes b. representation of the fittest genes in the current generation c. genetic defect d. change in genetic structure resulting from chemical exposure
a
According to evolutionary theory, men should generally be more interested in ____ than women. a. short-term sexual relationships b. same-sex sexual relationships c. passing their genes down to future generations d. same-sex friendships
a
According to evolutionary theory, the main reason that males and females have different approaches when it comes to dating and mating is because ____. a. males can have many more offspring than females in their lifetimes, with minimal investments of time and energy per offspring b. males are more visually-oriented than females c. females are physically weaker and more prone to diseases, including sexually-transmitted diseases d. females are naturally more nurturing and emotionally intelligent than males
a
According to the textbook, compared to animals such as birds, humans ____ the acceptance of others in their social group. a. must work much harder to gain b. are completely uninterested in gaining c. are much less interested in gaining d. are equally interested in gaining
a
According to your text a major and recent concern of evolutionary psychologists has been to understand gender differences in ____. a. courtship and sexuality b. work environments c. parenting and transitions d. correlation to animal behavior
a
Among animal species that are meat-eating, ____. a. humans are the only species in which some individuals choose to be vegetarian. b. about 5% of the population of most species choose to be vegetarian. c. about 50% of the population of most species choose to be vegetarian. d. the tendency to follow a mostly vegetarian (rather than meat-eating) diet appears to be largely genetic.
a
Collectivist cultures tend to be found in places where there are ____ pathogens; individualist cultures tend to be found in places where there are ____. a. many; few b. few; many c. few; few d. many; many
a
Compared to animals such as birds, humans have ____. a. to figure out what others in their species prefer and expect of them b. straightforward rules on how to find a mate c. to struggle more to find sustenance d. a simpler time finding a place to live among others
a
Compared to the sensory organs of other animals, humans' sensory organs are particularly well-suited for ____. a. perceiving things distinctly or accurately b. perceiving a range of different stimuli c. perceiving objects that are up close d. perceiving objects that are far away
a
Culture is best defined as ____, involving both ____, that allows people to live together and satisfy each other's needs. a. an information-based system; shared ideas and praxis b. an information-based system; morals and customs c. a language-based system; praxis and laws d. a language-based system; shared ideas and customs
a
For most people, going to college requires sacrificing immediate comforts and pleasures for the sake of a better future life. That is, for most people, college is ____. a. an exercise in delay of gratification b. a way to avoid natural selection c. an example of how the automatic mind supersedes the conscious mind d. an example of "peace versus war" psychology
a
If a stranger provoked you by saying something to you that was highly offensive, and you experienced a strong, immediate urge to get violent with the stranger. What would the origin of the impulse most likely be? a. The automatic system, because it is a "gut reactor" b. The automatic system, because it is guided by intention c. The deliberate system, because the person who provoked her was a stranger d. The deliberate system, because the stranger's provocation was verbal
a
If culture were a business, it would probably make the MOST sense to think of it as ____. a. a general store b. an exclusive health club c. a pharmaceutical company d. an advertising agency
a
In general, ____ psychologists believe that natural selection happens at the individual level. And in general, ____ psychologists believe that it can happen at the group level as well. a. virtually all; a few b. virtually all; zero c. a few; a few d. a few; zero
a
In general, it would be most accurate to say that humans are ____, while other animals are ____. a. social and cultural; just social b. social and cultural; social and moral c. just cultural; just moral d. just cultural; social and cultural
a
In general, one could accurately say that humans have evolved to ____. a. be selfish rather than to care about other people b. care about their families more than they care about themselves c. care about their large social networks just as much as they care about their families d. care about themselves more than others—though only in life-or-death situations
a
In general, social psychologists who research the duplex mind now believe that the automatic system is: a. much bigger than the deliberate system. b. much smaller than the deliberate system. c. much more widely used in humans than in non-human animals. d. much more widely used by humans today than it was by humans in the past.
a
Living in a culture offers ____ in comparison to living in a social group. a. advantages and demands b. advantages but not demands c. demands but not advantages d. neither advantages nor demands
a
Natural selection is best sumed up by which phrase? a. The best genes will survive to subsequent generations. b. Certain behaviors exist that are "natural." c. The most physically fit people will always survive the longest. d. If something is natural, then it's right.
a
One of the things that sets culture apart, and is one of its major advantages, is ____. a. progress—the ability to store and build upon the knowledge and achievements of previous generations. b. communication—the ability to convey thoughts and preferences, even if just in one-word utterances or grunts. c. coordination—the ability for organisms to act together in a unified, organized fashion. d. the ability for organisms to engage in mutually beneficial actions—even if these actions are just between two relatives of the same species.
a
One of the ways that humans are different from other species is that our sensory organs are ____. a. focused more on resolution than on detection b. focused more on detection than on resolution c. focused more on visual stimuli than auditory stimuli d. focused more on visual stimuli than tactile stimuli
a
Politicians frequently face the trade-off of ____ to help assure that they will get elected versus ____ and possibly jeopardizing their chances of getting reelected. a. oversimplifying issues; being honest about the complexity of issues b. being honest about the complexity of issues; oversimplifying issues c. acting based on the automatic system; acting based on the conscious system d. acting based on the conscious system; acting based on the automatic system
a
Psychologists who study the automatic versus deliberate systems have recently begun to conclude that the automatic mind does ____ than previously thought and is probably ____ than the conscious mind. a. much more; much bigger b. much more; much smaller c. much less; much bigger d. much less; much smaller
a
Research on cross-cultural differences in sexuality has found that sex manuals written thousands of years ago in China covered ____ techniques that one would find in a sex manual today. a. almost exactly the same b. very little, and did not discuss almost any of the c. a great deal more than the relatively simple d. completely different techniques than the
a
Research on the brain sizes of different animals would suggest that (domesticated) cats have ____ than (wild, pride-living) lions. a. smaller brains b. larger brains c. more developed right hemispheres d. more developed left hemispheres
a
Research on the brain sizes of various animals has indicated that brain size is MOST strongly linked to a species' ____. a. complexity of social structures b. emotional intelligence c. lifespan d. empathy
a
Research suggests that humans evolved large brains not to better understand the environment around them, but rather to increase the capability for interpersonal relations. This idea is known as ____ a. social brain theory. b. relational cortex theory. c. the interpersonal brain hypothesis. d. the relational brain hypothesis.
a
Research suggests that humans evolved relatively large brains in order to a. increase their capacity for complex interpersonal relationships. b. allow them to more effectively navigate complicated terrain. c. allow them to outsmart predators. d. allow them to develop language.
a
Researchers who study "delay of gratification" are essentially studying ____. a. time trade-offs b. the automatic versus conscious system c. networks of trade and exchange d. praxis
a
Suppose that you were shown the calculation $5,672 + $2,004 + $2,744, and needed to calculate the sum quickly. How would your automatic system handle this information? a. It would quickly see that the sum is about $10,000, but would not calculate the exact amount. b. It would calculate the exact sum, but would take a few moments. c. It would not process this information at all, since only the deliberate system deals with calculations. d. It would store the numbers and operators separately to pass along to the deliberate system for calculation.
a
Suppose that you were trying to find of a good place to eat. Research suggests that if you were a dog, you would ____, but that if you were a human you would ____. a. look to the environment (e.g., walk around and try to find something good); look to other humans (e.g., ask a friend) b. look to the environment (e.g., walk around and try to find something good); also look to the environment c. look to other dogs (e.g., look to see what other dogs were up to); look to other humans (e.g., ask a friend) d. look to other dogs (e.g., look to see what other dogs were up to); look to the environment (e.g., drive around and try to find something good)
a
The automatic system is to ____ as the deliberate system is to ____. a. nature; culture b. culture; nature c. natural selection; mutation d. mutation; natural selection
a
The automatic system is to quick feelings as the deliberate system is to ____. a. full-blown emotions b. unconscious emotions c. uncontrollable emotions d. lack of emotions
a
The theory of evolution as proposed by Charles Darwin focuses primarily on ____. a. how change occurs in nature b. how change occurs in nurture c. reproduction d. gene mutation
a
Understanding what the human psyche was designed to do can help us to understand human behavior in the same way that a. reading a product manual can help us understand what a product will do, and how it will react when treated in different ways. b. reading a book report can help to shed light on, and elaborate upon, the ideas presented in a book. c. explaining an idea to someone else can help us to better understand the idea ourselves. d. determining the character of a person is largely based upon what kinds of friends that person has.
a
Unlike other animals, humans are able to continually build off of the knowledge and achievements of past generations. The textbook refers to this ability as ____. a. progress b. systematic culture c. praxis d. a network of exchange
a
Vegetarianism is best described as an example of ____. a. ideas, or culture, impacting human behavior. b. social, rather than cultural, behavior. c. a genetic mutation. d. an American praxis.
a
What best explains the fact that most fish have a relatively light colored belly and a relatively dark-colored top or back? a. camouflage from bigger fish below and above b. mating selection preference c. evolutionary group survival d. acclimation to varying ocean depths
a
What makes humans most unique from other animals is ____. a. culture b. communication c. social bonding d. division of labor
a
When faced with a time trade-off, nature tends to ____. a. care more about the present than the future b. care more about the past than the present c. care more about the past than the future d. care more about the future than the present
a
When it comes to conflict, social animals tend to use ____ to resolve conflict. a. aggression b. laws c. moral codes d. mediation
a
Which of the following is evidence of the success of human culture in biological terms? a. Humans have tripled their average lifespan largely by virtue of research. b. Humans are been able to stop migration and locate in the most temperate geographic locations. c. Humans have increased their happiness levels through higher levels of social cognition. d. Humans have decreased their population to improve conditions for more of the population.
a
Which of the following is the best example of praxis in American culture? a. The practice of children sleeping in separate rooms from their parents b. The increasing gap between the rich and the poor c. The belief in freedom of religion d. America's intervention ("War on Terror") in Iraq
a
Which of the following is the most descriptive shorthand term for the trade-off involved in "delay of gratification" research? a. "Now versus tomorrow" b. "Nature versus culture" c. "Stop versus go" d. "Self versus society"
a
Which of the following is true regarding division of labor and the exchange of goods and services? a. These concepts are by and large unique to humans. b. All cultural animals and social animals incorporate these concepts. c. All cultural animals, but only some social animals, incorporate these ideas. d. Not social animals naturally incorporate these ideas, but all social animals can learn them through imitation.
a
Which of the following statements is MOST accurate? a. It would be impossible to function effectively in society without both the deliberate system and the automatic system. b. It would be impossible to function effectively in society without the deliberate system, though one could function without the automatic system. c. It would be impossible to function effectively in society without the automatic system, though one could function without the deliberate system. d. Neither the automatic system nor the deliberate system is necessary to function effectively in society.
a
Which of the following statements is true regarding the phrase "survival of the fittest"? a. The term "survival" refers to survival of genes in a population's gene pool. b. The term "fittest" refers to the physical fitness of individual organisms. c. It applies only to animals that do not have a division of labor. d. It applies only to animals that do not have culture.
a
According to your text, the downside of being social is that ____. a. you have to have a bigger brain b. it is more difficult to achieve than a solitary life c. you have to have social support d. you have to be able to resolve conflict
b
Across evolution, humans have competed most with ____ when trying to pass their genes passed down to subsequent generations. a. other opposite-sex humans b. other same-sex humans c. other animal species d. natural environmental forces
b
Charles Darwin, the biologist who proposed the theory of evolution, was ____. a. American b. British c. Dutch d. Australian
b
Compared to other animals' sensory organs, humans' sensory organs are especially good at ____. a. noticing right away if there is a person in the distance, even if that person is very far away b. distinguishing the faces of two very similar-looking people c. hearing sounds that are very high or low frequency d. remembering sensory information
b
Dr. Snooky is administering a psychological test to a group of children. She is offering them one cookie now, or three cookies if they can wait 20 minutes. Dr. Snooky is probably testing the children's' ____. a. locus of control b. delay of gratification c. self-monitoring d. possible selves
b
If a child who was born a biological male were raised as a girl, what would happen? a. The child would probably grow up to be a lesbian. b. The child would probably feel "different" from other girls throughout childhood, and ultimately seek to live life as a male. c. The child would actually most likely grow up to be a "normal" woman. d. It is impossible to predict; there are no known "patterns."
b
In evolutionary theory, the process of natural selection MOST favors ____. a. the genes of people who are most physically fit b. the genes of people who reproduce the most c. the genes of people who survive the longest (even if they don't reproduce) d. the most unique (uncommon) genes in a population
b
In general, social psychologists believe that natural selection happens ____ a. at a group level rather than an individual level. b. at an individual level rather than a group level. c. at a cultural level rather than a group level. d. at a group level rather than a cultural level.
b
In order for humans to function effectively in society, ____. a. the automatic mind often needs to override the deliberate system b. the deliberate mind often needs to override the automatic system c. they need to focus on training the automatic system d. they need to allow the deliberate system to operate more emotionally
b
In recent years, evolutionary psychologists have focused most attention on which of the following topics? a. racial/ethnic differences b. gender differences c. age differences d. language differences
b
In speeches about political policies, politicians tend to ____. a. grossly overemphasize trade-offs when they are running for office. b. ignore trade-offs when they are running for office. c. grossly overemphasize trade-offs once they are in office. d. ignore trade-offs once they are in office.
b
Jim's therapist concluded that there was "a lot going on in his psyche last week." What did his therapist mean by this? a. Jim had a busy week last week. b. Jim had a lot on his mind last week. c. Jim had a lot going on last week in terms of his interpersonal relationships. d. Jim had a poor sense of reality last week (in terms of who he was, where he was, what the date was, and so forth).
b
Joe is from a Baptist background. Sarah is from a Lutheran background. They are arguing about whether or not it is "right" to baptize infants into the Christian faith. Even though they disagree on infant baptism, their argument is based on their common belief that the Christian faith is truth. This feature that underlies their argument illustrates what element of culture? a. Culture as system b. Culture as shared ideas c. Culture as praxis d. Culture as information
b
Keith Chen's work with animals and money suggests which of the following conclusions? a. Animals were unable learn to deal with money in any fashion. b. Animals were capable of learning a rudimentary grasp of money handling. c. Animals were capable of using money with each other but never with humans. d. Animals were capable of learning all aspects of money.
b
Kirk works hard to earn as much money as he can. He tries to be a good steward of his money, using it to buy a solid house for his family to live in, healthy food for them to eat, cars so they can get around town, and so forth. Kirk's approach to money is most consistent with which of the following metaphors that Lea and Webley proposed to explain the human motivation towards the pursuit of money? a. instinct b. tool c. drug d. bank
b
Molly was born in September, and the cutoff for going to kindergarten in her school district is August 1st. Based on the relative age effect, Molly will MOST likely ____. a. be one of the youngest in her class and therefore have an advantage. b. be one of the oldest in her class and therefore have an advantage. c. be one of the youngest in her class and therefore have a disadvantage. d. be one of the oldest in her class and therefore have a disadvantage.
b
Social animals will generally help ___. a. anyone in need b. relatives c. other members of their community d. total strangers
b
Some of the problems that are unique to humans, like suicide and genocide, are due to ____. a. nature b. culture c. evolution d. mutation
b
Suppose that a child who was born a biological female were raised as boy (given a male name, dressed in male clothes, etc.). Based on similar cases that have occurred in the past, it would be reasonable to expect that the child would ____. a. grow up to be a "normal" man. b. feel and act "different" from childhood on. c. feel and act "different" starting in early adulthood. d. feel and act "different" in childhood, but ultimately grow up to be a "normal" man.
b
Suppose that you are in the market for a new car, and are having trouble deciding between two different models. If you ultimately decide to "go with your gut," then you are making a decision ____. a. as a social animal (rather than a cultural animal) b. based on the automatic system (rather than the deliberate system) c. based on nurture (rather than nature) d. based on the "bad is stronger than good" principle
b
Suppose that you are in the market for a new car, and are having trouble deciding between two different models. If you ultimately decide to make your purchase based on the evaluations you read in Consumer Reports, then you are making a decision ____. a. as a social animal (rather than a cultural animal) b. based on the deliberate system (rather than the automatic system) c. based on nature (rather than nurture) d. based on the "bad is stronger than good" principle
b
The automatic system is to ____ as the deliberate system is to ____. a. life-sustaining; life-enhancing. b. intuition; reasoning. c. planned; spontaneous. d. mental; physical
b
The fact that collectivist cultures tend to spring up in places with abundant pathogens but individualist cultures tend to flourish in places with few pathogens best illustrates ____. a. culture influencing nature b. nature influencing culture c. genetic mutation influencing evolution d. evolution influencing the development of mutations
b
What does a genetic mutation introduce into a gene pool? a. heritability b. competition c. new species d. codominance
b
What is the most accurate statement regarding psychological processes? a. They are mostly based on nature throughout a person's life. b. They are based on a complex interaction between nature and culture throughout a person's life. c. They are mostly based on nature in infancy, and mostly based on culture in childhood and adulthood. d. They are mostly based on culture in infancy and childhood, and mostly based on nature in adulthood.
b
When it comes to cross-cultural differences in behavior, people of all cultures ____. a. regard sleeping with one's children as morally wrong b. are more aggressive when they are insulted than when they are praised c. avoid sex with minors d. drink coffee
b
When researchers have studied delay of gratification using simple tasks with food rewards, they have found that chimpanzees are _____. a. far better at it than humans b. far worse at it than humans c. about the same at it as humans d. about the same at it as humans, though they are more capable than humans of improving their ability to delay gratification
b
Which of the following best illustrates the theme "inner processes serve interpersonal functions"? a. In conversation, people learn that they share similar feelings and a bond develops. b. A man recognizes that he is feeling angry. c. A child realizes that he is hungry. d. A jogger starts to feel thirsty.
b
Which of the following is an example of a French praxis? a. The French flag b. Drinking wine with dinner c. The French belief in ethnic assimilation d. France's close ties with other European nations
b
Which of the following statements is MOST accurate? a. Non-human animals do not communicate with one another at all. b. Non-human animals communicate with one another, but they do not naturally have anything approximating human language. c. A few non-human animals have language in the same way that humans do, but most only communicate in very basic ways. d. While no non-human animals naturally have language in the same way that humans do, a few are capable of learning human language as well as humans.
b
Who coined the term "survival of the fittest"? a. Charles Darwin b. Herbert Spencer c. David Buss d. Roy Baumeister
b
According to evolutionary theory, the traits of which man should be most favored by natural selection? a. Tom, who has one child, and dies when he is 100. b. Juan, who has two children, and dies when he is 50. c. Oded, who has four children, and dies when he is 25. d. There is no difference; the traits of all three men will be equally favored.
c
According to the text, which of the following best describes "change" in the traits of living things? a. Nature plans ahead and designs certain kinds of changes. b. Nature allows for living things to remain essentially unchanged from one generation to the next. c. Nature produces changes in living things that are essentially random. d. Nature, through the process of reproduction, is guaranteed to produce predictable outcomes in the traits of offspring.
c
Are social psychologists concerned with cross-cultural differences in behavior? a. In general, no—because cross-cultural questions are usually left to cultural psychologists and anthropologists. b. In general, no—because there are almost no cross-cultural differences in basic social psychological phenomena. c. Somewhat—most social psychologists are cautious about generalizing their findings to different cultures, but the majority of research is still done only in the U.S. d. In general, yes—most social psychologists are cautious about generalizing their findings to different cultures, and the majority of research is now replicated in at least one other culture before it is ever published.
c
Compared to most animals, when humans need information they show a strong tendency ____. a. to look at their own past experience b. to look toward the physical world c. to look to each other d. to look toward other species
c
Consider a mutation of the gene that determines the lifespan of a woman. The mutation changes the female lifespan from 75 to 150 years for the woman with the mutation. This mutation would ____. a. definitely be passed on and increase over time in future generations b. probably remain rare and not be passed on c. possibly be passed on or not, depending on how it interacted with the woman's childbearing frequency d. increase the number of sex partners the woman would want to have
c
How does the modern notion of the automatic system relate to the Freudian idea of the unconscious mind? a. They are completely unrelated ideas because of the physiological versus psychological bent of each. b. They address opposite but complementary parts of the mind. c. They both address the same part of the mind, but differ in their view of how this part functions. d. They describe the exact same construct physiologically and psychologically.
c
Humans are different from other animals in several different ways. For example, unlike other animals, humans ____. a. typically help next-of-kin in emergency situations b. communicate about events or entities that are present in the moment c. are able to form groups with multiple roles d. prefer to take on one primary social role in their group
c
If Barack Obama is like most politicians, then he probably ____. a. overemphasized political trade-offs the first time he ran for office, but disregarded them when he was running for reelection b. overemphasized political trade-offs when he was running for reelection, but disregarded them the first time he ran for office c. disregarded political trade-offs the first time he ran for office as well as when he was running for reelection d. disregarded political trade-offs when in office as well as when running for reelection
c
If humans had an automatic system but not a deliberate system, then it would probably be impossible for them to ____. a. have children b. learn how to bathe c. think about the meaning of life d. determine whether or not they were sexually attracted to someone
c
In all contemporary human cultures, homosexual behavior is ____. a. generally upon with disapproval. b. now accepted. c. viewed differently, in that it is accepted in some cultures and not accepted in others. d. generally looked down upon for males, but sometimes tolerated or even encouraged for females.
c
In describing general patterns in human nature, the textbook discusses the notion of "putting people first." This is the idea that most of the time, ____. a. people act in an altruistic (charitable) way toward others b. people act in a self-interested way c. people look to other people (rather than the environment) for information d. people have more respect for other people than they do for themselves
c
Marlena works and works to earn as much money as she can, but she will rarely spend it, even to get things that she really needs. Marlena's behavior illustrates which analogy that Lea and Webley proposed to explain human motivation with respect to money? a. instinct b. tool c. drug d. bank
c
Money has been part of human culture since ____. a. the beginning of time b. early civilizations c. about three thousand years ago d. only the past few hundred years
c
Olivia is thinking about applying to law school, but doesn't have a good feeling for how much she would enjoy it and whether law would be the right career path for her. If she is like most people, she will be most likely to start exploring the idea of law school by ____. a. observing other law students or lawyers, to see whether she can identify with them, or see herself in their shoes b. reflecting upon personal experiences she has had that might be relevant to law school (e.g., the time she spent on the debate team in high school), and thinking about how much she got out of those experiences c. talking to friends, family, and fellow students to solicit their input and advice d. going online or to the library and looking at hard core demographic statistics, to see whether she fits the "right" demographic profile
c
Social animal is to cultural animal as ____ is to ____. a. compromise; moral principles b. law; aggression c. aggression; compromise d. moral principles; law
c
Suppose that Ricardo is sitting in class, that he is extremely hungry, and that he spots his neighbor munching on a tempting snack. If Ricardo is like MOST people, then his automatic system ____. a. would not even notice b. would notice but would not have any thoughts about it c. would prompt him to snatch the snack away from the neighbor d. would prompt him to think of a more socially acceptable way to get a snack
c
The case of Little Brenda, who was born a biological male but raised as a girl, illustrates that ____. a. virtually all human behavior is determined by nature rather than culture. b. gender identity is almost completely based on upbringing rather than biology. c. socialization is a powerful force, but there are limits to how much it can influence people. d. as people age, nature becomes increasingly less important and nurture becomes increasingly more important.
c
The human brain evolved to be larger than other animals' brains because it allowed humans to ____. a. evolve from a sustenance way of life to an agrarian way of life. b. domesticate and control other species that posed significant threats. c. have rich and complex interpersonal relationships. d. learn how to plant, harvest, and store food.
c
The modern notion of the automatic system is BEST understood as ____. a. a kind of conscious mind that warns you of danger based on immediate cognitive processes b. a kind of conscious mind that helps you in decision-making c. a kind of unconscious that is there to make your life easier d. a Freudian kind of unconscious full of repressed urges and thoughts that you are afraid to think
c
The term praxis best describes ____. a. cultural diversity b. social hierarchies c. practical ways of doing things d. shared belief systems
c
Unlike virtually all other animals, humans ____. a. feel bad when they do not have enough to eat b. develop strong aversions to any foods that have previously made them ill c. will eat or not eat certain foods because of ideas d. sometimes eat up to four or five times per day
c
When a tornado hit Joplin, Missouri, many people from all over the United States donated money and time to help the individuals in need due to that disaster. This tendency to help even total strangers illustrates the textbook's classification of humans as ____. a. social animals b. unconditionally generous c. cultural animals d. conflict-driven animals
c
Which of the following famous social psychological studies best illustrates the idea that humans tend to "put people first"? a. Philip Zimbardo's "Stanford prison" research on the power of the situation in affecting human behavior b. Stanley Milgram's "shocking" research on obedience to authority c. Solomon Asch's "line judgment" research on conformity d. Claude Steele's research on "stereotype threat"
c
Which of the following is a deliberate process for MOST people? a. Driving b. Reciting the alphabet c. Reciting the numbers 1 through 10 in alphabetical order d. Walking
c
Which of the following is most accurate regarding communication? a. Nonhuman species communicate visually and physically, but not aurally. b. Nonhuman and human species communicate to relate past events. c. All cultural animals use language to communicate. d. Most social animals have as complex a set of communication mechanisms as that of human language.
c
Which of the following is the LEAST likely explanation for one's motivation to work in pursuit of money? a. Money operates as a kind of tool to get what one wants. b. Money is similar to a drug in that it is pleasurable for its own sake. c. Money is an innate need ingrained in human nature since its existence. d. Money helps people obtain things that they desire.
c
Which of the following is the best example of a "system" as that term is defined in your text? a. A network of computers that are all connected to each other b. A classroom of students listening to a professor lecture c. A rainforest in which different species of plants and animals depend on each other d. A building in which all the different forms of structural support keep it standing
c
Which of the following statements about survival is most accurate? a. Survival is based on individual fitness, not on situational constraints. b. Survival depends totally on circumstances, not on individual fitness. c. Survival depends in part on both individual fitness and on environmental circumstance. d. Survival depends on gene mutation.
c
Why are collectivist cultures found in places where there tend to be many pathogens? a. Cultures that are collectivist carry more disease. b. Cultures that are collectivist tolerate nonconformity more, thereby creating more pathogens in the environment. c. Cultures that develop in places with more pathogens put more pressure on people to conform in order to reduce the risk for disease. d. Cultures that develop in places with more pathogens do not have the proper social structures to combat pathogens.
c
According to social brain theory, what enables humans to connect with one another? a. Availability of essential needs b. Mating rituals c. Adaptive skills d. Psychological traits
d
According to your text, what factor do biologists emphasize as the MOST important factor in natural selection? a. survival b. mutation c. situation d. reproduction
d
According to your text, which of the following makes us most human? a. The size of our brain size relative to our body size b. The fact that we walk upright c. The fact that we communicate by talking d. The degree to which our life is enmeshed with culture
d
Consider the many steps involved in how most people get their food in modern societies (e.g., steps involving everything from farms to factories to stores). This process is a good example of ____. a. "the conscious override" b. "the selfish gene" c. "nature says go, culture says stop" d. "putting people first"
d
Consider the research on the brain sizes of different animals. According to this research, (domesticated) dogs should have ____ than (wild, pack-living) wolves. a. larger frontal lobes b. larger left hemispheres c. larger brains in general d. smaller brains in general
d
Devin claims that she does not have any negative stereotypes about women. But last week, when she called a technician to help her with a problem she was having with her computer, and the technician turned out to be a woman, a negative thought flashed through Devin's mind before she could stop herself ("Oh no," she thought, "a woman! A woman won't be able to help me with my problem!"). Devin surprised herself with this thought, and immediately tried to suppress it. What was going on here? a. Devin's deliberate system was engaging in stereotyping. b. Devin's deliberate system was engaging in prejudice. c. Devin was showing a weak delay of gratification. d. Devin's deliberate and automatic systems were "thinking" different things.
d
Do politicians acknowledge the trade-offs that are inherent to political decisions? a. No; politicians appear to be unaware of these trade-offs. b. Yes; politicians appear to hyper-aware of trade-offs, and acknowledge them much more than the average person. c. Politicians tend to be upfront about these trade-offs when running for office, but generally fail to acknowledge trade-offs once they are in office. d. Politicians tend to downplay or ignore trade-offs when running for office, though they seem to acknowledge trade-offs once they are in office.
d
Humans most likely evolved the capacity for interpersonal affection and love ____. a. because these traits improved their ability to find meaning in life b. because these traits made life more enjoyable c. simply as a byproduct of other evolved traits d. because these traits improved their ability to connect with one another
d
Humans today still benefit from the famous invention of Alexander Graham Bell (the telephone). Even though Bell has been dead for generations, the basic technology he invented still lives on, and modern telephone systems have built off of and elaborated upon his invention. What best describes this? a. generational division of labor b. network of trade and exchange c. praxis of creativity d. progress through preservation of knowledge
d
Humans today still benefit from the famous invention of the Wright brothers (the airplane). Even though they have been dead for generations, their basic technology still lives on, and modern aircrafts have built off of and elaborated upon their invention. What best describes this? a. generational division of labor b. network of trade and exchange c. praxis of creativity d. progress through preservation of knowledge
d
If biology measures success in terms of survival and reproduction, human culture ____. a. has struggled over many years b. has had some successes but and equal amount of failures c. has had moderate success d. has been very successful
d
In social psychology, the "nature versus nurture" debate ____. a. rages on with more fervor as more controversies arise about its essential premise b. has largely died out; most social psychologists maintain that human behavior is shaped mostly by social forces c. has largely died out; most social psychologists maintain that human behavior is shaped mostly by genetic forces d. has been reframed; the debate now concerns how nature and nurture interact with one another and influence one another
d
In the duplex mind, which of the following is one of the ways that the automatic system differs from the deliberate system? a. The automatic system is more flexible. b. The automatic system is more precise. c. The automatic system can only do one thing at a time. d. The automatic system is faster.
d
Money's relationship with human biology is BEST described as ____. a. a financial "instinct" b. one that is programmed into our DNA c. an innately desirable commodity d. a development that is too recent to have directly shaped human nature biologically
d
Natural selection least favors people caring about the ____. a. past b. present c. future d. distant future
d
Recall Solomon Asch's famous line-judging studies. In these studies, research subjects were asked to make judgments about unambiguous stimuli. They were asked to do this while in the presence of confederates who consistently gave incorrect responses. According to the textbook, one of the important conclusions to be drawn from Asch's research is that ____. a. people look to authority figures for information—rather than to the environment b. people look to authority figures for information—rather than to one another c. people look to the environment for information—rather than to one another d. people look to one another for information—rather than to the environment
d
Reproductive success is defined by biologists as ____. a. the ability to have offspring b. the ability to have multiple offspring c. the ability to have multiple offspring who survive d. the ability to have multiple offspring who also reproduce
d
Research indicates that, across all contemporary human cultures, ____. a. homosexuality is looked upon with disapproval. b. sex outside of marriage is illegal. c. women are expected to be virgins when married. d. men desire more sexual partners than women.
d
Seahorses show a reversal of the usual sex roles; male seahorses invest more time and energy into offspring than female seahorses do. What would an evolutionary psychologist be MOST likely to say about this? a. The females are nonetheless probably still more interested in long-term, monogamous relationships than the males. b. The females are nonetheless probably still more interested in having offspring than the males. c. The males are probably even more interested (than males of other species) in finding a female mate who is physically attractive. d. The males are probably less interested (than the males of other species) in having multiple sex partners.
d
The automatic system ____. a. is incapable of experiencing emotions or having thoughts. b. is incapable of experiencing emotions but is capable of having thoughts. c. is capable of experiencing emotions but is incapable of having thoughts. d. is capable both of experiencing emotions and of having thoughts.
d
The automatic system in the duplex mind is BEST characterized as ____. a. a little devil that often prompts you to "misbehave" b. a diary that keeps a record of all of your secret fantasies and fears c. a computer that faithfully records each and every experience you have ever had d. a team of little robots doing lots of simple jobs to make your life easier
d
The idea that nature and culture changed together and shaped each other is known as ____. a. cooperation b. competition c. evolution d. co-evolution
d
The notion of "group selection" has mostly been ____. a. accepted by biologists b. accepted by some biologists and rejected by others c. debated, but not resolved d. rejected by biologists
d
The relative age effect best illustrates ____. a. culture as praxis b. culture as a system c. culture as shared ideas d. culture interacting with nature
d
The term "culture" originally referred to ____. a. the human propensity to seek connections with others b. artistic and musical achievements c. what a large group of people have in common d. a system of farming
d
The term "psyche" refers to ___. a. the self-concept. b. the conscious mind only. c. the unconscious mind only. d. both the conscious and unconscious mind.
d
Unlike social animals, cultural animals ____. a. coordinate their actions to act together as a mass b. copy things that they see each other doing c. communicate with each other d. sometimes help complete strangers
d
What do people have to do to obtain social acceptance? a. Have generally good etiquette. b. Be themselves, first and firstmost. c. Comply with the laws and regulations of society. d. Fit the social requirements of their specific culture and era.
d
When it comes to differences in familial sleeping arrangements across cultures, ____. a. Japan is the only culture where young children sleep with their parents. b. the U.S. is the only culture where young children sleep alone. c. there are essentially no differences across cultures. d. there are a variety of different sleeping arrangements across cultures.
d
Which of the following is a cultural act (rather than just a social act)? a. A group of ants working together to carry a piece of watermelon across the street b. A group of baby ducks imitating the walk of an older duck c. Two dogs aggressively barking at one another d. A group of citizens obeying the state's laws about littering
d
Which of the following is a general theme that emerges in research on human nature and culture? a. "Nature wants war; culture wants peace" b. "Nature wants a little; culture wants a lot" c. "Nature says tomorrow; culture says today" d. "Nature says go; culture says stop"
d
Which of the following is one of the ways that cultural animals differ from social animals? a. Only cultural animals help kin. b. Only cultural animals can communicate with one another. c. Only cultural animals live in large groups. d. Only cultural animals have complex divisions of labor.
d