SOC100 - Exam 3

What are the tastes, habits, and expectations called that children "inherit" (or learn) from their parents and that help to achieve material success in life?

cultural capital

Assimilation

in anthropology and sociology, the process whereby individuals or groups of differing ethnic heritage are absorbed into the dominant culture of a society.

Which of the following is one of the basic principles of social stratification?

It is maintained through beliefs that are widely shared in a society

an example of a secondary sex characteristic is

body hair

Apartheid is a specific example of what system of social stratification?

caste

what issue associated with race and ethnicity do Chris Rock's selfies represent?

racial profiling

What system of stratification is commonly used in capitalist societies?

social class.

Sociologists often point out that systems of stratification in the United States systematically favor white men. Sometimes people contest this, pointing to wealthy and powerful black women like Oprah Winfrey or Toni Morrison. A valid counterpoint to this argument is that:

stratification is a characteristic of a society rather than a reflection of individual differences.

Intersex

term used to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor exclusively female

In the United States, ________ would have the MOST freedom in choosing whether or not to display their race or ethnicity.

Irish Americans

Although "like usually marries like" when class boundaries are crossed in marriage,____ is more common for heterosexual women, whereas ______ is more common for heterosexual men

Hypergamy; hypogamy

It is maintained through beliefs that are widely shared in a society

Homophobia

What is it called when someone lives as if they were a member of a different racial category than the one into which they were born?

Racial passing

Symbolic interactionists stress the way we make "snap judgments" about other people's class statuses. Since we are aware that other people are judging us, we often pay close attention to what cues we display. Given this, why do you think Paul Fussell decided to measure class status with a "living room scale" rather than assessing some other part of the house?

The living room is where we receive guests.

Why are doctors and parents so quick to seek a surgical "fix" for babies born intersexed?

The prospect of an ambiguously gendered person seems threatening and disturbing.

The practice of refusing mortgages for houses in poor and minority neighborhoods is called:

redlining.

What is it called when members of the dominant group believe they are discriminated against because of their race (whites)?

reverse racism

What term describes the unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of a society?

social inequality

in the 1960's, many sociologists noticed that economic obstacles alone were insufficient in explaining disparities in the educational attainment of children from different social classes. which concept was introduced to explain these disparities?

cultural capital

Sociologists who study gender in rural areas have noticed that, while everyone in a family has to work on the farm, there is only one person, usually a male, called the "farmer," the position with the most prestige. This means that rural areas are:

patriarchal

What metaphor best describes cultures that have embraced multiculturalism and pluralism?

A salad bowl

What criteria does the social class system use to stratify its members?

Access to wealth, property, power, and prestige.

According to conflict theory, why are women's contributions to family life devalued?

As a social group, men benefit from maintaining their dominant status

For most sociologists what is the difference between sex and gender

Sex is biological; Gender is social

Alice came to the realization that she is attracted to other girls her age. Now that she's started her sophomore year in high school, she wants to ask out girls without being afraid of the consequences. She tests her friends' acceptance of these feelings first by mentioning a hypothetical friend at another high school who just came out as a lesbian. Alice's friends overwhelmingly believe that homosexuality is wrong and that anyone who is not heterosexual is a deviant. What concept do the opinions of Alice's friends exemplify?

Heteronormativity

Every presidential candidate nominated by a major political party in the US has been, at least publicly

Male

Pablo lives in the United States, where most people assume that he is Arab until they learn his name and hear his accent. They are surprised when Pablo tells them that he is from Spain and identifies as white, not Hispanic. Some even tell Pablo that he isn't really white. What does this suggest about race?

Race is socially defined and the criteria used to determine a person's race varies.

A young person from Southern California has four German grandparents. She lived in Los Angeles all her life before accepting a job in Milwaukee. She has never really thought about her German heritage, but in Milwaukee she discovers many other people with similar ancestries and starts using her ethnicity as a way to develop social and professional relationships. What is this an example of?

Situational Ethnicity

What is Social Stratification?

Social stratification is the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy.

Plantation owners in America often argued that the Africans they imported were better off as slaves because they did not have the mental capacity to run their own lives. Today, this seems both racist and crazy. How could such racist beliefs flourish?

Such beliefs justify social arrangements between dominant and minority groups that benefit those who accept them.

An accountant with a college degree and a license from the state accounting board works for the Department of Defense as a senior auditor. He makes about $100,000 a year and will soon retire with benefits and a pension. What class would you expect him to belong to?

Upper middle class

How do we decide when to display situational ethnicity?

We do a cost-benefit analysis.

Texas has never had a Hispanic governor and the percentage of Hispanic Americans in Texas state government is low. However, many Hispanic Americans live in Texas. In 2012, they made up nearly 40 percent of the state's population. Would a sociologist in Texas call Hispanic Americans a minority group?

Yes, because they are denied access to power and resources.

How do sociologists define ethnicity?

a group with a shared ancestry or shared cultural heritage

Some newspapers, magazines, and other media tend to use gender-inappropriate names or pronouns as well as other language that trans people find insensitive or offensive when describing transgender people. This is an example of

a microagression

What does Pierre Bourdieu call the tendency of social class to be passed down from one generation to the next and consequently remain relatively stable over time? A. the invisibility of poverty B. cultural capital C. ideology D. social reproduction E. caste

d

According to Karl Marx, what social relations matter most in a capitalist system?

economic relations

Social movements organized around a belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes are called:

feminism

When customers have low credit scores, banks often offer them subprime loans that have higher than normal interest rates. If a bank gives three times as many subprime loans to black Americans than to white Americans, even when they have the same credit scores, the bank is guilty of

institutional discrimination.

Social Mobility that occurs over the course of an individual's lifetime is called ___________ mobility.

intragenerational

A state is called _______ when whites are less than half the population.

majority-minority

Sociologist define a minority group as a group

members who are denied access to power and resources

Which term describes the slights, insults, and misperceptions directed at members of a minority group that play out in everyday interactions?

microaggressions

When young people go away to college, it"s often the first time that they make friends with people of substantially different class statuses. Sometimes this leads to tension when the wealthier member of a friendship is oblivious to his friend's class status and suggests activities that are beyond the friend"s means. This tension results from a lack of:

class consciousness

In 2009 Barack Obama became the first black president. Some feel that this election demonstrates that racism is a thing of the past. This way of thinking is evidence of:

colorblindness

The textbook's examples of "third genders" like "two-spirit" people and hijras demonstrate that

sex and gender in some non-Western cultures defy the binary classification of male and female.

What is an example of a primary sex characteristic?

reproductive system

Which social class category is comprised of people who live in poverty conditions and typically earn $15,000 or less per year?

underclass

You are observing children on an elementary school playground. Why might you find some girls playing sports with boys, but almost no boys playing jump rope with girls?

Children are mocked by their peers for crossing gender lines, and boys are mocked more than girls.

For a long time, the fact that immigrants from eastern Europe, Asia, and Latin America tended to be shorter than native-born Americans was taken as evidence that there were inherent racial differences between these populations. However, the immigrants had children who grew up to be as tall as anyone else. Geneticists now tell us that, although there can be considerable variation in height within a group due to genetics, height differences between groups are largely caused by diet. What does this demonstrate?

Racial differences are socially constructed and not genetic.

What has modern science determined about racial categories?

There is greater diversity between racial populations than within them.

How does social class relate to race, ethnicity, gender, and age in the United States today?

These multiple dimensions of status and inequality intersect to shape who we are and how we live.

What do most Americans claim about their class status?Select one: a. They don't feel they have a class status, or they are unaware of it. b. They are upper class. c. They are lower class. d. They don't believe in class. e. They are middle class.

They are middle class

From an interactionist perspective, what is the most important way that schools socialize children into their gender indentities?

Through interactions between teachers and students

Women are more likely than men to live below the poverty line

a phenomenon referred to as the feminization of poverty.

discrimination

action or behavior that results in the unequal treatment of individuals because of their membership in a certain racial of ethnic group

A transgender woman, a person who does not identify as male or female, and a person who usually identifies man who sometimes identifies as a woman are all

gender nonconforming

A three-year-old boy scrapes his knee while playing in his backyard and immediately begins to cry. In response, his father walks over to him and says, "Don't be a sissy; boys don't cry." This is an example of

gender role socialization

Textbooks often still contain sexist language and gender stereotypes. In the social structure of the school itself, women tend to be concentrated at the lower levels, as teachers and aides, while men tend to occupy upper-management and administrative positions. Which concept do these patterns MOST reinforce?

gender role socialization

A little girl notices that whenever both of her parents are in the car, her father is always driving. From this she deduces that women should be passive and men should be active. This process is called:

social learning.