soc test 5 &6

Which of the following is the best example of a secondary group?

Blood donors giving blood in exchange for free movie tickets

During rush week, the brothers of the Alpha Gamma Gamma fraternity always make fun of their rival fraternity, Lambda Lambda Lambda. This teasing increases the bonding and sense of loyalty among Alpha Gamma Gamma members. Such camaraderie suggests they are members of

an in-group.

In the lecture material for Ch. 6 regarding prohibition as deviance, which of the following was a latent effect of the ban on alcohol?

an increase in drunk driving

Mark Granovetter has argued that the people you know best are likely to possess only information you already have. This is why he argued that when looking for employment, it is advantageous to have

casual acquaintances who are connected to different social networks.

Mark Granovetter has argued that the people you know best are likely to possess only information you already have. This is why he argued that, when looking for employment, it is advantageous to have

casual acquaintances who are connected to different social networks.

Which theory suggests crimes committed by the upper classes are typically treated more leniently than crimes committed by the lower classes because laws represent the interest of those in power?

conflict theory

Solomon Asch's and Stanley Milgram's experiments outlined in the book and lecture illustrate that

conformity and authority are powerful factors affecting people's actions.

What do we call norm violations that are codified into law?

crimes

According to the Taboo Series video Justice, Albanian citizens often engage in blood feuds in order to restore _________________ honor.

family

A couple got divorced after three years of marriage and both established new relationships. Their divorce shows how fragile dyads are as social groups because

if one person leaves, the group disappears

A reward or punishment that reinforces socially expected behavior is a(n)

sanction

Sociologists who study social networks and employment pay attention to the frequency with which a person has been in contact with each member of their social network to

see if a particular tie is strong or weak.

In the lectures for Ch. 6, three types of responses to being labeled as deviant through a social stigma were described. An event like a gay pride parade with an "It's OK to be gay" theme is an example of which types of response?

normification

Members of a fraternity believe that they help create social cohesion by bringing together students with shared values. What sociological theoretical approach best describes their views?

structural functionalism

Triads are usually more stable than dyads because

the third person relieves some of the pressures on the other two.

W. I. Thomas famously argued that if people define situations as real, then

they become real in their consequences.

Which of the following statements about crime and gender have been supported by data from the last decade?

As women gain power in the labor marker through education and income, crime rates among women start to rise to match those among men more closely.

Which of the following describes how deviance can be explained from the structural functional approach?

Deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms social norms.

In the Zimbardo/Stanford Prison Experiment, which of the following variables increased the chances that guards would identify with other guards as an in-group and therefore would inflict harm on prisoners?

Guards wore mirrored shades and uniforms to make them look the same.

In the lecture video, "The Suicide Tourist," why did the main character seek out a way to end his life through medical intervention?

He had an incurable, disabling disease

In Mama Lola: A Vodou Priestess in Brooklyn, Karen McCarthy Brown studied practitioners of the Vodou religion living in the United States. However, she went far beyond the usual role of scientific observer and became a member of the religious group she was studying. She also gave her key informant in the group veto power over certain elements of her academic study. Why would this be helpful?

It helped her set aside her preconceived notions about Vodou to understand it on its own terms.

A key challenge for one nation's campaign to improve public health in rural areas was to convince isolated villagers to boil their drinking water in order to kill parasites. The only families who adopted the practice were not well integrated into the village and had only a few connections to their neighbors. What does this example demonstrate?

Social ties don't just connect us to others but also influence our behavior and decision making.

Which of the following statements would be most convincing to a sociologist if you were trying to explain the shift from A-mode and B-mode responses to C-mode responses on the Twenty Statements Test?

The accelerated pace of social change makes it increasingly difficult to think about the self in terms of group membership

Most recent advertisements try to associate a product with a specific reference group. For this marketing strategy to be effective, which of the following must be true?

The person viewing the advertisement must identify with the person or people in the advertisement.

The Milgram experiment put people into the position where they believed they were applying electric shocks to individuals in another room as "punishment" for not remembering word pairs. They thought they were helping study memory and learning. What was Milgram really trying to study?

The pressure to conform to an authority figure

The notorious Zimbardo/Stanford Prison Experiment has been criticized by going too far and allowing its participants to experience real, emotional harm. What was the original intent of the study?

To see if individuals' behavior could be shaped by giving them unequal power and new statuses

In the Ch. 6 lecture materials, which of the following was used as an example of the conflict perspective on deviance?

Turkish protestors fighting riot police

The vast majority of crimes come to the attention of the police in response to citizen complaints. Citizens do not always inform authorities of potential crimes if they do not think a crime is serious enough or feel that nothing will likely be done. Because of this dilemma, there may be serious bias in the

Uniform Crime Report (UCR).

How do self-fulfilling prophecies work?

We respond not only to the objective features of a situation but also to its meaning. Once meaning has been assigned to our behavior, the consequences of that behavior are determined by the meaning.

What factor makes sociologists question the relationship between youth and crime?

Young people may commit crimes that are more visible and, therefore, are arrested more often.

According to sociologists, what is the smallest size that can make up a social group?

a dyad

According to differential association theory, who is more likely to be delinquent?

a middle-class person whose friends frequently commit crime

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bureaucracy?

a sense of personal care and consideration regarding individual interaction

According to the Taboo Series video Justice, blood feuds and fear of retribution in Albania have had a negative impact on the society as a whole because

all of the above

In the "Class Divided" video in lecture," young children from very similar racial, economic, and educational backgrounds were divided into two groups by their teacher. What characteristic was used to divide them?

by their eye color

American criminologist Richard Quinney theorized that capitalism - and the exploitation and oppression of the working class - make deviant and even criminal behavior nearly inescapable for workers. The ruling class can make laws that target the poor. When the poor act out against repression, they become targets for law enforcement, while the rich and powerful remain free to do what they like. Quinney's theory falls under which sociological perspective?

conflict theory

Beginning in the 1990s, and continuing thereafter, crime rates in the United States have overall ___________________ nationwide.

decreased

According to the Taboo Series video Justice, Judge Ted Poe in Houston, Texas utilizes public shaming as a form of punishment in some cases in lieu of long prison sentences. In using this kind of punishment, Judge Poe found that the recidivism rate (which is the rate or probability that an offender will re-offend) __________________ among the offenders he presided over.

decreases

The research performed by Solomon Asch where he asked groups of participants to identify which lines were of equal length illustrated that

even if it makes them feel uncomfortable, many people are willing to discount their own perceptions rather than go against group consensus.

The U.S. Postal Service, the Boston Pops Orchestra, and Greenville Technical College are all examples of

formal organizations.

Imagine a group of students were hanging out after class and one person jokingly suggested they should cheat on the exam. The other students agree and give different reasons why they should cheat and how easy it would be. After a few minutes of discussion, all the students feel committed to cheating, even though they each know it is wrong. Further, no one person feels comfortable bringing up reasons against cheating because the group seems in favor of cheating. This dynamic is an example of

group think

A nightclub has several types of employees and each has a specialized task. Bartenders makes drinks, bouncers check identification at the door, bussers clear away used glasses, and so on. Bouncers, who have higher rank in the club compared to other positions, can get their friends in for free, unlike the other employees. The club manager is also responsible for sending out official updates each afternoon to all employees via email so that everyone is appropriately prepared for the night of work. The club is a bureaucracy in many ways, but there is at least one significant element of bureaucratic organization missing. What is it?

impersonality

When driving home I-385 in traffic, I often have to decide if and when to let people merge into my lane. If I notice they have a Greenville Tech parking decal, I am more likely to allow them to merge. This is because I assume the person driving the car with the decal shares something in common with me and that we are part of the same

in-group.

Which of the following can be considered a social group as defined in your textbook?

members of a sorority

According to the Taboo Series video Justice, the African nation of Togo requires individuals in a dispute with one another to place their hands in a __________________ in order to determine guilt or innocence regarding charges of theft.

pot of boiling oil

Which of the following phenomena is a reason why group efficiency declines as groups increase in size?

social loafing

If you wanted to understand the deviance of a select group like a Hell's Angels biker gang, which sociological perspective would help you understand the meaning that the group members attribute to their tattoos and slang?

symbolic interactionist perspective

Comparing biological and psychological approaches to criminality, a sociologist would argue that they both

view crime and deviance as an individual problem, not a societal problem.

Which of the following would sociologists consider the best definition of deviance?

violations of society's social norms

One of the most costly crimes in the US today is billing Medicaid for unnecessary medical equipment or tests. This costs taxpayers more than all the burglary and theft in the US combined each year. Medical fraud like this, committed by those in the health profession who file Medicaid claims/billing during the course of their jobs, is considered what type of crime?

white collar crime